Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T23:25:53.211Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Determining Provenance of Shell-Tempered Pottery from the Central Plains Using Petrography and Oxidation Analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Donna C. Roper ,
Richard L. Josephs  and
Margaret E. Beck
Donna C. Roper
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology/Anthropology/Social Work, 204 Waters Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 (droper@ksu.edu)
Richard L. Josephs
Affiliation:
Department of Geoscience, 121 Trowbridge Hall, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 (richard-josephs@uiowa.edu)
Margaret E. Beck
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, 114 Macbride Hall, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 (margaret-beck@uiowa.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Late prehistoric sites on the Central Plains contain both grit/grog- (mineral-) tempered pottery and shell-tempered pottery. This appearance of shell-tempered pottery around cal A.D. 1000 has traditionally been explained as a colonization from the Mississippi River valley with further dispersal via trade. As a result, very little is known about the role of this material in the region. We report the results of a provenance analysis of shell-tempered pottery from seven sites extending from the Missouri River valley to north-central Kansas. We use petrography and oxidation analysis to compare the shell-tempered pottery across these localities and the shell-tempered to the mineral-tempered pottery from each locality, and we compare mineral inclusions and clay characteristics in all pottery with published geological and pedological information for each locality. The results demonstrate that shell-tempered pottery was locally produced throughout at least a portion of the Central Plains. Differences in firing technology are apparent across the study area and may play a role in the distribution of shell-tempered pottery. Two other results are the identification of composite temper in a notable proportion of the sherds studied, and indications of from where on the landscape Central Plains potters were procuring their raw materials.

Resumen

Resumen

Sitos prehistóricos tardíos de los Llanos Centrales contienen cerámica templada por minerales ("grit/grog") y también cerámica templada con conchas de aqua dulce. La aparición de cerámica templada con conchas alrededor del año 1000 d.C. se ha explicado tradicionalmente en términos histórico-culturales. Por consiguiente, no se sabe mucho del papel de estos materiales en la región. Reportamos los resultados de un análisis de cerámica templada con conchas encontrada en siete sitios, desde el valle del Río Misuri hasta la región norcéntrica del estado de Kansas. Hacemos el análisis petrográfico y el de oxidación para comparar la cerámica templada con conchas con la templada por minerales en cada uno de los sitios, y comparamos las inclusiones minerales y las características de la arcilla de toda la cerámica con la información geológica y pedológica que se ha publicado para cada sitio. Los resultados demuestran que la cerámica templada con conchas se produjo localmente por lo menos en una parte de los Llanos Centrales. Se notan diferencias en la tecnología de cocer la cerámica a través del área estudiada y es posible que tengan un papel en la distribución de la cerámica templada con conchas otros dos resultados son la identificación del temple compuesto en una proporción significativa de los fragmentos estudiados, y también indicaciones de dónde en los Llanos Centrales los alfareros encontraron la materia prima para su trabajo.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 75 , Issue 1 , January 2010 , pp. 134 - 157
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Beck, Margaret E. 1995 “Mississippian” Ceramics in the Central Plains Tradition: Petrographic Analysis and Interpretive Models. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Beck, Margaret E. 2001 Pottery Production at the Mugler Site (14CY1-A), A Central Plains Tradition House in North-Central Kansas. Plains Anthropologist 46(175):5–20.Google Scholar
Beck, Margaret E. 2006 Linking Finished Ceramics to Raw Materials: Oxidized Color Groups for Lowland Desert Clays. Kiva 72:93–118.Google Scholar
Boszhardt, Robert F. 2008 Shell-Tempered Pottery from the Upper Mississippi River Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 27:193–201.Google Scholar
Bronitsky, Gordon, and Hamer, Robert 1986 Experiments in Ceramic Technology: The Effects of Various Tempering Materials on Impact and Thermal Shock Resistance. American Antiquity 51:89–101.Google Scholar
