Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T16:26:59.013Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Continuity and Transformation During the Terminal Middle Horizon (A.D. 950–1150): A Bioarchaeological Assessment of Tumilaca Origins within the Middle Moquegua Valley, Peru

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Richard C. Sutter  and
Nicola Sharratt
Richard C. Sutter
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805 (e-mail: SutterR@ipfw.edu)
Nicola Sharratt
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 (e-mail: nsharr2@uic.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Previous archaeological studies suggest that terminal Middle Horizon Tumilaca populations (cal A.D. 950–1150) of the middle Moquegua Valley represent direct descendants of earlier Chen Chen-style Tiwankau colonists of the region. This study tests this idea by comparing dentally derived biodistance analyses of Tumilaca, Chen Chen-style, Tiwanaku, and other regional samples. The results indicate that the Tumilaca and Chen Chen-style mortuary samples are similar to one another suggesting that these populations might share an ancestral-descendant relationship. The phenetic relations of the Tumilaca and Chen Chen to other regional samples are also discussed.

Investigaciones arqueológicos anteriores de los Tumilica del Horizonte Medio terminal (cal A.D. 950–1150) indican que los Tumilaca representan descendientes de los colonos Tiwanaku estilo Chen Chen del valle medio de Moquegua. En este trabajo se analizan distancias biológicas obtenidas de rasgos no-métricos dentales extraídas de muestras mortuorias del Horizonte Medio de sur centro Andino—una muestra de paleoindios andinos, otra de Tiwanaku y seis del valle de Moquegua y seis del valle de Azapa—para poner a prueba dos modelos que expliquen las dinámicas prehistóricas poblacionales entre los Tumilaca del valle medio de Moquegua, Peru, mediante análisis de correlación de matrices hipotéticas. Estos modelos incluyen: (1) los Tumilaca de Moquegua representan descendientes de colonos Chen Chen-Tiwanaku del valle medio, (2) y un modelo donde los Tumilaca muestran continuidad genética con las poblaciones indígenas del valle de Moquegua. Los resultados de la prueba de Mantel para cada uno de los modelos indica que el modelo de continuidad genética entre los Tumilaca y las poblaciones indígenas del valle de Moquegua producen resultados significativos, mientras que el modelo de colonización tiwanakoide en el valle medio donde los Tumilaca representan descendientes de colonos Tiwanaku-Chen Chen sí lo hace. Se discuten las consecuencias de estos resultados en relación con publicaciones anteriores.

Type
Research Article
Information
Latin American Antiquity , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , March 2010 , pp. 67 - 86
Copyright
Copyright © 2010 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Bawden, Garth 1989 The Tumilaca Site and Post-Tiahuanaco Occupational Stratigraphy in the Moquegua Drainage. In Ecology, Settlement, and History in the Osmore Drainage, Perú, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 287–302. BAR International Series 545(H). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bawden, Garth 1993 An Archaeological Study of Social Structure and Ethnic Replacement in Residential Architecture of the Tumilaca Valley. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, pp. 42–54. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Bawden, Garth 2005 Ethnogenesis at Galindo, Peru. In Us & Them: The Assignation of Ethnicity in the Andean Region: Methodological Approaches, edited by Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 12–33. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Bermann, Marc, Goldstein, Paul S., Stanish, Charles, and Watanabe, Luis 1989 The Collapse of the Tiwanaku State: A View from the Osmore Drainage. In Ecology, Settlement, and History in the Osmore Drainage, Perú, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 269–286. BAR International Series 545(ii). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Berry, A. Caroline 1978 Anthropological and Family Studies on Minor Variants of the Dental Crown. In Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth, edited by Percy M. Butler and Kenneth A. Joysey, 81–98. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Biggerstaff, Robert H. 1970 Morphological Variations for the Permanent Mandibular First Molars in Human Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins. Archives of Oral Biology 15:721–730.Google Scholar
