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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2023

Edited by
Noam Lupu  and
Jonas Pontusson
Noam Lupu
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
Jonas Pontusson
Affiliation:
Université de Genève

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Type
Chapter
Information
Unequal Democracies
Public Policy, Responsiveness, and Redistribution in an Era of Rising Economic Inequality
 , pp. 359 - 365
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

accountability, 121, 245–247, 293, 295, 297
active labor market policies, 306, 316, 321, 322
Affordable Care Act (ACA), 119, 153
African Americans. See Black Americans
agenda setting, 102
American political system, 15, 99, 107
American politics, 15, 29, 30, 50, 75, 94, 99, 101, 104, 106, 116, 126–128, 134
Antifa, 284, 288, 290
behavioral revolution, 78, 84
biased pluralism, 134
Biden, Joseph R., 123, 287, 288
Black Americans, 120, 292, 293
BLM, 288, 289
blue-collar workers. See class groups, workers
Brexit, 278, 298
British Social Attitude Survey (BSAS), 234
business cycle, 246, 247, 252–256, 273, 274
business interests, 87, 139, 144
businesses, 57, 59, 109, 138, 199, 293, 295, 296
campaign contributions, 139, 141, 144, 203
campaign costs, 183, 186
campaign finance, 51, 97, 134, 141, 154, 191
campaign spending, 134, 141
candidate selection process, 179
candidates, 188, 195, 201, 204–205, 249, 277, 278, 283, 284
working-class candidates, 180–182
capital, 52, 54, 58, 62, 63, 67, 70, 73, 75, 103, 105, 145, 164, 170–172, 174, 247, 254, 270, 306
capital mobility, 67, 69
capitalism, 23, 54, 58, 62, 188, 252, 275, 296, 297
cash income, 63
cash transfers, 63, 72
center-left governments, 55
childcare, 307, 310, 322
city residents, 277
civil rights organizations, 124
civil society, 204
class groups
high-income citizens, 13, 29–31, 34–36, 38, 39, 41, 48, 49, 52, 81, 88
high-income households, 19
high-income individuals, 244
income groups, 11, 18, 20, 25, 40, 81, 90, 92–94, 138, 245, 250, 253, 255–257, 261, 264, 268–270, 274, 275, 301, 312
low-income citizens, 13, 30, 31
low-income voters, 19, 20
middle class, 23, 50, 54–57, 59–61, 65, 67–72, 75, 76, 86–88, 92, 93, 140, 197, 246, 251, 275, 288, 302–304, 306, 307, 311–316, 318, 321
middle-income citizens, 13, 30, 31
middle-income people, 91
middle-income voters, 19, 20
nonrich citizens, 274
the poor, 1, 14, 20, 22, 30, 55, 67, 76, 80, 85, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 198, 201, 204, 205, 208, 211, 214, 227, 228, 231, 235, 241, 258, 315
poor people, 86, 92, 198
the rich, 1, 9, 12, 20, 54–57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 70, 75, 76, 85–87, 91, 109, 113, 134, 137, 138, 176, 197–199, 201, 204, 205, 213, 214, 227, 230, 232, 235, 246, 248, 250–253, 255–257
rich citizens, 197, 198
small business owners, 312
workers, 103, 105, 204, 252, 255, 259
working class, 16, 23, 24, 44, 177, 304, 312, 314, 315, 320, 321
working-class people, 177–179, 182–184, 186, 188, 191, 194
working-class voters, 302, 303, 305, 308, 313
class interests, 56, 58, 60, 76, 251, 252, 305
Comparative Manifestos Project, 186, 187
comparative political economy, 3, 15, 25, 57
comparative politics, 3, 20, 31, 114
