Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T10:35:24.399Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Ecology, sustainable development, and IPM: the human factor

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2010

By
M. Kogan  and
P. Jepson
Edited by
Marcos Kogan  and
Paul Jepson
Marcos Kogan
Affiliation:
Oregon State University
Paul Jepson
Affiliation:
Oregon State University
Get access

Summary

Introduction

If nature had a conscience she would name Homo sapiens her number one pest. Which other species, of the now assumed 10–30 million that inhabit the Earth, has caused more destruction, changed the natural landscape more deeply and extensively, exterminated more of the other species, or killed more of their own, than humans? But, ironically, we humans are, as far as it is known, the only species with a conscience. That conscience gives us the ability to classify and name the other millions of species. We readily call a “pest” any other living organism whose life system conflicts with our own interests, economy, health, comfort, or simply prejudice. The concept of a “pest” is entirely anthropocentric. There are no pests in nature in the absence of humans. From a human perspective, an organism becomes a pest when it causes injury to cultivated plants in fields, gardens, and parks, or to the products of those plants (seeds, bulbs, tubers) in storage. Outside agricultural settings, organisms become pests if they affect structures built to serve human needs, are a nuisance, or transmit pathogenic diseases to humans and their domestic animals.

It is our intention in this chapter to consider the roles of humans, as an animal species, in the global ecology and, by narrowing the focus, to project those roles into integrated pest management (IPM). Within a global context, humans often are lethal pests and the rest of nature is their prey.

Type
Chapter
Information
Perspectives in Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management , pp. 1 - 44
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abate, T. and Ampofo, J. K. (1996). Insect pests of beans in Africa: their ecology and management. Annual Review of Entomology, 41, 45–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Advanced BioTech. (2004). History of agriculture. E-publication: www.adbio.com/science/agri-history.htm
Aide, M. T. and Grau, R. (2004). Globalization, migration, and Latin American ecosystems. Science, 305, 1915–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Almendares, J., Sierra, M., Anderson, P. K. and Epstein, P. R. (1993). Critical regions, a profile of Honduras. Lancet, 342, 1400–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altieri, M. A. (1987). Agroecology: The Scientific Basis of Alternative Agriculture, Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Altieri, M. A. (1993). Ethnoscience and biodiversity: key elements in the design of sustainable pest management systems for small farmers in developing countries. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 46, 257–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
APHIS. 2002. URL: www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/poster_phhogweed.html
Atherton, K. T. (2002). Genetically Modified Crops: Assessing Safety. New York: Taylor & Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ausher, R. (1999). Promotion of areawide pest management (AMP) in Israel. Phytoparasitica, 27, 83–4.Google Scholar
Bailey, R. G. (1998). Ecoregions: The Ecosystem Geography of the Oceans and Continents. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bajwa, W. I. and Kogan, M. (1996). Compendium of IPM definitions. Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Electronic database www.ippc.orst.edu/IPMdefinitions/home.html
Barbault, R. and Sastrapradja, S. (1995). Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity. In Heywood, V. (ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–274.Google Scholar
Barbier, E. (1987). The concept of sustainable economic development. Environmental Conservation, 14, 101–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bazzaz, F. A. (1990). The response of natural ecosystems to the rising global CO2 levels. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21, 167–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bright, C. (2000). Anticipating environmental surprise. In World Watch Institute, State of the World: 2000. New York: Norton. pp. 22–38.Google Scholar
Britton, K. O., Orr, D. and Sun, J. (2002). Kudzu. In Driesche, R., Blossey, B., Hoddle, M., and Reardon, R. (eds.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04. <http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/25Kudzu.html>.Google Scholar
Brown, L. R. (2003). Plan B: Rescuing a Planet under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble. New York: Norton. Earth Policy Institute.