Biggerstaff, Robert H. 1973 Heritability of the Carabelli Cusp in Twins. Journal of Dental Research 52:40–44.Google Scholar
Blom, Deborah E. 1998 Tiwanaku Regional Interaction and Social Identity: A Bioarchaeological Approach. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Blom, Deborah E., Hallgrímsson, Benedikt, Keng, Linda, Lozada, Maria C., and Buikstra, Jane E. 1998 Tiwanaku ‘Colonization’: Bioarchaeological Implications for Migration in the Moquegua Valley, Peru. World Archaeology 30:238–261.Google Scholar
Brewer-Carias, C. A., LeBlanc, S., and Neel, J. V. 1976 Genetic Structure of a Tribal Population, the Yanomama Indians. XIII. Dental Microdifferentiation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 44:5–14.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E. 1989 Chiribaya: A Biocultural Approach to the Study of a Prehistoric AndeanPolity. National Science Foundation grant #BSN 89 20769.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E. 1995 Tombs for the Living … or … for the Dead: The Osmore Ancestors. In Tombs for the Living: Andean Mortuary Practices, edited by Thomas D. Dillehay, pp. 229–280. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., Tomczak, Paula D., Lozada, María C., and Rakita, Gordon F. M. 2005 Chiribaya Political Economy: A Bioarchaeological Perspective. In Interacting with the Dead: Perspectives on Mortuary Archaeology for the New Millennium, edited by Gordon F. M. Rakita, Jane E. Buikstra, Lane A. Beck, and Sloan R. Williams, pp. 66–80. The University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Charles, Douglas K., and Buikstra, Jane E. 1983 Archaic Mortuary Sites in the Central Mississippi Drainage: Distribution, Structure, and Behavioral Implications. In Archaic Hunters and Gatherers in the American Midwest, edited by James L. Phillips and James A. Brown, pp. 117–144. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Costion, Kirk 2008 Formative Period Social Differentiation in the Middle Moquegua Valley: A View from the Huaracane Site of Yahuay Alta. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Escobar, Victor, Melnick, Michael, and Conneally, P. Michael 1976 The Inheritance of Bilateral Rotation of Maxillary Central Incisors. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 45:109–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, Manuel 1988 Excavaciones de dos viviendas Chiribaya en el Yaral, valle de Moquegua. Unpublished BA thesis. Department of Anthropology, Universidad Católica “Santa María,” Arequipa.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 1985 Tiwanaku Ceramics of the Moquegua Valley, Perú. Unpublished master’s thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 1989a Omo: A Tiwanaku Provincial Centerin Moquegua, Peru. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 1989b The Tiwanaku Occupation of Moquegua. In Ecology, Settlement and History in the Osmore Drainage, edited by Donald S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and P. Scarr, pp. 219–155. BAR International Series 545(2),Oxford.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S. 2005 Andean Diaspora: The Tiwanaku Colonies and the Origins of South American Empire. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Paul S., and Owen, Bruce D. 2001 Tiwanaku en Moquegua: las colonias altiplanicas. In Huariy Tiwanaku: modelos vs. evidencias, segunda parte, edited by Peter Kaulicke and William H. Isbell, pp. 139–168. Boletín de arqueología 5, Pontifica Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Gonzalez-José, Rolando, Dahinten, Silvia L., and Hernandez, Miguel 2001 The Settlement of Patagonia: A Matrix Correlation Study. Human Biology 73:233–248 Google Scholar
Green, David L. 1982 Discrete Dental Variations and Biological Distances of Nubian Populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58:75–79.Google Scholar
Green, Ulrike 2008 The Nature of Wari Presence in the mid-Moquegua Valley: Domestic Contexts at Cerro Trapiche. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Haley, Brian D., and Wilcoxon, Larry R. 2005 How Spaniards Became Chumash and other Tales of Ethnogenesis. American Anthropologist 107:432–445.Google Scholar
Harris, Edward F., and Bailit, H. L. 1980 The Metaconule: A Morphological and Familial Analysis of a Molar Cusp in Humans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 53:349–358.Google Scholar
Hassanali, Jameela 1982 Incidence of Carabelli’s Trait in Kenyan Africans and Africans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 59:317–319.Google Scholar
