Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Section 1
- Section 2
- Section 3
- Cluster 1
- Cluster 2
- Chapter 7 Energy Resources and Potentials
- Chapter 8 Energy End-Use: Industry
- Chapter 9 Energy End-Use: Transport
- Chapter 10 Energy End-Use: Buildings
- Chapter 11 Renewable Energy
- Chapter 12 Fossil Energy
- Chapter 13 Carbon Capture and Storage
- Chapter 14 Nuclear Energy
- Chapter 15 Energy Supply Systems
- Chapter 16 Transitions in Energy Systems
- Cluster 3
- Cluster 4
- Section 4
- Index
- References
Chapter 8 - Energy End-Use: Industry
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 September 2012
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Section 1
- Section 2
- Section 3
- Cluster 1
- Cluster 2
- Chapter 7 Energy Resources and Potentials
- Chapter 8 Energy End-Use: Industry
- Chapter 9 Energy End-Use: Transport
- Chapter 10 Energy End-Use: Buildings
- Chapter 11 Renewable Energy
- Chapter 12 Fossil Energy
- Chapter 13 Carbon Capture and Storage
- Chapter 14 Nuclear Energy
- Chapter 15 Energy Supply Systems
- Chapter 16 Transitions in Energy Systems
- Cluster 3
- Cluster 4
- Section 4
- Index
- References
Summary
Executive Summary
The industrial sector accounts for about 30% of the global final energy use and accounts for about 115 EJ of final energy use in 2005. Cement, iron and steel, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminum are key energy intensive materials that account for more than half the global industrial use.
There is a shift in the primary materials production with developing countries accounting for the majority of the production capacity. China and India have high growth rates in the production of energy intensive materials like cement, fertilizers and steel (12–20%/yr). In different economies materials demand is seen to grow initially with income and then stabilize. For instance in industrialized countries consumption of steel seems to saturate at about 500 kg/ capita and 400–500 kg/capita for cement.
The aggregate energy intensities in the industrial sectors in different countries have shown steady declines – due to an improvement in energy efficiency and a change in the structure of the industrial output. As an example for the EU-27 the final energy use by industry has remained almost constant (13.4 EJ) at 1990 levels. Structural changes in the economies explain 30% of the reduction in energy intensity with the remaining due to energy efficiency improvements.
In different industrial sectors adopting the best achievable technology can result in a saving of 10–30% below the current average. An analysis of cost cutting measures for motors and steam systems in 2005 indicates energy savings potentials of 2.2 EJ for motors and 3.3 EJ for steam.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Global Energy AssessmentToward a Sustainable Future, pp. 513 - 574Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2012
References
, 2008: Anuário Estatístico ABAL 2008 Statistical yearbook of the Brazilian Association of the Aluminum Industry. Associação Brasileirado Alumínio (ABAL), Sao Paulo, Brazil.Google Scholar
and , 2009: Energy utilization and environmental aspects of rice processing industries in Bangladesh. Energies 2002 (2): 134–149.Google Scholar
and , 2003: A note on measuring the unofficial economy in the former Soviet Republics. Economics of Transition 11 (1): 153–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , 2005: Technical and Economical Considerations to Improve the Penetration of Variable Speed Drives for Electric Motor Systems. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Industry Applications, January/February 2005, Washington DC.Google Scholar
, 2006: Global Pulp and Paper Fact and Price Book. Resource Information Systems Inc. (RISI), Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, 2003: Examples of Weights of Materials used in Cars. American Metal Market. www.amm.com/ref/carmat98.htm (accessed February 11, 2011).Google Scholar
and , 2005: Accounting for growth: The role of physical work. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 16 (2): 181–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2009: The Economic Growth Engine: How Energy and Work Drive Material Prosperity. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, and Northampton, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2005: A theory of economic growth with material/energy resources and dematerialization: Interaction of three growth mechanisms. Ecological Economics, 55 (1): 96–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , 2003: Exergy, power and work in the US economy, 1900–1998. Energy, 28 (3): 219–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2010: National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency 2010. Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