Brown, L. R. (2000). Challenges of the new century. In World Watch Institute, State of the World: 2000. New York: Norton. pp. 3–21, 203–7. PDF version: www.worldwatch.org/pubs/sow/2000/Google Scholar
Brown, L. R., Gardner, G. and Halweil, B. (1999). Beyond Malthus: Nineteen Dimensions of the Population Challenge. New York: Norton. World Watch Institute.Google Scholar
Calkins, C. O. and Faust, R. J. (2003). IPM-areawide programs: overview of areawide programs and the program for suppression of codling moth in the western USA directed by the United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service. Pest Management Science, 59, 601–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carson, R. (1962). Silent Spring. Greenwich, Connecticut: Fawcet Crest. 1994 edition, with introduction by A. Gore. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Cavanaugh-Grant, D. and Dan, A. (1999). The agroecology/sustainable agriculture program. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences.
Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development: Putting the Last First. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Chance, N. (2005). The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWAR) - A Special Report. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. URL: http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/.
Chandler, L. D. and Faust, R. M. (1998). Overview of areawide management of insects. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 15, 319–25.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. E. (1995). How Many People can the Earth Support?New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Conway, G. R. (1993). Sustainable agriculture: the trade-offs with productivity, stability and equitability. In Barbier, E. B. (ed.), Economics and Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 46–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, G. R. and Barbier, E. B. (1990). After the Green Revolution. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Conway, G. R. and Pretty, J. (1991). Unwelcome Harvest: Agriculture and Pollution. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Coombs, E. M., Markin G. P., and Forrest, T. G. (2004). Scotch broom. In Coombs, E.M., Clark, J. K., Piper, G. L., and Cofrancesco, A. F.., (eds.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press. pp. 160–4.Google Scholar
Coop, L. (2006). IPM Weather data and degree-days for agricultural and pest management decision making in the US. Integrated Plant Protection Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. URL: http://pnwpest.org/wea/
Correa-Ferreira, B. S., Domit, L. A., Morales, L., and Guimarães, R. C. (1998). Integrated soybean pest management in micro river basins in Brazil. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 5, 75–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dale, D. (1988). Plant-mediated effects of soil mineral stresses on insects. In Heinrichs, E. A. (ed.), Plant Stress–Insect Interactions. New York: Wiley. pp. 35–110.Google Scholar
Davis, J. A., Radcliffe, E. B., and Ragsdale, D. W. (2004). A new vector of PVY: Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Matsumura). American Journal of Potato Research, 81, 53–4.Google Scholar
Dent, D. and Elliott, N. C. (1995). Integrated Pest Management. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
Dhaliwal, G. S. and Heinrichs, E. A. (1998). Critical Issues in Insect Pest Management. New Delhi, India: Commonwealth Publishers.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
DLNR. (2005). Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. URL: www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/consrvhi/silent/top10/
Eden Foundation. (2000). Desertification – A threat to the Sahel. Sweden: Eden Foundation. E-publication. URL: www.eden-foundation.org/project/desertif.html
Ehrlich, P. R. (1968). The Population Bomb. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, P. R. and Ehrlich, A. H. (1990) The Population Explosion. Simon and Schuster, New York.Google ScholarPubMed
Evans, L. T. (1998). Feeding the Ten Billion: Plants and Population Growth. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Evans, E., Spreen, T., and Knapp, J. (2002). Economic issues of invasive pests and diseases and food safety, 2nd International Agricultural Trade and Policy Conference, Gainesville, FL.
Evans, E. 2003. Economic dimensions of invasive species. The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues. E-publication: www.choicesmagazine.org/2003–2/2003-2-02.htm
Fan, S. and Zhang, X. (2002). Growth, Inequity, and Poverty in Rural China: The Role of Public Investments. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.Google Scholar
Fan, S., Zhang, X., and Robinson, S. (2003). Structural change and economic growth in China. Review of Development Economics, 7, 360–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
FAO. (1999). World Population 1998. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
FAO. (2001a). State of the World's Forests – 2001. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. URL: www.fao.org/forestry/index.jsp.