congruence, 77–85, 89, 91, 93–95, 102, 178, 198, 301–305, 307–309, 312, 315, 318–322
opinion congruence, 13, 25, 320
conscientiousness, 159
conservative bias, 157, 203
conservative religious groups, 119
conspiracy theories, 284
Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), 138
coordinated market economies, 254
corporate donations, 141
corporate performance, 257, 258, 261, 272
corporate tax rate, 143
cosmopolitanism, 44
councilors, 163, 164
COVID, 287, 293
cross-national surveys, 223, 226, 232, 234
cultural grievances, 116
decommodification, 108, 110, 112, 124
deconcentration, 108, 109, 112, 123, 125, 127
deindustrialization, 103
democratic theory, 77, 83, 95
democratic values, 79
Democrats, 15, 23, 30, 87, 99, 106, 108, 110, 114, 115, 118, 121–124, 126–128, 153, 277, 280, 287–289, 291, 296, 297
density tax, 118, 122, 123, 127
distributive injustice, 277
distributive politics, 55, 68, 76
economic globalization, 161
economic growth, 176, 245, 252, 255, 273, 274
economic information, 245
economic performance, 21, 31, 52, 156, 159, 164, 252, 256, 274
economic polarization, 98, 100
economic segregation, 105, 126
economic sentiment, 260
economic voting, 249, 250
educational gap, 208, 209, 211
efficacy. See political efficacy
elderly care, 11, 63
elected officials, 17, 51, 78, 87, 101, 123, 126, 196, 205
elections, 13, 17, 51, 79, 113, 123, 125, 136, 141, 152, 154, 157, 159, 162, 165, 176, 181, 182, 188, 189, 202, 203, 249, 250, 284, 303
electoral behavior, 21, 249
Electoral College, 15, 99, 104, 115
electoral fraud, 166
electoral laws, 134
electoral mobilization, 145, 147, 148, 150, 155
electoral politics, 43, 120, 135, 136, 141, 145
electoral rules, 155, 183, 188
electoral selection, 88, 133–135, 139, 141, 143, 153–155
electoral support, 312, 313
electoral systems, 82, 128, 182, 186, 188, 189
majoritarian systems, 141, 165, 304, 308
proportional representation (PR), 107, 154, 155, 157, 162, 165, 178, 182, 183, 188, 189, 193, 198, 303, 304, 307
elite-centered explanations, 16, 156, 157, 160
elites, 2, 17, 24, 53, 81, 94, 100, 110, 121, 126, 176, 251, 276, 277, 298, 300, 302, 305, 306
economic, 134, 139, 144, 147, 197, 248
party, 100, 108, 116, 117, 120, 121, 127
political, 23, 52, 80, 81, 88, 298, 303, 313
emotional stability, 159
environmental issues, 314
equal influence. See influence
European Social Survey (ESS), 18, 20, 201, 208, 210, 223, 234, 237–239, 241, 314
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), 4
Eurostat, 63
expressive ambition, 179, 182
fairness, 21, 22, 219, 220, 222, 224–226, 228, 232, 242, 244
beliefs, 220, 225, 226, 229, 239, 243, 244
doctrine, 278
norm, 21, 22, 24, 220, 222, 224, 225, 231, 243
reasoning, 219–222, 226, 229–231, 235, 242, 243
federalism, 99, 104, 124, 125
financial crisis, 2, 6, 8–10, 20, 25, 258
financialization, 255, 257, 273
firms, 105, 153, 155, 251
fiscal conservatism, 161
Floyd, George, 22, 279, 280, 282, 284–287, 289–297
Floyd protests, 290
foreign direct investment, 67
free market, 23, 251, 296
free riding, 108, 222, 223, 229, 231, 233, 237, 238, 241–244
gay rights, 94, 314
GDP growth, 21, 67, 69, 247, 252, 253, 257, 260, 261, 270, 272
GDP per capita, 72, 103
gender, 140, 144, 157, 163, 166, 175, 309