, , and , 2005: Tradable certificates for energy savings: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects for integration with other market instruments in the energy sector. Energy and Environment, 16 (6): 959–992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2005: Concrete Facts: The Life Cycle of the Indian Cement Industry. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
, 2007: Brazilian Energy Balance 2007. Ministério das Minas e Energia, Empresa de Pesquisa Energética. Balanço Energético Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Google Scholar
, , and , 1994: The Efficiency of Industrial Processes: Exergy Analysis and Optimization. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2009: Electric Motor Systems. Information paper, International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
, and , 2004: “A note on the Fisher Ideal Index Decomposition for Structural Change in Energy Intensity.” The Energy Journal 25 (1): 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2004: China's sustainable energy scenarios in 2020. China Environmental Science Press (CESP), Beijing, China.Google Scholar
, , , , , , , , , and , 2005: VLEEM 2 (Very Long Term Energy-Environment Model). Report prepared for the European Commission, EC/DG Research, Grenoble, France.Google Scholar
, 2001: Technological Measures of Improving Productivity: Opportunities and Constraints. Proceedings of the Fertilizer Association of India Seminar “Fertiliser and Agriculture Future Directions,” 6–8 December 2001, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
, 2009: Statistical Yearbook. Department of Industry and Transport Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics of P. R. China, and Energy Bureau of National Development and Reform Commission of P. R. China, China Statistics Press, Beijing, China.Google Scholar
, 2011: National Bureau of Statistics of China. www.stats.gov.cn/english/ (accessed May 9, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2005: Energy Conservation-Time to Get Specific. Confederation of Indian Industries (CII), Forbes Marshall, Pune, India.Google Scholar
, 2006: Formation and Release of POPs in the Cement Industry. Second edition. Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI), World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
, , and , 1998: Future technologies for energy efficient iron and steelmaking. Annual Review of Energy and Environment, 23: 123–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , 2000: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Iron and Steel Production. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency International Energy Agency (IEA) Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme, Cheltenham, UK.Google Scholar
, , , , , , and , 2004: Energy Efficient Motor Driven Systems: Can save Europe 200 billion kWh of electricity consumption and 100 million tonne of greenhouse gas emissions a year. Report prepared by the European Copper Institute (ECI), Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
, , , , , , and , 2006: Assessment of the Interaction between Economic and Physical Growth. EPIST project report UCE-34, prepared by Netherlands Research Programme on Scientific Assessment and Policy Analysis for Climate Change, June 2006, University of Utrecht, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
, and , 2004: Analysis of sectoral energy and exergy use of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Energy Research, 28 (3): 205–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2006: Pretoria: Department of Minerals and Energy, Republic of South Africa, Pretoria.Google Scholar
, 2007: Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers. European Commission (EC), Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
, 2000: Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry. Booklet No. 1 of 8: Production of Ammonia. European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association (EFMA), Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
and , 2010: Is energy efficiency enough to achieve the EU sustainability targets? Material efficiency in the industry sector. Proceedings of the Efonet Workshop 4.3: Increasing energy efficiency in industrial processes. February 19, 2010, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
, 2009: ForestSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). www.faostat.fao.org/site/630/default.aspx (accessed May 30, 2011).Google Scholar
and , 2008: How the World should Invest in Energy Efficiency. The McKinsey Quarterly, July 2008.Google Scholar
and (eds.), 2008: Carbon Finance: Environmental Market Solutions to Climate Change. Report No. 18, Center for Business and the Environment, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT.