Bubemyre, Trixi, and Mills, Barbara J. 1993 Clay Oxidation Analyses. In Across the Colorado Plateau: Anthropological Studies for the Transwestern Pipeline Expansion Project, Volume XVI: Interpretation of Ceramic Artifacts, by Barbara J. Mills, Christine E. Goetze, and Maria Nieves Zedeno, pp. 235–277. Office of Contract Archaeology and Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Bullock, P., Federoff, N., Jongerius, A., Stoops, G., Tursina, T., and Babel, U. 1985 Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description. Waine Research Publications, Albrighton, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Chapman, Carl H. 1980 The Archaeology of Missouri, II. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.Google Scholar
Cook, Robert A., and Fargher, Lane F. 2008 The Incorporation of Mississippian Traditions into Fort Ancient Societies: A Preliminary View of the Shift to Shell-Tempered Pottery Use in the Middle Ohio Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 27:222–237.Google Scholar
Dunnell, Robert C., and Feathers, James K. 1991 Late Woodland Manifestations of the Maiden Plain, Southeast Missouri. Instability, Transformation, and Variation: The Late Woodland Southeast, edited by Michael S. Nassaney and Charles R. Cobb, pp. 21–45. Plenum, New York.Google Scholar
Eckert, Suzanne L. 2008 Pottery and Practice: The Expression of Identity at Pottery Mound and Hummingbird Pueblo. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Feagins, Jim D. 1988 Nebraska Phase Burials in Northwest Missouri: A Study of Three Localities. The Missouri Archaeologist 49:41–56.Google Scholar
Feathers, James K. 1989 The Effects of Temper on Strength of Ceramics: Response to Bronitsky and Hamer. American Antiquity 54:579–588.Google Scholar
Feathers, James K. 1990 Explaining the Evolution of Prehistoric Ceramics in Southeastern Missouri. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle. UMI International, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Feathers, James K. 2006 Explaining Shell-Tempered Pottery in Prehistoric Eastern North America. Journal of A rchaeological Method and Theory 13:89–133.Google Scholar
Feathers, James K. 2009 Problems of Ceramic Chronology in the Southeast: Does Shell-Tempered Pottery Appear Earlier Than We Think? American Antiquity 74:113–142.Google Scholar
Feathers, James K., and Peacock, Evan 2008 Origins and Spread of Shell-Tempered Ceramics in the Eastern Woodlands: Conceptual and Methodological Frameworks for Analysis. Southeastern Archaeology 27:286–293.Google Scholar
Fosha, Michael 1994 A Case Study of Inequality Among Smoky Hill Variant Populations. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Fowler, Andrew 1991 Brown Ware and Red Ware Pottery: An Anasazi Ceramic Tradition. Kiva 56:123–144.Google Scholar
Franks, P. C., Coleman, G. L., Plummer, N., and Hamblin, W. K. 1959 Cross-stratification, Dakota Sandstone (Cretaceous), Ottawa County, Kansas. Bulletin 134, Part 6. Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Galaty, Michael L. 2008 Ceramic Petrography and the Classification of Mississippi’s Archaeological Pottery by Fabric: A GIS Approach. In Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses for the Lower Mississippi River Valley, edited by Janet Rafferty and Evan Peacock, pp. 243–273. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Gilder, Robert F. 1926 The Nebraska Culture Man. Henry F. Kieser, Omaha.Google Scholar
Gile, Leland H., and Grossman, Robert B. 1979 The Desert Project Soil Monograph: Soils and Landscapes of a Desert Region Astride the Rio Grande Valley Near Las Cruces, New Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Greatorex, Linda J. 1998 Steed-Kisker and Nebraska Ceramics: A New Interpretation. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Great Plains Flora Association 1977 A tlas of the Flora of the Great Plains. The Iowa State University Press, Ames.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1946 Culture Change and Continuity in Eastern North United States Archaeology. In Man in Northeastern North America, edited by Frederick L. Johnson, pp. 37–95. Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Griffin, James B. 1985 Changing Concepts of the Prehistoric Mississippian Cultures of the Eastern United States. In Alabama and the Borderlands from Prehistory to Statehood, edited by R. Reid Badger and Lawrence A. Clayton, pp. 40–63. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Hays-Gilpin, Kelley, and van Hartesveldt, Eric 1998 Prehistoric Ceramics of the Puerco Valley: The 1995 Chambers-Sanders Trust Lands Ceramic Conference. Ceramic Series 7. Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.Google Scholar