gerrymandering, 115, 118, 123
Gini coefficient, 1, 5, 6, 8
globalization, 13, 58, 62, 67, 70, 161, 258
governance, 79, 101, 102, 118, 127, 199
governing party, 52, 82, 105, 250, 307
government partisanship, 30–35, 40, 41, 43–46, 48, 50, 62, 67, 69, 88
government spending, 5, 11, 44, 49, 54, 61, 70, 74, 80, 87, 90, 120, 138, 198
government transfers, 5, 12, 72
Great Recession, 46, 277
healthcare, 63, 80, 119, 124, 160, 224, 226, 227, 230, 284
household income, 4, 5, 18, 55, 63, 72, 73, 258
housing, 63, 100, 105, 110, 112, 117, 118, 122, 125, 126, 164, 172, 291
housing crisis, 125
humanitarianism, 280
ideological alignment, 101
ideological cues, 57
ideological scales, 80
ideological spectrum, 2, 316, 322, 323
immigrants, 22, 120, 229, 291, 297, 298, 302, 306, 307, 310, 315
immigration, 3, 22, 24, 32, 44, 198, 306, 308, 314, 320, 322
import competition, 103
income
disposable, 5–8, 10–12, 63, 70, 73, 74, 76, 219, 247, 260, 261, 265–268, 274
gap, 197, 209, 211
growth, 19–21, 55, 72–76, 249, 250, 253, 261–270
labor, 11, 75
market, 4, 5, 7–12, 60, 63, 64, 67, 70, 220, 221, 224, 228–230, 233, 242–245, 261, 265
net, 58, 66, 70, 71, 76
posttax-and-transfer, 245, 247
pretax, 4, 191, 253, 254, 260, 261, 265–268, 270
income classes, 56, 58, 63, 72, 88, 301, 302
income distribution, 1, 2, 4, 5, 19, 21, 33, 35, 37, 38, 49, 51, 53, 55, 67, 70, 72, 73, 76, 86, 89, 91, 138, 144, 147, 191, 249, 260–265, 267–269, 273, 274
income groups
high-income groups, 87
incumbents, 20, 21, 249, 250, 275
individualism, 280
inequality, 1–6, 8, 9, 11, 14–25, 55–57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 69, 72, 75–78, 82, 84, 86, 89, 95, 97, 105, 110, 127, 140–142, 148, 158, 178, 199–201, 204, 219, 220, 226, 240, 243, 244, 246–251, 253–259, 270, 272–276, 280, 289, 292
bottom-end, 20, 55, 61, 67, 69, 70
economic, 16, 23–25, 86, 133, 135, 136, 139, 141, 142, 183, 186, 191, 198, 206, 264, 276, 278, 282, 291, 295, 297
income, 2, 4–8, 10–12, 24, 30, 44, 63, 67, 70, 75, 220, 227, 228, 231, 234, 242–245, 255, 256, 270, 272
market, 2, 6–8, 11, 12, 54, 67
political, 15, 23, 25, 77, 78, 82, 84, 85, 87, 89, 94, 95, 97, 133–135, 139, 140, 154–155, 199, 245, 248
racial, 280
structure of, 20
top-end, 4, 5, 12, 20, 22, 59, 60, 66, 69, 70, 75, 258, 270
inflation, 128, 162, 258, 260
influence, 14, 25, 29, 30, 39, 51, 53, 57–60, 62, 70, 76, 77, 84–97, 105, 115, 118, 119, 125, 127, 133–135, 141–143, 147, 151–154, 162, 175, 183, 197–199, 248
infrastructure, 61, 105, 117, 120, 124, 128, 157, 172, 173, 301
in-kind benefits, 11, 70, 72, 226
in-kind services, 61, 63, 64
in-kind transfers, 55, 73
institutional trust, 306
interest groups, 13–17, 24, 50, 52, 85, 87, 94, 96, 107, 122, 133–136, 139, 141–143, 145–147, 153–155, 157, 195, 199
International Monetary Fund, 260
International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), 20, 54, 232, 234, 239–241
investors, 251, 259
journalists, 21, 246, 247, 251–253, 255–258, 272, 274, 283
knowledge economy, 15, 72, 98–100, 102–105, 108, 110, 117, 118, 122, 125–128
labor, 52, 58, 142, 177, 200, 247, 254, 255
force, 4, 67, 182, 184, 186, 191
market, 2, 21, 31, 61, 70, 177, 183, 184, 200, 224, 230, 243, 273, 302, 306, 310, 311, 313, 316, 321, 322