FAO. (2001b). The ticking time bomb: Toxic pesticide waste dumps. News & Highlights. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. URL: www.fao.org/NEWS/2001/010502-e.htm
FAO. (2002). FAOSTAT – Agricultural Data. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. URL: faostat.fao.org/faostat/collections?subset=agriculture
FAO. (2003). State of Food Insecurity in the World: Monitoring progress towards the World Food Summit and Millennium Development Goals. Rome, Italy: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. PDF version: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/j0083e/j0083e00.pdf
Gliessman, S. R. (1990). Agroecology: Research in the Ecological Basis for Sustainable Agriculture. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, M. (1999). Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms. Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 99-02, National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. E-publication: www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/srb9902.htm
Goudie, A. (2000). The Human Impact on the Natural Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gurr, G., Wratten, S. D., and Altieri, M. A. (2004). Ecological Engineering for Pest Management: Advances in Habitat Manipulation for Arthropods. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Hagenbaugh, B. (2004). Soybean disease finally hits. USA Today. E-edition: www.usatoday.com/money/industries/food/2004-11-28-soybean-cover_x.htm
Harrison, P. (1992). World agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 – summary report. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Harrison, P. (1992). The Third Revolution: Environment, Population, and a Sustainable World. London, I. B. Tauris; New York, NY: Distributed by St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar
Heinrichs, E. A. (1988). Global food production and plant stress. In Heinrichs, E. A. (ed.), Plant Stress–insect Interaction. New York: Wiley. pp. 1–33.Google Scholar
Hinrichson, D. and Robey, B. (2000). Population and the environment: The global challenge. American Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, DC, USA. E-publication: www.actionbioscience.org/environment/hinrichsen_robey.html
Holtzer, T. O., Archer, T. L., and Norman, J. M. (1988). Host plant suitability in relation to water stress. In Heinrichs, E. A. (ed.), Plant Stress–insect Interaction. New York: Wiley. pp. 111–37.Google Scholar
Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D. J., Noguer, M., Linden, P. J., and Xiaosu, D. (eds.) (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Houghton, R. (2005). Understanding the global carbon cycle. Woods Hole Research Center. E-publication: www.whrc.org/carbon/
Hunt, H. W. and Hall, D. H. (2002). Modelling the effects of loss of soil biodiversity on ecosystem function. Global Change Biology, 8, 33–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ikerd, J. E. (1999). In harmony with Nature. Presented at AgriExpo '99, Columbia, MO. March 23, 1999. University of Missouri. Columbia, Missouri: URL www.ssu.missouri.edu/faculty/jikerd/papers/HARMONY.html
IUCN. (2005). Species extinction: a natural and unnatural process. World Conservation Union – International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). PDF publication: www.iucn.org/news/mbspeciesext.pdf
IUCN. (2006). Global Invasive Species Database. Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP) in partnerships with the National Biological Information Infrastructure, Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund and the University of Auckland. World Conservation Union–International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). URL: http://www.issg.org/database/welcome
Khachatourians, G. G., McHughen, A., Scorza, R., Nip, W.-K., and Hui, Y. H. (2002). Transgenic Plants and Crops. New York: Marcel Dekker.Google Scholar
Kiritani, K. and Morimoto, N. (1999). Fauna of exotic insects in Japan with special reference to North America. In Ecological Society of America Symposium, Spokane, Washington, USA. Manuscript, 32 pp.Google Scholar
Kogan, M. (1988). Integrated pest management theory and practice. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 49, 59–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kogan, M. (1998). Integrated pest management: historical perspectives and contemporary developments. Annual Review of Entomology, 43, 243–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kogan, M. (2002). Areawide pest management. In Pimentel, D. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Pest Management. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 28–32.Google Scholar
Kogan, M. and Bajwa, W. I. (1999). Integrated pest management: a global reality?Anais da Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia, 28, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landis, D. A., Wratten, S. D., and Gurr, G. M. (2000). Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 175–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leslie, A. R. and Cuperus, G. W. (1993). Successful Implementation of Integrated Pest Management for Agricultural Crops. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar
Liang, G. H. and Skinner, D. Z. (eds.) (2004). Genetically Modified Crops: Their Development, Uses, and Risks. New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar
Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Inchausti, P.et al. (2001). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 294, 804–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malhi, Y. and Phillips, L. O. (2004). Introduction to theme: Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B), 359, 309–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malhi, Y. and Wright, J. (2004). Spatial patterns and recent trends in the climate of tropical rainforest regions. Transactions of the Royal Society of London (B), 359, 311–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malthus, T. R. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. 1976 Norton Critical edition. Appleman, P. (ed.). New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Manning, R. (2001). Food's Frontier: The Next Green Revolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Maredia, K. M., Dakouo, D., and Mota-Sanchez, D. (2003). Integrated Pest Management in the Global Arena. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariau, D. (1999). Integrated Pest Management of Tropical Perennial Crops. Enfield, NH USA: Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Margulis, S. (2004). Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon. World Bank paper 22. Washington, DC:World Bank.Google Scholar
Martin, T. (2005). Cactus moth – cactoblastis cactorum Bergroth. The Nature Conservancy: The Global Invasive Species Initiative. E-publication: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/products/gallery/cacca1.html
Matson, P. A., Parton, W. J., Power, A. G., and Swift, M. J. (1997). Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties. Science, 277, 504–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsunaga, K. and Themelis, N. J. (2002). Effects of Affluence and Population Density on Waste Generation and Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes. Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.Google Scholar
McLaughlin, A. and Mineau, P. (1995). The impact of agricultural practices on biodiversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and the Environment, 55, 201–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeely, J. A., Gadgil, M., Leveque, C., Padoch, C., and Redford, K. (1995). Human influences on biodiversity. In Heywood, V. (ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 711–821.Google Scholar
Mengech, A. N., Kailash, K. N., and Gopalan, H. N. B. (1995). Integrated Pest Management in the Tropics: Current Status and Future Prospects. Chichester, UK: Published on behalf of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) by Wiley.Google Scholar
Metcalf, R. L. (1986). The ecology of insecticides and the chemical control of insects. In Kogan, M. (ed.), Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Practice. New York: Wiley. pp. 251–97.Google Scholar
Metcalf, R. L. and Luckmann, W. H. (1994). Introduction to Insect Pest Management. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Meyerson, L. A. and Reaser, J. K. (2003). Bioinvasions, bioterrorism, and biosecurity. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 307–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., Dirzo, R., and Sala, O. E. (1995 a). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: ecosystem analyses. In Heywood, V. (ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 326–452.Google Scholar
Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J., Dirzo, R., and Sala, O. E. (1995 b). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: basic principles. In Heywood, V. (ed.), Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 275–325.Google Scholar
National Research Council. (1993). Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
Norris, R. F., Caswell-Chu, E. P., and Kogan, M. (2004). Concepts in Integrated Pest Management. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Norton, G. W., Heinrichs, E. A., Luther, G. C., and Irwin, M. E. (eds.) (2005). Globalizing Integrated Pest Management: A Participatory Research Process. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Novacek, M. J. and Cleland, E. E. (2001). The current biodiversity extinction event: scenarios for mitigation and recovery. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 5466–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowierski, R. M. and Pemberton, R. W. (2002). Leafy spurge. In Driesche, R., Lyon, S., Blossey, B., Hoddle, M. and Reardon, R. (eds.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. pp. 181–94.Google Scholar
Ostlie, K. (2005). Status of soybean aphid as of June 10, 2005. Insect & Insect Management. University of Minnesota. E-publication: www.soybeans.umn.edu/crop/insects/aphid/aphid.htm
OTA, . (1993). Harmful Non-indigenous Species in the United States, U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Persley, G. J. (1996). Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International.Google Scholar