, 2004: Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2” cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 34: 1489–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2010: Industrial Energy Efficiency for the 21st Century. Presentation at International Workshop, Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)-Bombay, 22 February 2010, Mumbai, India.Google Scholar
, 2011: Catalysing Climate Finance: A Guidebook on Policy and Financing Options to Support Green, Low-Emission and Climate-Resilient Development. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, NY.Google Scholar
, , and , 2005: Review of US ESCO industry market trends: An empirical analysis of project data. Energy Policy, 33: 387–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 1983: Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II. Journal of Political Economy, 91: 228–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2005: Oil and the macroeconomy. In The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. , and (eds.), Macmillan Publishers, London, UK.Google Scholar
, , and , 2007: Producing bio-based bulk chemicals using industrial biotechnology saves energy and combats climate change. Environmental Science and Technology, 41: 7915–7921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and , 1991: Manufacturing energy use in eight OECD countries: Decomposing the impacts of changes in output, industry structure and energy intensity. Energy Economics, 13: 135–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2002: Towards a Sustainable Cement Industry – Substudy 8: Climate Change. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
, 2010: Structural change and US energy use: recent patterns. The Energy Journal, 31 (3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2007: The Aluminium Industry's Sustainable Development Report. International Aluminium Institute (IAI), London, UK.Google Scholar
, 2011: International Aluminium Institute. International Aluminium Institute (IAI), London, UK. www.world-aluminium.org (accessed May 30, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2011: Statistics and Balances. International Energy Agency (IEA). www.iea.org/stats/ (accessed May 30, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2001: Abatement of emissions of other greenhouse gases: Engineered Chemicals. International Energy Agency (IEA) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) R&D Programme, , and (eds.), Cheltenham, UK.Google Scholar
, 2006: IEA World Energy Outlook 2006. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
, 2007a: Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
, 2007b: Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2004–2005. 2007 Edition. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
, 2008a: Energy Technology Perspectives 2008. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
, 2008b: World Energy Outlook Policy Database. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France. www.iea.org/Textbase/pm/?mode=weo (accessed March 28, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2008c: Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
, 2011. Energy-Efficiency Policy Opportunities for Electric Motor-Driven Systems. Working Paper. International Energy Agency (IEA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
, 2009: http://www.fertilizer.org/ifa/HomePage/STATISTICS/Production-and-trade (accessed July 25, 2011)
, 2008: Steel Statistical Yearbook 2008.Worldsteel Committee on Economic Studies, International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI), Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
, 2007: Climate Change 2007 – Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
, , and , 1992: Umweltentlastung Durch Industriellen Strukturwandel? – Eine Explorative Studie über 32 Industrieländer (1970–1990). Rainer Bohn Verlag, Berlin, Germany.Google Scholar
and , 2007: Local learning-networks on energy efficiency in industry: Successful initiative in Germany. Applied Energy, 84: 806–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2002a: International comparison of CO2 emissions trends in the iron and steel industry. Energy Policy, 30: 827–838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2002b: CO2 emission trends in the cement industry: An international comparison. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 7: 115–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and , 2009: Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Pulp and Paper Industry: An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
, , and , 2002: Capital, labor, energy and creativity: Modeling innovation diffusion. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 13: 415–433.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2008: Cost Shares, Output Elasticities and Substitutibility Constraints. Report EWI WP 08.02. University of Cologne, Germany.Google Scholar
, , and , 2003: Industrial Motor System Optimization Projects in The US: An Impact Study. Proceedings of the 2003 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, , and , 2010: Policy Options for Overcoming Barriers to Industrial Energy Efficiency. Report prepared by the Sussex Energy Group, Science and Technology Policy Research (SPRU) for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.Google Scholar
, 2011: Power Smart Savings, Rebates and Loans. Manitoba Hydro. www.hydro.mb.ca/power_smart_for_industry/index.shtml (accessed May 30, 2011).Google Scholar
, , , , , and , 2000: Opportunities to Improve Energy Efficiency and Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry. Report LBNL-46141. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