organized, 124, 134, 141, 143, 148
relations, 228, 234, 256
unions, 15, 30, 49, 51, 87, 97, 124, 134, 141, 144, 147, 148, 152, 155, 175, 177, 178, 182, 184–186, 193, 255, 312
law and order, 23, 295, 297
Left governments, 30, 31, 46–50, 53, 157, 260
legislators, 16, 82, 133, 135, 136, 138, 140–144, 146–150, 161, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186–188, 200, 203–205
working-class, 187, 188
legislature, 82, 118, 121, 123, 133, 135, 136, 140–143, 147, 149–151, 153, 158, 162, 177, 178, 183, 184, 186–189, 191, 193, 195, 201
behavior, 16, 135, 148, 149, 154
staffers, 138
state, 114, 121
systems, 81
liberal market economies, 4, 71, 76, 254
lobbying, 2, 15, 88, 133–136, 139, 140, 142–150, 153–155
Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), 4, 5, 54–56, 63, 73, 75
market capitalization, 261, 270, 272
market competition, 58
market forces, 2, 8, 9, 256
market-liberalizing reforms, 162
material welfare, 58, 246, 258
median voter, 30, 91, 94, 140, 158, 203, 244, 303
meritocracy, 161, 258
migrants, 306, 308, 310–313, 315, 319, 322
minimum wage, 121, 137, 152
minorities, 22, 75, 82, 86, 115, 188, 289, 291
minority rights, 79
mobility, 58, 61, 65, 70, 76, 158, 242
monied interests, 15, 16
moral hazard, 233, 242
moral system, 220, 221, 223–226
motivated reasoning, 100
multiparty systems, 155
nascent ambition, 179, 181, 182
New Deal, 123
news media, 21, 33, 101, 153, 199, 245–247, 250, 252, 253, 255–262, 265, 272, 273, 275
economic news, 20, 21, 199, 246, 247, 250–253, 255–265, 267, 269, 270, 272–274
media market, 279
news coverage, 21
news outlets, 21, 250–252, 259, 260, 273, 274, 298
news tone, 21, 246, 247, 257–262, 264–266, 268, 270, 272, 274, 275
right-wing media, 119
talk radio, 22, 278–280, 282–284, 287, 297, 298
talk radio stations, 279, 280
oligarchies, 214
openness to experience, 159
parliament, 67, 80, 82, 204, 205, 208, 303
parliamentary systems, 14
participation gap, 17, 197, 201, 211, 214
partisanship, 3, 13, 14, 41, 87, 104, 110, 113, 120, 123, 139, 140, 142, 149–153, 157, 251
party coalitions, 15, 100, 112, 123, 124, 127, 128
party competition, 106, 274, 308
party polarization, 135, 142, 147, 152, 154
party systems, 116, 123, 127, 129, 196, 201, 308, 310–313, 315–321
pensions, 4, 5, 230, 261, 301, 302, 306, 307, 310, 315, 319, 321
policy, 177
conservative, 16, 157, 160, 162, 168, 174, 175
distributive, 249, 300, 306
economic, 14, 23, 24, 31, 35, 43, 46–48, 52, 53, 87, 94, 100, 119–122, 124, 161, 199, 245, 275, 299, 319
education, 306
expansionary, 161
fiscal, 54, 70, 87, 110, 140, 156, 157, 162, 164, 165, 169, 170, 173–176
immigration, 306
Keynesian, 173
predistribution, 221, 227, 228, 247
redistributive, 1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 19, 22, 49, 137, 219–221, 226, 242, 243, 245, 258, 297
regimes, 112, 117
social compensation, 302
social consumption, 59, 301, 305, 306, 308–310, 312, 313, 315, 319
social investment, 31, 59, 302, 305, 306, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 319, 321
social, 23, 31, 43, 100, 110, 124, 127, 128, 161, 222, 224, 243, 245, 298, 300–302, 304–309, 311–313, 315, 317, 320–323
welfare, 35, 46–48, 52, 53, 161, 301, 312, 313, 319, 321
policy feedback, 117