Henning, Dale R. 1967 Mississippian Influences on the Eastern Plains Border: An Evaluation. Plains Anthropologist 12(36):184–194.Google Scholar
Henning, Dale R. 2007 Continuity and Change in the Eastern Plains, A.D. 800–1700: An Examination of Exchange Patterns. In Plains Village Archaeology: Bison-hunting Farmers in the Central and Northern Plains, edited by Stanley A. Ahler and Marvin Kay, pp. 67–82. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Herbert, Joseph M. 2008 The History and Practice of Shell Tempering in the Middle Atlantic: A Useful Balance. Southeastern Archaeology 27:265–285.Google Scholar
Hill, A.T., and Cooper, Paul 1937 The Archaeological Campaign of 1937. Nebraska History Magazine 18(4).Google Scholar
Hoard, Robert J., and Banks, William E. (editors) 2006 Kansas Archaeology. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, in cooperation with the Kansas State Historical Society.Google Scholar
Holland, Thomas D. 1984 A Pilot Study in the Thermal Properties of Buffalo Chips. Plains Anthropologist 29(104):161–165.Google Scholar
Jewett, John M. 1941 The Geology of Riley and Geary Counties, Kansas. Bulletin 39. Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Johnson, Alfred E. 1992 Early Woodland in the Trans-Missouri West. Plains Anthropologist 37(139):129–136.Google Scholar
Johnson, Alfred E. 1973 Archaeological Investigations at the Budenbender Site, Tuttle Creek Reservoir, North-Central Kansas, 1957. Plains Anthropologist 18(62):271–299.Google Scholar
Josephs, Richard L. 2005a A Petrographic Analysis of Extended Middle Missouri Ceramics from North Dakota. Plains Anthropologist 50(194):111–119.Google Scholar
Josephs, Richard L. 2005b Applying Micromorphological Terminology to Ceramic Petrography. Geoarchaeology 20:861–865.Google Scholar
Josephs, Richard L. 2008 Petrographic Analysis of Central Plains Ceramics. Manuscript; Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks.Google Scholar
Kelly, John E. 1990 The Emergence of Mississippian Culture in the American Bottom Region. In The Mississippian Emergence, edited by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 113–152. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Lafferty, Robert H. III 2008 The Diffusion of Shell-Tempered Pottery into the Baytown Area of the Northern Lower Mississippi Valley. Southeastern Archaeology 27:172–192.Google Scholar
Langer, W H., Brady, L. L., Smith, D., and Melick, R. A. 2002 Geologic Map of the Saint Joseph Area, Missouri and Kansas. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Lehmer, Donald J. 1954 Archaeological Investigations in the Oahe Dam Area, SouthDakota, 1950–1951. Bulletin 158. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Lehmer, Donald J. 1971 Introduction to Middle Missouri Archeology. Anthropological Papers 1. U. S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Livingood, Patrick C. 2007 Plaquemine Recipes: Using Computer-Assisted Petrographic Analysis to Investigate Plaquemine Ceramic Recipes. In Plaquemine Archaeology, edited by Mark A. Rees and Patrick C. Livingood, pp. 108–126. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Logan, Brad 1988 The Plains Village Frontier in the Kansas City Locality. The Missouri Archaeologist 49:3–25.Google Scholar
Merriam, Daniel F. 1963 The Geologic History of Kansas. Bulletin 162. Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Mills, Barbara J. 1987 Ceramic Production and Distribution Patterns. In Archaeological Investigations at Eight Small Sites in West-Central New Mexico, by Patrick Hogan, pp. 145–154. Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Muller, Jon 1997 Mississippian Political Economy. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Munger, Harold 1960 Letter report on the petrographic analysis of a sherd from the Strafuss site; Kansas archaeological site files, Archeology Office, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka.Google Scholar
Neff, Hector 2008 Review of Ceramic Compositional Studies from In and Around the Mississippi Valley. In Time’s River: Archaeological Syntheses from the Lower Mississippi River Valley, edited by Janet Rafferty and Evan Peacock, pp. 223–242. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Nickels, Martin K. 1971 An Analysis of the Skeletal Material from Sugar Creek Ossuary (23PL58). Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Michael J., Holland, Thomas D., Hoard, Robert J., and Fox, Gregory L. 1994 Evolutionary Implications of Design and Performance Characteristics of Prehistoric Pottery. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1:259–304.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Patricia J. 1988 Ancient Kansas City Area Borders and Trails. The Missouri Archaeologist 49:27–39.Google Scholar