, , and , 2005: Implementing Power Rationing in a Sensible Way: Lessons Learned and International Best Practices. ESMAP Report 35/05, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2007: Setting the Standard for Industrial Energy Efficiency. Proceedings of Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS), 2007, Beijing, China. www.industrial-energy.lbl.gov/ (accessed March 28, 2011).Google Scholar
, , and , 2007: Certifying Industrial Energy Efficiency Performance: Aligning Management, Measurement, and Practice to Create Market Value, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA, USA.Google Scholar
and , 2009: Economic prosperity, biodiversity conservation, and the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 68 (7): 2087–2095.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2010: The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India. www.mnre.gov.in (accessed June 12, 2008).Google Scholar
, 2008: Energy Efficiency in Industry: Experience, Opportunities and Actions. Presentation at the UN-Energy Expert Group Meeting on Advancing Industrial Energy Efficiency in the Post-2012 Framework, September 22–23, 2008, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, , and , 1996: Regional and global exergy and energy efficiencies. Energy, 21: 223–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , 2008: Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Petrochemical Industry. An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. LBNL-964E. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2001: ICARUS-4 Sector Study for the Chemical Industry. Report No. NWS-E-2001–100, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.Google Scholar
, 2009: Energy Efficiency Trends and Policies in the EU 27, Results of the ODYSSEE-MURE project, October, 2009.Google Scholar
, 2004: Comparative analysis of energy intensity in Russia and Slovakia during economic transition of the 1990s. Diss. Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2002: Benchmarking the energy efficiency of Dutch industry: an assessment of the expected effect on energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 30: 663–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and , 2002: Energy use and carbon dioxide emissions from steel production in China. Energy, 5: 429–446.Google Scholar
, 2004: Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emissions Benchmarking of IFA Ammonia Plants (2002–2003 Operating Period). Plant Surveys International, Inc (PSI). General Edition. Commissioned by the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), Paris, France.Google Scholar
and , 1999: Enhancing shareholder value: making a more compelling energy efficiency case to industry by quantifying on-energy benefits. In Proceedings of the 1999 Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry. American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE), Washington DC, pp. 325–36.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2005: Energy efficiency improvements in ammonia production-perspectives and uncertainties. Energy, 30: 2487–2504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2009: Impact of Demand Side Management on Power Planning. M.Tech. Diss., Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India.Google Scholar
, , and , 2005: Steam Cracking and Natural Gas-to-olefins: A Comparison of Energy Use and Economics. Proceedings of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), spring meeting 2005. Atlanta, GA and New York, NY.Google Scholar
, , and , 2006: Olefins from conventional and heavy feedstocks: Energy use in steam cracking and alternative processes. Energy, 31: 425–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and , 2010: Influence of using nano objects as filler on functionality-based energy use of nanocomposites. Journal of Nanoparticle Research 12: 2011–2028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and , 2007: Model based energy benchmarking for glass furnace. Energy Conversion and Management, 48 (10): 2718–2738.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , 2010: Global Industrial Energy Efficiency Benchmarking: An Energy Policy Tool, Working paper. November 2010, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2009: Chemical and Petrochemical Sector: Potentials of Best Practice Technology and Other Measures. International Energy Agency (IEA) Information Paper. September 2009, Paris, France.Google Scholar
, , and , 2010: Present and future development in plastics from biomass. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 4 (1): 25–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2009: The SIMETAL CIS Corex/Finex Process, Siemens Iron Making, www.siemens-vai.com (accessed February 8, 2012).Google Scholar
, 2008: National Energy Map for India, Technology Vision 2030. TERI Press, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar
, 2010: Policies and Measures to Realize Industrial Energy Efficiency and Mitigate Climate Change. Report prepared by the UN Energy Energy Efficiency Cluster, 2010.Google Scholar
, 2000: World Energy Assessment. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and World Energy Council, New York, NY.Google Scholar
, 2007: Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007. Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya.Google Scholar
, 2008: UNEP Risø CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Risø Centre on Energy, Climate, and Sustainable Development. www.cdmpipeline.org (accessed March 28, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2007: Investment and Financial Flows to Address Climate Change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Bonn, Germany.Google Scholar
, 2010a: Motor Systems Efficiency Supply Curves. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
, 2010b: Renewable Energy in Industrial Applications, An assessment of the 2050 potential. United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
, 2011: United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Vienna, Austria. www.unido.org (accessed May 31, 2011).