Pimentel, D. (1991). CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture. Volumes I–III. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Pimentel, D. (2002). Biological Invasions: Economic and Environmental Costs of Alien Plant, Animal, and Microbe Species. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pimentel, D. and Pimentel, M. (1996). Food, Energy, and Society. Niwot, CO: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar
Pitman, N. C. A. and Jorgensen, P. M. (2002). Estimating the size of the world's threatened flora. Science, 298, 989.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pitman, N. C. A.Jorgensen, P. M., Williams, R. S. R., Leon-Yanez, S., and Valencia, R. (2002). Extinction-rate estimates for a modern neotropical flora. Conservation Biology, 16, 1427–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pratt, P. D., Center, T. D., Rayamajhi, M. B., and Van, T. K. (2004). Melaleuca. In Coombs, E. M., Clark, J. K., Piper, G. L., and Cofrancesco, Jr A. F.., (eds.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. pp. 268–70.Google Scholar
PRB (2005). World population data sheet. Washington, DC US Population Reference Bureau. 17 pp. E-publication: www.prb.org/pdf05/05WorldDataSheet_Eng.pdf
Prokopy, R. J. and Croft, B. A. (1994). Apple insect pest management. In Metcalf, R. L., and Luckmann, W. H. (eds.), Introduction to Insect Pest Management. New York: Wiley. pp. 543–86.Google Scholar
Prokopy, R. J. and Kogan, M. (2003). Integrated pest management. In Resh, V. H. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Insects. Burlington, MA: Academic Press. pp. 589–95.Google Scholar
Purvis, A. and Hector, A. (2000). Getting the measure of biodiversity. Nature, 405, 212–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rains, G. C., Lewis, W. J., and Olson, D. M. (2004). Sustainable agriculture: Definition and goals. In Goodman, R. M. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Plant and Crop Science. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 1187–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roelofs, W. L., Comeau, A., Hill, A. S., and Milicevic, G. (1971). Sex attractant of the codling moth: characterization with electorantennogram technique. Science, 174, 297–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal Society. (2005). Food crops in a changing climate: Report of a Royal Society Discussion Meeting held in April 2005. Policy Document 10/05. London: The Royal Society. PDF publication: www.royalsoc.ac.uk/displaypagedoc.asp?id=13105
Royer, F. and Dickinson, R. (1998). Weeds of Canada and the Northern United States. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press.Google Scholar
Sailer, R. I. (1983). History of insect introductions. In Wilson, C. L. and Graham, C. L. (eds.), Exotic Pests and North American Agriculture. New York: Academic Press. pp. 15–38.Google Scholar
Sakai, A. K., Allendotf, E. W., Holt, J. S.et al. (2001). The population biology of invasive species. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 305–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samuelson, R. J. (2004). Our kids will pay the bill. Newsweek, January 12, p. 41.Google Scholar
Schowalter, T. (2000). Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Schwartz, P. H. and Klassen, W. (1981). Estimate of losses caused by insects and mites to agricultural crops. In Pimentel, D. (ed.), Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 15–77.Google Scholar
Sekercioglu, C. H., Dailey, G. C., and Ehrlich, P. R. (2004). Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. Proceeedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 18042–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seckler, D. U., Amarasinghe, U., Molden, D., Silva, R., and Barker, R. (1998). World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues. Research Report 19, Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute.Google Scholar
Shalala, D. E. (1999). Bioterrorism: How prepared are we?Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 492–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, R. H. and Seiger, L. A. (2002). Japanese Knotweed. In Driesche, R., Lyon, S., Blossey, B., Hoddle, M., and Reardon, R. (eds.), Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. Washington, DC: USDA Forest Service. pp. 159–66.Google Scholar
Shelley, R. L., Larson, L. L., and Jacobs, J. S. (1999). Yellow star thistle. In Sheley, R. L. and Petroff, J. K. (eds.), Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.Google Scholar
Shelton, A. M., Zhao, J.-Z., and Roush, R. T. (2002). Economic, ecological, food safety, and social consequences of the deployment of Bt transgenic plants. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 845–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, A., Sharma, O. P., and Garg, D. K. (eds.) (2005). Integrated Pest Management: Principles and Applications. Volume 1: Principles. New Delhi, India: CBS.Google Scholar
Singh, R. B. (2000). Environmental consequences of agricultural development: a case study from the Green Revolution State of Haryana, India. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 82, 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, B. A.andFlack, S. R. (1996). America's least wanted: alien species invasions of US ecosystems. Arlington, VA: Nature Conservancy.