political donations, 203
political efficacy, 142, 206–208, 211
political equality, 15, 84, 134–136, 139, 141, 148, 154, 196, 213, 247
political influence. See influence
political institutions, 15, 99, 100, 112, 115, 122, 127, 158, 180
political participation, 17, 50, 78, 197, 199–201, 203, 205, 207, 208, 214, 300
unequal political participation, 139, 196, 199, 207
political parties, 12, 14, 56, 96, 141, 155, 166, 180, 182, 195, 201, 204, 208, 211, 305, 307, 321
Center-Right parties, 50
Democratic party, 23, 104, 110, 117, 118, 122–128, 197
Dutch Labor Party, 46
German Social Democrats, 46
GOP. See political parties, Republican Party
Green parties, 33, 41
Left parties, 13, 31, 33, 34, 41–43, 45, 48–50, 52, 62, 67, 157, 175, 182, 183, 186, 187, 307, 317
liberal parties, 188
mainstream parties, 50, 52, 175, 308
nationalist parties, 188
nonmainstream parties, 307
Norwegian Social Democrats, 44, 46
populist parties, 137
Progress Party, 44
Republican Party, 100, 109, 113–116, 118–127, 277, 278, 298
Right parties, 13, 31, 43, 67, 70, 187
Social Democratic parties, 14, 31, 33, 41, 46
Swedish Social Democrats, 44, 46
political polarization, 98, 148
populist backlash, 105
potential candidates, 179–181
primary deficit, 157, 169
private insurance, 61
pro-affluent bias. See pro-rich bias
productivity growth, 258
progressive economic groups, 124
proportionality norm, 21, 22, 222–224, 230, 234, 244
pro-rich bias, 14, 21, 40, 41, 43, 45, 48, 52, 134, 246, 247, 259, 264, 273
protectionism, 161
public employees, 277
public financing, 183, 190, 191, 193
public goods, 55, 58, 61, 63, 72–75, 117, 118, 156, 159, 169
public investment, 105, 112, 122, 170
public opinion, 2, 19, 20, 22, 32, 34, 35, 48, 49, 54, 56, 58, 78, 79, 82, 85, 102, 137, 197, 203, 243, 279, 302
race, 22, 23, 55, 75, 117, 124, 128, 140, 144, 279, 282, 288, 294, 298
racial animosity, 58
racial injustice, 23, 279, 285, 288, 289
racism, 23, 75, 229, 276–280, 282, 284–287, 289, 290, 292–295, 297–299
reciprocity norm, 22, 222–224, 230, 233, 234, 241, 244
redistribution, 1, 3–8, 11–14, 19–23, 31, 44, 49, 50, 55, 59, 61, 62, 70, 73–76, 88, 93, 108, 110, 112, 115, 117, 124, 125, 141, 178, 219, 226, 227, 230, 231, 233–235, 237, 240–242, 248, 276–280, 293, 296–297, 300–302, 314
demand for, 2, 3, 12, 15, 17–24, 49, 76, 160, 161, 198, 201, 219, 220, 222, 226, 227, 230, 231, 235, 243, 244, 248, 249, 276–279, 297
income, 226, 228, 234, 236, 239, 242
interregional, 108, 110, 112
intraregional, 108
redistributive politics, 39, 49, 50, 56, 57, 75, 220, 221, 244
within-household, 75
redistribution preferences. See redistribution, demand for
rent-seeking, 120, 252
representation, 3, 13–15, 17, 23, 24, 29, 32, 35, 48, 50, 57, 62, 77–79, 82, 87, 90, 93, 94, 99–102, 104–106, 112, 116, 118, 122, 127–129, 134, 137, 149, 152, 158, 160, 177, 179, 180, 186, 197, 201, 203–207, 213, 214, 221, 300–308, 310, 312, 313, 315–317, 320–323
coincidental, 95
congressional, 78, 81, 86
democratic, 78
descriptive, 13, 16, 24, 134, 140, 157, 175, 183, 184, 196, 199, 204, 205
differential, 91, 204
dyadic, 82
gap, 17, 204
legislative, 106
opinion, 82
party, 82, 306, 310, 312, 313
policy, 305
subjective, 304, 311, 313, 315
substantive, 136, 150, 176, 178