Haydenblit, Rebecca 1996 Dental Variation Among Four Prehispanic Mexican Populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100:225–246.Google Scholar
Janusek, John W. 2002 Out of Many, One: Style and Social Boundaries in Tiwanaku. Latin American Antiquity 13:35–61.Google Scholar
Janusek, John W. 2004 Identity and Power in the Ancient Andes. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Jessup, David 1990a Desarollos generates en el intermedio tardio en el valle de Ilo, Perú. Internal Report for Programa Contisuyu. Informe Interno de Programa Contisuyu.Google Scholar
Jessup, David 1990b Rescate arqueológico en el museo de sitio de San Geronimo, Ilo. In Trahajos arqueologicos en Moquegua Perú: Volumen 3, edited by Luis K. Wantanabe, Michael E. Moseley and Fernando Cabieses, pp. 151–165. Programa Contisuyu del Museo Peruano de Ciencias de la Salud, Southern Peru Copper Corporation.Google Scholar
Kolata, Alan L. 2003 Tiwanaku Ceremonial Architecture and Urban Organization. In Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland, Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 2: Urban and Rural Archaeology, edited by Alan L. Kolata, pp. 175–201. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Google Scholar
Konigsberg, Lyle W. 1990 Analysis of Prehistoric Biological Variation Under a Model of Isolation by Geographic and Temporal Distance. Human Biology 62:49–70.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., Aufderheide, Arthur E., and Buikstra, Jane E. 2007 Seasonality and Paleodiet inthe Chiribaya Polity of Southern Peru. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(3):451–462.Google Scholar
Knudson, Kelly J., and Price, T. Douglas 2007 Utility of Multiple Chemical Techniques in Archaeological Residential Mobility Studies: Case Studies from Tiwanaku- and Chiribaya-Affiliated Sites in the Andes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 132(1):25–39.Google Scholar
Joseph B., Kruskal, and Wish, Myron 1984 Multidimensional Scaling. Sage Publications, Newbury Park.Google Scholar
Lewis, Cecil M., Buikstra, Jane E., and Stone, Anne C. 2007 Ancient DNA and Genetic Continuity in the South Central Andes. Latin American Antiquity 18:145–160.Google Scholar
Lozada, Maria C. 1998 The Señorío of Chiribaya: A Bio-Archaeological Study in the Osmore Drainage of Southern Peru. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Lozada, María C., and Buikstra, Jane E. 2002 El Señorío de Chiribaya en la Costa Sur del Perú. Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima.Google Scholar
Mantel, Nathan 1967 The Detection of Disease Clustering and a Generalized Regression Approach. Cancer Research 27:209–220.Google Scholar
Moseley, Michael E., Nash, Donna J., Williams, Patrick R., deFrance, Susan D., Miranda, Ana, and Ruales, Mario 2005 Burning Down the Brewerey: Establishing and Evacuating an Ancient Imperial Colony at Cerro Baúl, Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(48): 17264–17271.Google Scholar
Nichol, C. Richard 1989 Complex Segregation Analysis of Dental Morphological Variants. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:37–59.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 1993 A Model of Multiethnicity: State Collapse, Competition, and Social Complexity from Tiwanaku to Chiribaya in the Osmore Valley, Peru. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 1997 Informe de Excavaciones en los Sectores Mortuorios de Chen Chen, Parte del Proyecto Rescate de Chen Chen, Temporada de 1995. Submitted to the Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Lima, Peru.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 2002 Marine Carbon Reservoir Age Estimates for the Far South Coast of Peru. Radiocarbon 44:701–706.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce 2005 Distant Colonies and Explosive Collapse: The Two Stages of the Tiwanaku Diaspora in the Osmore Drainage. Latin American Antiquity 16:45–80.Google Scholar
Owen, Bruce, and Goldstein, Paul S. 2001 Tiwanaku en Moquegua: interacciones regionales y colapso. In Huari y Tiwanaku: modelos vs. evidencias, segunda parte, edited by Peter Kaulicke and William H. Isbell, pp. 169–188. Boletín de Arqueología 5, Pontifica Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima.Google Scholar
Palacios Filinich, Patricia 2007 Practicas Mortuorias y Ofrendas en Chen Chen cementerios 28 y 29, Moquegua Perú: Evidencia de diversidad social? Paper presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Austin.Google Scholar