Peacock, Evan, and Feathers, James K. 2009 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Radiocarbon Dating of Temper in Shell-Tempered Ceramics: Test Cases from Mississippi, Southeastern United States. American Antiquity 74:351–369.Google Scholar
Phillips, Philip, Ford, James A., and Griffin, James B. 1951 Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940–1947. Papers Vol. XXV. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Pollack, David, Gwynn Henderson, A., and Martin Raymer, C. 2008 Regional Variation in Kentucky Fort Ancient Shell Temper Adoption. Southeastern Archeology 27:238–252.Google Scholar
Porter, James W. 1984 Thin Section Analysis of Ceramics. In The Robinson’s Lake Site, edited by George R. Milner, pp. 133–210. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, Volume 10. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Preston, George D. 1985 Soil Survey of Platte County, Missouri. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, in cooperation with Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.Google Scholar
Rafferty, Janet, and Peacock, Evan 2008 The Spread of Shell Tempering in the Mississippi Black Prairie. Southeastern Archaeology 27:253–264.Google Scholar
Riley, Thomas J., Hopke, Philip, Martin, Rodger, and Porter, James W. 1994 The Diffusion of Technological Knowledge: A Case Study in North American Ceramic Analysis. In Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials, edited by Sarah U. Wisseman and Wendell S. Williams, pp. 41–58. Gordon and Breach Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Roper, Donna C. 1995 Spatial Dynamics and Historical Process in the Central Plains Tradition. Plains Anthropologist 40(153):203–221.Google Scholar
Roper, Donna C. 2006 The Central Plains Tradition. In Kansas Archaeology, edited by Robert J. Hoard and William E. Banks, pp. 105–132. University Press of Kansas, in association with the Kansas State Historical Society, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Roper, Donna C. 2007 The Origins and Expansion of the Central Plains Tradition. In Plains Village Archaeology: Bison Hunting Farmers in the Central and Northern Plains, edited by Stanley A. Ahler and Marvin Kay, pp. 53–63. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Roper, Donna C. 2009 The Distribution of Shell-Tempered Pottery on the Central Plains. Manuscript, Department of Sociology/Anthropology/Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan.Google Scholar
Roper, Donna C., Hoard, Robert J., Speakman, Robert J., Glascock, Michael D. and Cobry DiCosola, Anne 2007 Source Analysis of Central Plains Tradition Pottery Using Neutron Activation Analysis: Feasibility and First Results. Plains Anthropologist 52(203):325–335.Google Scholar
Sabo, George III, and Hilliard, Jerry E. 2008 Woodland Period Shell-Tempered Pottery in the Central Arkansas Ozarks. Southeastern Archaeology 27:164–171.Google Scholar
Schulze, Darrell G., Nagel, Jeffrey L., Van Scoyoc, George E., Henderson, Tracey L., Baumgardner, Marion F., and Scott, D.E. 1993 Significance of Organic Matter in Determining Soil Colors. In Soil Color: Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by Divisions S-5 and S-9 of the Soil Science Society of America in San Antonio, Texas, 21–26 Oct. 1990, edited by J. M. Bingham and E. J. Ciolkosz, pp. 71–90. SSSA Special Publication 31. Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Scott, Frederick W. 1995 Tradeware in the Central Plains Tradition: Steed-Kisker Presence, Influence, and Joining of the Central Plains Tradition. The Kansas Anthropologist 16:46–68.Google Scholar
Shepard, Anna O. 1939 Technology of La Plata Pottery. In Archaeological Studies in the La Plata District, by Earl H. Morris, pp. 249–287. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 519. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Shepard, Anna O. 1953 Notes on Color and Paste Composition. In Archaeological Studies in the Petrified Forest National Monument, by FredWendorf, pp. 177–193. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 27.Google Scholar
