Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-10T18:19:47.220Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Direct medical mental health care costs of schizophrenia in France, Germany and the United Kingdom – Findings from the European Schizophrenia Cohort (EuroSC)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

Dirk Heider ,
Sebastian Bernert ,
Hans-Helmut König ,
Herbert Matschinger ,
Theresa Hogh ,
Traolach S. Brugha ,
Paul E. Bebbington ,
Michel Azorin ,
Matthias C. Angermeyer  and
Mondher Toumi
Dirk Heider*
Affiliation:
Health Economic Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
Sebastian Bernert
Affiliation:
Health Economic Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
Hans-Helmut König
Affiliation:
Health Economic Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
Herbert Matschinger
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
Theresa Hogh
Affiliation:
Health Economic Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Germany
Traolach S. Brugha
Affiliation:
Section of Social and Epidemiological Psychiatry, University of Leicester, UK
Paul E. Bebbington
Affiliation:
Department of Mental Health Sciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
Michel Azorin
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry, CHU Sainte Marguerite, Marseilles, France
Matthias C. Angermeyer
Affiliation:
Center for Public Mental Health, Gösing am Wagram, Austria
Mondher Toumi
Affiliation:
Université de Lyon I, Lyon, France
*
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 341 97 24566; fax: +49 341 97 24569. E-mail address: heidd@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
Get access

Abstract

Objectives

To quantify and compare the resource consumption and direct costs of medical mental health care of patients suffering from schizophrenia in France, Germany and the United Kingdom.

Methods

In the European Cohort Study of Schizophrenia, a naturalistic two-year follow-up study, patients were recruited in France (N = 288), Germany (N = 618), and the United Kingdom (N = 302). Data about the use of services and medication were collected. Unit cost data were obtained and transformed into United States Dollar Purchasing Power Parities (USD-PPP). Mean service use and costs were estimated using between-effects regression models.

Results

In the French/German/UK sample estimated means for a six-month period were respectively 5.7, 7.5 and 6.4 inpatient days, and 11.0, 1.3, and 0.7 day-clinic days. After controlling for age, sex, number of former hospitalizations and psychopathology (CGI score), mean costs were 3700/2815/3352 USD-PPP.

Conclusions

Service use and estimated costs varied considerably between countries. The greatest differences were related to day-clinic use. The use of services was not consistently higher in one country than in the others. Estimated costs did not necessarily reflect the quantity of service use, since unit costs for individual types of service varied considerably between countries.

Keywords

SchizophreniaCost of illnessHealth care utilizationService useLongitudinal study
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 24 , Issue 4 , May 2009 , pp. 216 - 224
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

Both authors contributed equally to this work.

References

Base des Médicaments et Informations Tarifaires.http://www.codage.ext.cnamts.fr/codif/bdm_it/index_presentation.php?p_site= AMELI [accessed 1.11.07].Google Scholar
Baltagi, B.H.Econometric analysis of panel data 2nd ed.Chichester, NYJohn Wiley & Sons 2001Google Scholar
Barbato, A.Schizophrenia and public health. Nations for mental health GenevaWorld Health Organization 1998Google Scholar
Bebbington, P.E., Angermeyer, M., Azorin, J.M., Brugha, T., Kilian, R., Johnson, S.et al.The European Schizophrenia Cohort (EuroSC): a naturalistic prognostic and economic study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:707–717CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, T., Knapp, M., Knudsen, H.C., Schene, A., Tansella, M., Thornicroft, G.et al.The EPSILON study of schizophrenia in five European countries. Design and methodology for standardising outcome measures and comparing patterns of care and service costs. Br J Psychiatry 1999;175:514–521CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beecham, J.K., Knapp, M.R.J.Costing psychiatric interventionsThornicroft, G., Brewin, C., Wing, J.Measuring mental health needs LondonGaskell 1992Google Scholar
Davies, L.M., Drummond, M.F.Economics and schizophrenia: the real cost. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 18–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ecosante. Tarif conventionnel. http://www.ecosante.fr/DEPAFRA/2355.html [accessed 1.11.07].Google Scholar
Efron, B.Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Ann Stat 1979;7:1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guest, J.F., Cookson, R.F.Cost of schizophrenia to UK Society. An incidence-based cost-of-illness model for the first 5 years following diagnosis. Pharmacoeconomics 1999;15:597–610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haro, J.M., Edgell, E.T., Jones, P.B., Alonso, J., Gavart, S., Gregor, K.J.et al.The European schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes (SOHO) study: rationale, methods and recruitment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2003;107:222–232CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilian, R., Matschinger, H., Löffler, W., Roick, C., Angermeyer, M.C.A comparison of methods to handle skew distributed cost variables in the analysis of the resource consumption in schizophrenia treatment. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2002;5:21–31Google ScholarPubMed
Kissling, W., Hoffler, J., Seemann, U., Muller, P., Ruther, E., Trenckmann, U.et al.Direct and indirect costs of schizophrenia. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 1999;67:29–36CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, M., Chisholm, D., Leese, M., Amaddeo, F., Tansella, M., Schene, A.et al.Comparing patterns and costs of schizophrenia care in five European countries: the EPSILON study. European psychiatric services: inputs linked to outcome domains and needs. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;105:42–54CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, M., Mangalore, R., Simon, J.The global costs of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2004;30:279–293CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krauth, C., Hessel, F., Hansmeier, T., Wasem, J., Seitz, R., Schweikert, B.Empirical standard costs for health economic evaluation in Germany – a proposal by the working group methods in health economic evaluation. Gesundheitswesen 2005;67:736–746CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mangalore, R., Knapp, M.Cost of schizophrenia in England. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2007;10:23–41Google ScholarPubMed
Netten, A., Rees, T., Harrison, G.Unit costs of Health and Social Care 2001 CanterburyPersonal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU) 2001Google Scholar
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD Health Data 2007.http://www%20oecd%20org%202007.Google Scholar
Poi, B.P.From the help desk: some bootstrapping techniques. Stata J 2004;4:312–328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouillon, F., Toumi, M., Dansette, G.Y., Benyaya, J., Auquier, P.Some aspects of the cost of schizophrenia in France. Pharmacoeconomics 1997;11:578–594CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rote Liste. http://www.rote-liste.de [accessed 1.11.07].Google Scholar
Royal Pharmaceutical Society. British National Formulary. March 2007. London: BMJ Publishing Group & RPS Publishing; 2007.Google Scholar
Salize, H.J., Rossler, W.The cost of comprehensive care of people with schizophrenia living in the community. A cost evaluation from a German catchment area. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:42–48CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
StataCorp. Stata Longitudinal/Panel-Data Reference manual release 10. College Station, TX; 2007. p. 396.Google Scholar
StataCorp. Stata statistical software: release 10. College Station, TX; 2007.Google Scholar
Verdoux, H.The current state of adult mental health care in France. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007;257:64–70CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.