Portin, Petter, and Alvesalo, Lassi 1974 The Inheritance of Shovel Shape in Maxillary Central Incisors. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 41:59–62.Google Scholar
Reycraft, Richard M. 2000 Long-term Human Response to El Niño in South Coastal Perú, circa A.D. 1400. In Environmental Disaster and the Archaeology of Human Response, edited by Garth Bawden and Richard M. Reycraft, pp. 99–120. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Rice, Done S. 1993 Late Intermediate Period Domestic Architecture and Residential Organization at La Yaral. In Domestic Architecture, Ethnicity, and Complementarity in the South-Central Andes, edited by Mark S. Aldenderfer, 66–82. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Michael S. 2008 PASSaGE: Pattern analysis, spatial statistics and geographic exegesis, version 2. Open-source software program, http://www.passagesoftware.net, accessed July 1, 2008.Google Scholar
Sandness, Kari 1992 Temporal and Spatial Dietary Variability in the Prehistoric Lower and Middle Osmore Drainage: The Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Evidence. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska.Google Scholar
Satterlee, Dennis R., Moseley, Michael E., Keefer, David K., and Tapia Arana, Jorge E. 2001 The Miraflores El Nino disaster: Convergent Catastrophes and Prehistoric Agrarian Change in Southern Peru. Andean Past 6:95–116.Google Scholar
Scott, G. Richard 1980 Population Variation of Carabelli’s Trait. Oral Biology 52:63–78.Google Scholar
Sharratt, Nicola 2008 Tiwanaku Statehood: Shifting Perspectives from the Moquegua Valley. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Sharratt, Nicola, Williams, Patrick R., Lozada, María C., Moseley, Michael E., and Donna Nash, J. 2006 Late Tiwanaku Bioarchaeology and Iconography: Rescue Excavations at the Tumilaca la Chimba Cemetery. Presented at the 25th Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Smouse, Peter E., Long, Jeffrey C., and Sokal, Robert R. 1986 Multiple Regression and Correlation Extensions of the Mantel Test Matrix Correspondence. Systematic Zoology 35:627–632.Google Scholar
Sokal Robert, R., Oden Neal, L., Walker, Jeff, and Waddle, Diane M. 1997 Using Distance Matrices to Choose Between Competing Theories and an Application to the Origin of Modern Humans. Journal of Human Evolution 32:501–522.Google Scholar
Sofaer, Jeffrey A., MacLean, C. J., and Bailit, H. L. 1972a Heredity and Morphological Variation in Early and Late Developing Human Teeth of the Same Morphological Class. Archives of Oral Biology 17:811–816.Google Scholar
Sofaer, Jeffrey A., Niswander, Jerry D., and MacLean, Calum J. 1972b Population Studies on Southwestern Indian Tribes. V. Tooth Morphology as an Indicator of Biological Distance. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 37:357–366.Google Scholar
Sofaer, Jeffrey A., Patricia, Smith, and Kaye, Edith 1986 Affinities between Contemporary and Skeletal Jewish and Non-Jewish Groups Based on Tooth Morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 70:265–275.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles 1992 Ancient Andean Political Economy. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles, and Bauer, Brian 2004 A rchaeological Research on the Islands of the Sun and Moon, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia: Final Results from the Proyecto Tiksi Kjarka. Costen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Stanish, Charles, and Rice, Don S. 1989 The Osmore Drainage, Peru: An Introduction to the Work of Programa Contisuyu. In Ecology, Settlement, and History in the Osmore Drainage, Perú, edited by Don S. Rice, Charles Stanish, and Phillip R. Scarr, pp. 1–14. BAR International Series 545(ii). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 1997 Dental Variation and Biocultural Affinities Among Prehistoric Populations from the Coastal Valleys of Moquegua, Perú, and Azapa, Chile. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2000 Prehistoric Genetic and Culture Change: A Bioarchaeological Search for Pre-Inka Altiplano Colonies in the Coastal Valleys of Moquegua, Peru, and Azapa, Chile. Latin American Antiquity 11:43–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2005 The Prehistoric Peopling of South America as Inferred from Epigenetic Dental Traits. Andean Past 7:183–217.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2006 The test of competing models for the prehistoric peopling of the Azapa Valley, northern Chile, using matrix correlations. Chungara 38(1):63–82.