Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T14:12:59.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of NIH Toolbox Cognitive Tests into Swahili and Dholuo Languages for Use in Children in Western Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 May 2021

Megan M. Duffey ,
David Ayuku ,
George Ayodo ,
Emily Abuonji ,
Mark Nyalumbe ,
Amy K. Giella ,
Julie N. Hook ,
Tuan M. Tran  and
Megan S. McHenry Open the ORCID record for Megan S. McHenry [Opens in a new window]
Megan M. Duffey
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
David Ayuku
Affiliation:
Moi University School of Medicine, Department of Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
George Ayodo
Affiliation:
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre of Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
Emily Abuonji
Affiliation:
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre of Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
Mark Nyalumbe
Affiliation:
Moi University School of Medicine, Department of Mental Health & Behavioral Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
Amy K. Giella
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Julie N. Hook
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Tuan M. Tran
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Megan S. McHenry*
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya
*
*Correspondence and reprint requests to: Megan S. McHenry, MD, MS, FAAP, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5853, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA. E-mail: msuhl@iu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Objectives:

Performing high-quality and reliable cognitive testing requires significant resources and training. As a result, large-scale studies involving cognitive testing are difficult to perform in low- and middle-income settings, limiting access to critical knowledge to improve academic achievement and economic production in these populations. The NIH Toolbox® is a collection of cognitive, motor, sensory, and emotional tests that can be administered and scored using an iPad® tablet, reducing the need for training and quality monitoring; and thus, it is a potential solution to this problem.

Methods:

We describe our process for translation and cultural adaptation of the existing NIH Toolbox tests of fluid cognition into the Swahili and Dholuo languages for use in children aged 3–14 years in western Kenya. Through serial forward and back translations, cognitive interviews, group consensus, outside feedback, and support from the NIH Toolbox team, we produced translated tests that have both face validity and linguistic validation.

Results:

During our cognitive interviews, we found that the five chosen tests (one each of attention, cognitive flexibility, working memory, episodic memory, and processing speed) were generally well understood by children aged 7–14 years in our chosen populations. The cognitive interviews informed alterations in translation as well as slight changes in some images to culturally adapt the tests.

Conclusions:

This study describes the process by which we translated five fluid cognition tests from the NIH Toolbox into the Swahili and Dholuo languages. The finished testing application will be available for future studies, including a pilot study for assessment of psychometric properties.