systemic, 301, 313–315, 320
territorial, 105
unequal, 2–4, 13–16, 24, 30, 31, 49, 94, 133–136, 138, 139, 149, 153–155, 160, 196, 197, 199, 203–207, 211, 213–215, 300–303, 305, 312, 313, 315, 321, 322
working-class, 183, 188, 191, 193, 195
representational equality, 264, 267
representative democracy, 133, 144
Republicans, 15, 23, 30, 87, 99, 107–110, 113, 114, 118–122, 128, 297
responsiveness, 14, 24, 30, 33–37, 43, 48, 50, 51, 53, 77, 79, 80, 85–91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 136–138, 140, 141, 147, 178, 198, 246, 249, 259, 302, 303
differential, 90, 101, 138, 198, 199
legislative, 136, 139, 148
policy, 14, 16, 24, 29–33, 35, 39–41, 46, 48–53, 93, 178, 300, 302, 312, 320
unequal, 13, 14, 29–32, 35, 36, 44, 46–53, 78, 93, 137, 139, 140, 143, 175, 176, 196–198, 206, 207, 312
Right-leaning governments, 30, 31, 44, 46–49
rightwing populism, 56, 120
Robin Hood paradox, 1, 57
roll-call votes, 79, 152, 204
rural consciousness, 277, 299
single-member districts, 81, 82, 99, 104, 106
slavery, 277, 298
social assistance, 5, 7, 9
social class, 23, 25, 51, 157, 158, 177, 178, 182–184, 200, 303, 305, 307, 311–313, 321
Social Democrats, 34
social insurance, 22, 58, 60–62, 221, 224, 228–231, 234, 243, 261
social justice, 259, 307
social programs, 23, 49, 119, 221, 227, 230
social protection, 144, 160, 302
social safety net, 177
social spending, 13, 20, 31, 43, 51, 75, 85, 88, 89, 93, 109, 198, 224, 227, 235, 243, 305, 321
socialism, 288, 297, 298
state intervention, 177, 251
status-quo bias, 13, 35, 52
stock market, 232, 256
support for redistribution. See redistribution, demand for
system satisfaction, 197
tax and spending system, 66
tax and transfer system, 2, 5–8, 11, 22, 48, 49
taxation, 23, 43, 49, 54, 58–60, 62, 63, 171, 173, 221, 229, 244, 256, 302
income taxation, 20, 222
progressive taxation, 49, 227, 228, 235, 240
tax cuts, 49, 99, 109, 112, 116, 119–121, 140, 227, 252, 258
tax evasion, 58, 59
tax exemptions, 134
tax system, 160, 235
taxes and transfers, 4, 6, 10–12, 61, 70, 247
Third Way, 31, 46
trade, 58, 67, 69, 70, 120, 255–257
trade openness, 67
trade unions. See labor, unions
Trump, Donald J., 120, 278, 281, 283–285, 287, 288, 296
trust in government, 17, 23
US Capitol, 282, 284, 285, 290, 295, 296
U.S. Congress, 30, 78, 87, 124, 128, 133, 134, 138, 140, 152, 197, 296
U.S. Supreme Court, 115
underemployment, 64
unemployment, 2, 4, 10, 11, 60, 64, 67, 157, 160, 162, 164, 169, 171, 221, 247, 252, 254, 255, 258, 260, 272, 301, 305
benefits, 4, 5, 11, 20, 33, 302, 306, 307, 310, 316, 319, 321
insurance, 11, 230, 234
rate, 160, 162, 169, 254, 257, 260, 261, 270, 272
unequal influence. See influence
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem), 188
veto players, 69
welfare chauvinism, 305, 306, 308, 310, 320–321
welfare retrenchment, 311
welfare state, 2, 4, 31, 50, 54, 55, 61, 64, 85, 86, 200, 219, 221, 222, 229, 231, 236, 242, 247, 302, 305, 309, 323
white racial identity, 117, 294
white-collar professionals, 177
whiteness. See white racial identity
working-class officeholding, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184, 190, 191, 194, 195
World Inequality Database (WID), 4, 54, 73, 259, 260
World Values Survey (WVS), 223