, 2002: Steam System Opportunity Assessment for the Pulp and Paper, Chemical Manufacturing, and Petroleum Refining Industries. Main Report. Report prepared by Resource Dynamics Corporation for the U.S. Department of Energy (US DOE), Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, 2004a: Improving Steam System Performance: A Sourcebook for Industry. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Resource Dynamics Corporation, DOE/GO-102004–1868. U.S.Department of Energy (US DOE), Washington, DC. www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/techpubs_steam.html (accessed March 28, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2004b: Energy Loss Reduction and Recovery in Industrial Energy Systems. Prepared by Energetics, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, 2004c: Energy Use, Loss, and Opportunities Analysis: U.S. Manufacturing & Mining. Prepared by Energetics, Inc. and E3M, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, 2004d: Evaluation of the Compressed Air Challenge® Training Program. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and XENERGY, Inc., DOE/GO-102004–1836. Washington, DC. www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/tech-pubs_compressed_air.html (accessed March 28, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2010: Save Energy Now. Industrial Technology Program (ITP), United States Department of Energy (US DOE). www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/saveenergy-now/ (accessed May 31, 2011).Google Scholar
, 2007: International Energy Outlook 2007, industrial and commercial world energy use. United States Energy Information Administration (US EIA), Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, 2005: Mineral Resources Program 2005. United States Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, VA.Google Scholar
, 2007: Mineral Resources Program 2007. United States Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, VA.Google Scholar
, 2008: Mineral Resources Program 2008. United States Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, VA.Google Scholar
, 2011: Mineral Resources Program 2011. United States Geological Survey (USGS), Reston, VA. www.minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/myb.html (accessed May 27, 2011).Google Scholar
, and , 2008: Energetic and exergetic assessment of the industrial sector at varying dead (reference) state temperatures: a review with an illustrative example. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12 (5): 1277–1301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2005: An international survey of the energy service company (ESCO) industry. Energy Policy, 33: 691–704.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, 2008: State and Trends of The Carbon Market, 2008. Karan Capoor: Sustainable Development Operations, World Bank (WB) and Philippe Ambrosi:Climate Change Team, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
, , , , , and , 1995: International comparison of energy effici1ency improvement in the cement industry. In Proceedings of the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry. Washington, DC, Vol. 2, pp. 123–134.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2000a: Energy use and energy intensity of the US chemical industry. Berkeley, CA, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL-44314).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and , 2000b: Potentials for energy efficiency improvement in the US cement industry. Energy, 25: 1189–1214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and , 2003: Productivity benefits of industrial energy efficiency measures. Energy, 28: 1081–1098.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2005: Move over! Stock turnover, retrofit and industrial energy efficiency. Energy Policy, 33: 949–962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and , 2008: Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making: An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Report LBNL-54036-Revision. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and , 2008: World Best Practice Energy Intensity Values for Selected Industrial Sectors. Report LBNL-62806. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
, , , and , 2009: Industrial energy efficiency and climate change mitigation. Energy Efficiency, 2 (2): 109–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and , 2010: Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the U.S. Iron and Steel Industry: An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.Google Scholar
, 2007: Sustainable Electricity Agenda 2020: Study of Scenarios for an Efficient, Safe and Competitive Brazilian Electrical Sector, Technical Series, Vol. 12, March 2007.
, 2007: Energy saving status, major problem and suggestions to china building materials industry during the 10th five-year plan. China Energy No.6.
and , 2008: The Reduced Emission Oxygen Kiln. Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Earth Institute at Colombia University, New York, NY.Google Scholar
, , , , and , 2003: China's Sustainable Energy Scenarios in 2020. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing, China.Google Scholar
- 8
- Cited by