Shepard, Anna O. 1985 Ceramics for the Archaeologist. Braun-Brumfield, Inc., Ann Arbor. Original printing, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 609. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Shippee, J. Mett 1972 Archeological Remains in the Kansas City Area: The Mississippian Occupation. Research Series No. 9. Missouri Archaeological Society, Columbia.Google Scholar
Skibo, James M. 1992 Pottery Function: A Use-Alteration Perspective. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, Bruce D. 1984 Mississippian Expansion: Tracing the Historical Development of an Explanatory Model. Southeastern Archaeology 3:13–32.Google Scholar
Sperry, James E. 1965 Cultural Relationships of the Miller and Rush Creek Archaeological Sites on the Lower Republican River of Kansas. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, Vincas P. 1983 Ceramics, Chronology, and Community Patterns: An Archaeological Study at Moundville. Studies in Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Steponaitis, Vincas P., James Blackman, M., and Neff, Hector 1996 Large-Scale Patterns in the Chemical Composition of Mississippian Pottery. American Antiquity 61:555–572.Google Scholar
Sterns, Frederick H. 1915 The Archeology of Eastern Nebraska with Special Reference to the Culture of the Rectangular Earth Lodges. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Stoltman, James B. 1991 Ceramic Petrography as a Technique for Documenting Cultural Interaction. American Antiquity 56:103–120.Google Scholar
Stoltman, James B. 2001 The Role of Petrography in the Study of Archaeological Ceramics. In Earth Sciences and Archaeology, edited by Paul Goldberg, Vance T. Holliday and C. Reid Ferring, pp. 297–326. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.Google Scholar
Stoltman, James B., Benden, Danielle M., and Boszhardt, Robert F. 2008 New Evidence in the Upper Mississippi Valley for Pre-mississippian Cultural Interaction with the American Bottom. American Antiquity 73:317–336.Google Scholar
Strong, William Duncan 1935 An Introduction to Nebraska Archeology. Miscellaneous Collections 93(10). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Stoops, Georges 2003 Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Vivian, R. Gordon, and Mathews, Tom W. 1965 Kin Kletso—A Pueblo III Community in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Southwestern Monuments Association Technical Series Vol. 6, Part 1. Globe.Google Scholar
Walters, Kenneth L., and Bayne, Charles K. 1959 Geology and Ground-water Resources of Clay County, Kansas. Bulletin 136. Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
WebSoilSurvey 2009 www.cei.psu.edu/soiltool/semtool.html7series-name=ARMSTER; accessed March 11, 2009Google Scholar
Wedel, Waldo R. 1943 Archeological Investigations in Platte and Clay Counties, Missouri. Unites States National Museum Bulletin 183. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Wedel, Waldo R. 1959 An Introduction to Kansas Archeology. Bulletin 174. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Wedel, Waldo R. 1961 Prehistoric Man on the Great Plains. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Wedel, Waldo R. 2001 Plains Village Tradition: Central. In Plains, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie, pp. 175–185. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 13, William C. Sturdevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Weinstein, Richard A., and Dumas, Ashley A. 2008 The Spread of Shell-Tempered Ceramics Along the Northern Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Southeastern Archaeology 27:202–221.Google Scholar
Wells, Douglas C, and Weinstein, Richard A. 2007 Extraregional Contact and Cultural Interaction at the Coles Creek-Plaquemine Transition: Recent Data from the Lake Providence Mounds, East Carroll Parish, Louisiana. In Plaquemine Archaeology, edited by Mark A. Rees and Patrick C. Livingood, pp. 38–65. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Windes, Thomas 1977 Typology and Technology of Anasazi Ceramics. In Settlement and Subsistence Along the Lower Chaco River: The CGP Survey, edited by Charles A. Reher, pp. 279–370. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce, Larsen, Robert, and Brooke Thomas, R. 1974 Dung as an Essential Resource in a Highland Peruvian Community. Human Ecology 2:89–104.Google Scholar
Witty, Thomas A. Jr. 1971 The K.A.A. Summer Dig, 1971. Kansas Anthropological Association Newsletter 17(1&2):25–26.Google Scholar
Witty, Thomas A. Jr. 1974 The K.A.A. Dig, 1973: The Minneapolis Site, One More Time. Kansas Anthropological Association Newsletter 19(5):1–5.Google Scholar
Wood, W. Raymond 1962 A Stylistic and Historical Analysis of Shoulder Patterns on Plains Indian Pottery. American Antiquity 28:25–40.Google Scholar