Keywords

Academic SuccessChildCognitionDeveloping countriesLanguageLinguistics
Type
Regular Research
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , April 2022 , pp. 414 - 423
Copyright
Copyright © INS. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Akshoomoff, N., Newman, E., Thompson, W.K., McCabe, C., Bloss, C.S., Chang, L., … Jernigan, T.L. (2014). The NIH toolbox cognition battery: Results from a large normative developmental sample (PING). Neuropsychology, 28(1), 1–10. doi: 10.1037/neu0000001 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anguera, J.A., Brandes-Aitken, A.N., Antovich, A.D., Rolle, C.E., Desai, S.S., & Marco, E.J. (2017). A pilot study to determine the feasibility of enhancing cognitive abilities in children with sensory processing dysfunction. PLOS ONE, 12(4), e0172616. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172616 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ardila, A. (2005). Cultural values underlying psychometric cognitive testing. Neuropsychology Review, 15(4), 185. doi: 10.1007/s11065-005-9180-y CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bauer, P.J., Dikmen, S.S., Heaton, R.K., Mungas, D., Slotkin, J., & Beaumont, J.L. (2013). III. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): measuring episodic memory. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 34–48. doi: 10.1111/mono.12033 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayley, N. (2006). Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd ed. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.Google Scholar
Bei, E.I., Oiberman, A., Teisseire, D., & Barres, J. (2018). Strategies of blind children to achieve cognitive development. A qualitative study. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria, 116(3), e378–e384. doi: 10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e378 Google ScholarPubMed
Black, M.M., Walker, S.P., Fernald, L.C.H., Andersen, C.T., DiGirolamo, A.M., Lu, C., … Lancet Early Childhood Development Series Steering, C. (2017). Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course. Lancet (London, England), 389(10064), 77–90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blair, C. & Razza, R.P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78(2), 647–663. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/4139250 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonomi, A.E., Cella, D.F., Hahn, E.A., Bjordal, K., Sperner-Unterweger, B., Gangeri, L., … Zittoun, R. (1996). Multilingual translation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) quality of life measurement system. Quality of Life Research, 5(3), 309–320. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4034377 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bornstein, M.H., Miyake, K., & Tamis-Lemonda, C. (1987). A cross-national study of mother and infant activities and interactions: some preliminary comparisons between Japan and the United States. Research and Clinical Center for Child Development Annual Report, 9, 1–12.Google Scholar
Carlozzi, N.E., Tulsky, D.S., Kail, R.V., & Beaumont, J.L. (2013). VI. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): measuring processing speed. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 88–102. doi: 10.1111/mono.12036 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cella, D., Hernandez, L., Bonomi, A.E., Corona, M., Vaquero, M., Shiomoto, G., & Baez, L. (1998). Spanish language translation and initial validation of the functional assessment of cancer therapy quality-of-life instrument. Medical Care, 36(9), 1407–1418. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3767502 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cockcroft, K., Alloway, T., Copello, E., & Milligan, R. (2015). A cross-cultural comparison between South African and British students on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales Third Edition (WAIS-III). Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 297–297. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00297 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duran, J.J. (1979). Non-standard Forms of Swahili in West-central Kenya. Readings in Creole Studies, 2. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Eigsti, I.-M., Zayas, V., Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., Ayduk, O., Dadlani, M.B., … Casey, B.J. (2006). Predicting cognitive control from preschool to late adolescence and young adulthood. Psychological Science, 17(6), 478–484. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/40064397 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fregnani, C.M.S., Fregnani, J.H.T.G., Paiva, C.E., Barroso, E.M., Camargos, M.G., Tsunoda, A. T., … Paiva, B. S. R. (2017). Translation and cultural adaptation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Cervical Dysplasia (FACIT-CD) to evaluate quality of life in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 15(2), 155–161. doi: 10.1590/S1679-45082017AO3910 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gershon, R.C., Fox, R.S., Manly, J.J., Mungas, D.M., Nowinski, C.J., Roney, E.M., & Slotkin, J. (2020). The NIH toolbox: overview of development for use with Hispanic populations. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 26(6), 567–575. doi: 10.1017/s1355617720000028 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gershon, R.C., Wagster, M.V., Hendrie, H.C., Fox, N.A., Cook, K.F., & Nowinski, C.J. (2013). NIH toolbox for assessment of neurological and behavioral function. Neurology, 80(11 Supplement 3), S2 LP–S6. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872e5f CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harkness, J. & Schoua-Glusberg, A. (1998). Questionnaires in translation. Mannheim: DEU.Google Scholar
Harwood, R.L., Schoelmerich, A., Schulze, P.A., & Gonzalez, Z. (1999). Cultural differences in maternal beliefs and behaviors: a study of middle-class Anglo and Puerto Rican mother-infant pairs in four everyday situations. Child Development, 70(4), 1005–1016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodes, R.J., Insel, T.R., & Landis, S.C. (2013). The NIH toolbox. Neurology, 80(11 Supplement 3), S1 LP–S1. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872e90 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, K.T., Owino, C., Vreeman, R.C., Hagembe, M., Njuguna, F., Strother, R.M., & Gramelspacher, G.P. (2012). Assessment of the face validity of two pain scales in Kenya: a validation study using cognitive interviewing. BMC Palliative Care, 11, 1–9. doi: 10.1186/1472-684X-11-5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, A. & Kaufman, N. (1983). K-ABC Administration and Scoring Manual. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.Google Scholar
Lambez, B., Harwood-Gross, A., Golumbic, E.Z., & Rassovsky, Y. (2020). Non-pharmacological interventions for cognitive difficulties in ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 120, 40–55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.10.007 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lent, L., Hahn, E., Eremenco, S.L., Webster, K., & Cella, D. (1999). Using cross-cultural input to adapt the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT) scales. Acta Oncologica, 38(6), 695–702.Google ScholarPubMed