Stiling, P. (2002). Potential non-target effects of a biological control agent, prickly pear moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in North America, and possible management actions. Biological Invasions, 4, 273–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Symstad, A. J., Chapin, S., Wall, D. H.et al. (2003). Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Bioscience, 53, 89–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, J. A., Telfer, M. G., Roy, D. B.et al. (2004). Comparative losses of British butterflies, birds and plants and the global extinction crisis. Science, 303, 1879–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilman, D. (1999). Global environmental impacts of agricultural expansion: the need for sustainable and efficient practices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 5995–6000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., Naylor, R. and Polasky, S. (2002). Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418, 671–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B.et al. (2001). Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science, 292, 281–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuba, Z. (ed.) (2005). Ecological Responses and Adaptations of Crops to Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide. Binghamton, NY: Food Products Press.Google Scholar
Turner, R. K. and Pearce, D. W. (1993). Sustainable economic development: economic and ethical principles. In Barbier, E. B. (ed.), Economics and Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 177–93.Google Scholar
UNDESA, . (2002). Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development. Rome, Italy: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs – Division for Sustainable Development.Google Scholar
UNEP. (1972). Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment. United Nations Environment Programme. E-publication: www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.Print.asp?DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503
UNEP. (1999). Global Environmental Outlook – 2000. (GEO 2000), Vol. 2000. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme. E-publication: www.unep.org/geo2000/index.htm
UN–FCCC, . (1997). Kyoto Protocol., United Nations – Framework Convention on Climate Change. Rome, Italy: Author.Google Scholar
UNICEF. (2005). The state of the world's children 2005: children under threat. Rome, Italy: United Nations. PDF publication: www.unicef.org/publications/files/EN_Summary.pdf
United Nations. (1992). Rio Declaration on environment and development. Rep. A/CONF.151/26 (Vol. I), United Nations – General Assembly. New York: Author. E-publication: www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm
United Nations. (2005). UN atlas of the Oceans. Rome, Italy: United Nations. E-publication: www.oceansatlas.org/
USDA. (1998). Production, supply, and distribution., Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. E-database: www.fas.usda.gov/psd/
USDA–FAS. (2004). The Amazon: Brazil's final soybean frontier. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Center. E-publication, January 13, 2004. www.fas.usda.gov/pecad2/highlights/2004/01/Amazon/Amazon_soybeans.htm
US–DE, . (1998). Impacts of the Kyoto Protocol on U.S. Energy Markets and the U.S. Economy. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy.Google Scholar
US–EPA. (2003). Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). E-publication: www.epa.gov/opppsps1/fqpa/
US–EPA. (2006). Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. URL http://www.epa.gov/oppbead1/pestsales/.
US–FDA. (1999). Residue Monitoring 1998. Food and Drug Administration - Pesticide Program, Washington, DC: Author. Electronic database.
Vandermeer, J. and Perfecto, I. (2005). Breakfast of Biodiversity: The Truth About Rain Forest Destruction. Oakland, CA: Food First Publishers.Google Scholar
Venette, R. C. and Ragsdale, D. W. (2004). Assessing the invasion by soybean aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae): where will it end?Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97, 219–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. and Melilo, J. M. (1997). Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science, 277, 494–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, M. S., Hill, J. K., Thomas, J. A.et al. (2001). Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change. Nature, 414, 65–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WCED, . (1987). Our Common Future. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, (G. H. Brundtland, Chair). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wikipedia. (2005). Green revolution. Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia. E-publication: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_revolution
Wilson, C. L. and Graham, C. L. (1983). Exotic Plant Pests and North American Agriculture, New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wood, S., Sebastian, K. and Scherr, S. J. (2000). Pilot analysis of global ecosystems: agroecosystems. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. E-publication: http://sustag.wri.org/publications.cfm.
World Resources Institute. (2000). World Resources 2000–2001: People and Ecosystems, the Fraying Web of Life. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Yorinori, J. T., Paiva, W. M., Frederick, R. D.et al. (2003). Epidemics of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Brazil and Paraguay from 2001 to 2003. Phytopathology93 (supplement):103 (abstract).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×