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2008 Becoming Chiribaya (A.D. 900–1350): An Example of Post-Tiwanaku Ethnogenesis in the Moquegua Valley. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2009a Post-Tiwanaku Ethnogenesis in the Coastal Osmore Valley: A Test of Competing Models for the Origins of the Moquegua Chiribaya Using Matrix Correlations. In Bioarchaeology and Identity in the Americas, edited by Kelly J. Knudson and Christopher Stojanowski. University of Florida Press, in press.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C. 2009b Prehistoric Population Dynamics in the Peruvian Andes. In The Foundations of South Highland Andean Civilization: Papers in Honor of Michael E. Moseley, edited by Patrick R. Williams, Charles Stanish, and Joyce Marcus, pp. 9–37. The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA, Los Angeles, in press.Google Scholar
Sutter, Richard C., and Sharratt, Nicola 2008 Relations Among Terminal Middle Horizon (A.D. 750–1150) Mortuary Populations of the Middle Moquegua Valley, Peru: A Bioarchaeological Perspective. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Midwest Conference on Andean and Amazonian Archaeology and Ethnohistory, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Tomczak, Paula D. 2001 Prehistoric Socio-economic Relations and Population Organization in the Osmore Valley of Southern Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Tomczak, Paula D. 2003 Prehistoric Diet and Socioeconomic Relationships within the Osmore Valley of Southern Peru. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22(3):262–278.Google Scholar
Turner, Christy G. 1983 Dental Evidence for the Peopling of the Americas. In Early Man in the New World, edited by Richard Shutler, pp. 147–157. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Turner, Christy G. 1985 The Dental Search for Native American Origins. In Out of Asia, edited by Robert Kirk and Emöke Szathmary, pp. 31–78. Journal of Pacific History, Inc., Canberra.Google Scholar
Turner, Christy G. 1987 Late Pleistocene and Holocene Population History of East Asia Based on Dental Variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 73:305–321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, Christy G., and Scott, G. Richard 1977 Dentition of Easter Island. In Orofacial Growth and Development, edited by Albert A. Dahlberg and Thomas M. Graber, pp. 229–250. Mouton Publishers, Chicago.Google Scholar
Turner, Christy G., Nichol, Christian R., and Scott, G. Richard 1991 Scoring Procedures for Key Morphological Traits of the Permanent Dentition: The Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System. In Advances in Dental Anthropology, edited by Marc A. Kelly and Clark Spencer Larsen, pp. 13–32. Wiley-Liss, New York.Google Scholar
Umire, Adán, and Miranda, Ana 2001 Chiribaya de Ilo: Un aporte a su difusion. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Technología, Arequipa.Google Scholar
Waddle, Diane M. 1994 Matrix Correlation Tests Support a Single Origin for Modern Humans. Nature 368:452–54.Google Scholar
Williams, Patrick R. 2001 Cerro Baúl: A Wari Administrative Center on the Tiwanaku Frontier. Latin American Antiquity 12:67–83.Google Scholar
Williams, Patrick R. 2002 Rethinking Disaster-induced Collapse in the Demise of the Andean Highland States: Wari and Tiwanaku. World Archaeology 33:361–374.Google Scholar
Williams, Patrick R., and Nash, Donna J. 2002 Imperial Interaction in the Andes: Wari and Tiwanaku at Cerro Baúl. In Andean Archaeology I: Variations in Sociopolitical Organization, edited by William H. Isbell and Helaine Silverman, pp. 243–266. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Williams, Patrick R., and Nash, Donna J. 2003 Clash of the Andean Titans: Wari and Tiwanaku at Cerro Baúl. In The Field: Summer 2003.Google Scholar
Wijsman, Ellen M., and Neves, Walter A. 1986 The Use of Nonmetric Variation in Estimating Human Population Admixture: A Test Case with Brazilian Blacks, Whites, and Mulattoes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 70:395–405.Google Scholar
Williams-Blangero, Sarah, and Blangero, John 1989 Anthropometric Variation and the Genetic Structure of the Jirels of Nepal. Human Biology 61:1–12.Google ScholarPubMed
Zaro, Gregory, and Umire, Adan 2005 Late Chiribaya Agriculture and Risk Management along the Arid Andean Coast of Southern Peru. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 20(7):717–737.Google Scholar