Ma, V., & Schoeneman, T.J. (1997). Individualism versus collectivism: a comparison of Kenyan and American self-concepts. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(2), 261–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marangu, D., Mwaniki, H., Nduku, S., Maleche-Obimbo, E., Jaoko, W., Babigumira, J., … Rao, D. (2017). Adapting a stigma scale for assessment of tuberculosis-related stigma among English/Swahili-speaking patients in an African setting. Stigma and Health, 2(4), 307–326. doi: 10.1037/sah0000056 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masquillier, C., Wouters, E., Loos, J., & Nöstlinger, C. (2012). Measuring health-related quality of life of HIV-positive adolescents in resource-constrained settings. PLOS ONE, 7(7), e40628. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040628 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McHenry, M.S., McAteer, C.I., Oyungu, E., McDonald, B.C., Bosma, C.B., Mpofu, P.B., … Vreeman, R.C. (2018). Neurodevelopment in young children born to HIV-infected mothers: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 141(2), e20172888. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-2888 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McHenry, M.S., Oyungu, E., Yang, Z., Hines, A.C., Ombitsa, A.R., Vreeman, R.C., … Monahan, P.O. (2021). Cultural adaptation of the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development, 3rd edition for use in Kenyan children aged 18–36 months: a psychometric study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 110, 103837. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103837 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miles, S., Fulbrook, P., & Mainwaring-Mägi, D. (2016). Evaluation of standardized instruments for use in universal screening of very early school-age children: suitability, technical adequacy, and usability. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36(2), 99–119. doi: 10.1177/0734282916669246 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffitt, T.E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R.J., Harrington, H., … Heckman, J.J. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(7), 2693–2698. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/41002200 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mungas, D., Widaman, K., Zelazo, P.D., Tulsky, D., Heaton, R.K., Slotkin, J., … Gershon, R.C. (2013). VII. NIH toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): factor structure for 3 to 15 year olds. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 103–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oyserman, D., Coon, H.M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, D.C. & Huang, C.-M. (2010). Culture wires the brain: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 5(4), 391–400. doi: 10.1177/1745691610374591 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pendergast, L.L., Schaefer, B.A., Murray-Kolb, L.E., Svensen, E., Shrestha, R., Rasheed, M.A., … Seidman, J.C. (2018). Assessing development across cultures: invariance of the Bayley-III scales across seven international MAL-ED sites. School Psychology Quarterly, 33(4), 604–614. doi: 10.1037/spq0000264 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riggins, T., Miller, N., Bauer, P., Georgieff, M., & Nelson, C. (2009). Consequences of low neonatal iron status due to maternal diabetes mellitus on explicit memory performance in childhood. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34(6), 762–779. doi: 10.1080/87565640903265145 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, S.A., Feldman, J.F., Jankowski, J.J., & Van Rossem, R. (2008). A cognitive cascade in infancy: pathways from prematurity to later mental development. Intelligence, 36(4), 367–378. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2007.07.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sechrest, L., Fay, T.L., & Zaidi, S.H. (1972). Problems of translation in cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 3(1), 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sherr, L., Croome, N., Bradshaw, K., & Parra Castaneda, K. (2014). A systematic review examining whether interventions are effective in reducing cognitive delay in children infected and affected with HIV. AIDS Care, 26, S70–S77. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2014.906560 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skuy, M., Taylor, M., O’Carroll, S., Fridjhon, P., & Rosenthal, L. (2000). Performance of black and white South African children on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—revised and the Kaufman Assessment Battery. Psychological Reports, 86(3), 727–737.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smit, J., Van den Berg, C., Bekker, L., Seedat, S., & Stein, D. (2006). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of a mental health battery in an African setting. African Health Sciences, 6(4), 215–222.Google Scholar
Tulsky, D.S., Carlozzi, N.E., Chevalier, N., Espy, K.A., Beaumont, J.L., & Mungas, D. (2013). V. NIH toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): measuring working memory. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 70–87. doi: 10.1111/mono.12035 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tusing, M.E. & Ford, L. (2004). Examining preschool cognitive abilities using a CHC framework. International Journal of Testing, 4(2), 91–114. doi: 10.1207/s15327574ijt0402_1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vanderwood, M.L., McGrew, K.S., Flanagan, D.P., & Keith, T.Z. (2002). The contribution of general and specific cognitive abilities to reading achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 13(2), 159–188. doi: 10.1016/s1041-6080(02)00077-8 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Victorson, D., Manly, J., Wallner-Allen, K., Fox, N., Purnell, C., Hendrie, H., … Gershon, R. (2013). Using the NIH toolbox in special populations. Neurology, 80(11 Supplement 3), S13 LP–S19. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182872e26 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D. (1997). WAIS-3., WMS-3: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale: Technical Manual. Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (2014). WISC-V: Technical and Interpretive Manual. Bloomington, MN: Pearson.Google Scholar
Weintraub, S., Bauer, P.J., Zelazo, P.D., Wallner-Allen, K., Dikmen, S.S., Heaton, R.K., … Gershon, R.C. (2013). NIH toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): introduction and pediatric data. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 1–15. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/43772787 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willis, G.B. & Artino, A.R. (2013). What do our respondents think we’re asking? Using cognitive interviewing to improve medical education surveys. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 5(3), 353–356. doi: 10.4300/jgme-d-13-00154.1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed