Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:44:24.417Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Intelligent agents: theory and practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

Michael Wooldridge  and
Nicholas R. Jennings
Michael Wooldridge
Affiliation:
Department of Computing, Manchester Metropolitian University, Chester Street, Manchester MI 5GD, UK (M.Wooldridge@doc.mmu.ac.uk)
Nicholas R. Jennings
Affiliation:
Department of Electornic Engineering, Queen Mary & Westfield College, Mile End Road, London EI 4NS, UK (N.R.Jennings@qmw.ac.uk)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The concept of an agent has become important in both artificial intelligence (AT) and mainstream computer science. Our aim in this paper is to point the reader at what we perceive to be the most important theoretical and practical issues associated with the design and construction of intelligent agents. For convenience, we divide these issues into three areas (though as the reader will see, the divisions are at times somewhat arbitrary). Agent theory is concerned with the question of what an agent is, and the use of mathematical formalisms for representing and reasoning about the properties of agents. Agent architectures can be thought of as software engineering models of agents; researchers in this area are primarily concerned with the problem of designing software or hardware systems that will satisfy the properties specified by agent theorists. Finally, agent languages are software systems for programming and experimenting with agents; these languages may embody principles proposed by theorists. The paper is not intended to serve as a tutorial introduction to all the issues mentioned; we hope instead simply to identify the most important issues, and point to work that elaborates on them. The article includes a short review of current and potential applications of agent technology.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Knowledge Engineering Review , Volume 10 , Issue 2 , June 1995 , pp. 115 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adorni, G and Poggi, A, 1993. “An object-oriented language for distributed artificial intelligence” International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 38 435–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agha, G, 1986. ACTORS: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agha, G, Wegner, P and Yonezawa, A (eds.), 1993. Research Directions in Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agre, P and Chapman, D, 1987. “PENGI: An implementation of a theory of activity” In: Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-87), pp 268–272, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Allen, JF, 1984. “Towards a general theory of action and time” Artificial Intelligence 23 (2) 123–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, JF, Hendler, J and Tate, A (eds.), 1990. Readings in Planning. Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Allen, JF, Kautz, H, Pelavin, R and Tenenberg, J, 1991. Reasoning About Plans. Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Ambros-Ingerson, J and Steel, S, 1988. “Integrating planning, execution and monitoring” In: Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-88), pp 83–88, St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
Austin, JL, 1962. How to Do Things With Words. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Aylett, R and Eustace, D, 1994. “Multiple cooperating robots—combining planning and behaviours” In: Deen, SM (ed) Proceedings of the 1993 Workshop on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-93), pp 3–11. DAKE Centre, University of Keele, UK.Google Scholar
Baecker, RM (ed.) 1993. Readings in Groupware and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Barringer, H, Fisher, M, Gabbay, D, Gough, G and Owens, R, 1989. “MetateM: A framework for programming in temporal logic” In: REX Workshop on Stepwise Refinement of Distributed Systems: Models, Formalisms, Correctness (LNCS Volume 430) pp 94–129. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Barwise, J and Perry, J, 1983. Situations and Attitudes, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bates, J, 1994. “The role of emotion in believable agents” Communications of the ACM 37 (7) 122–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, J, Bryan, Loyall A and ScottReilly, W Reilly, W, 1992a. “An architecture for action, motion, and social behaviour”. Technical Report CMU-CS-92–144, School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Bates, J, Bryan, Loyall A and Scott, Reilly W, 1992b. “Integrating reactivity, goals, and emotion in a broad agent”. Technical Report CMU-CS-92–142, School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Bell, J, 1995. “Changing attitudes”. In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 40–55, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belnap, N, 1991. “Backwards and forwards in the modal logic of agency” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research LI (4) 777–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belnap, N and Perloff, M, 1988. “Seeing to it that: a canonical form for agentives” Theoria 54 175–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, AH and Gasser, L (eds.) 1988. Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Bratman, ME, 1987. Intentions, Plans, and Practical Reason, Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bratman, ME, 1990. “What is intention?” In: Cohen, PR, Morgan, JL and Pollack, ME (eds.) Intentions in Communication, pp 15–32, MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratman, ME, Israel, DJ and Pollack, ME, 1988. “Plans and resource-bounded practical reasoning” Computational Intelligence 4 349–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, RA, 1986. “A robust layered control system for a mobile robot” IEEE Journal of Robotics and Automation 2 (1) 14–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, RA, 1990. “Elephants don't play chess” In: P, Maes (ed.) Designing Autonomous Agents, pp 3–15, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, RA, 1991a. “Intelligence without reason” In: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-91), pp 569–595, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Brooks, RA, 1991b. “Intelligence without representation” Artificial Intelligence 47 139–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burmeister, B and Sundermeyer, K, 1992. “Cooperative problem solving guided by intentions and perception” In: E, Werner and Y, Demazeau (eds.) Decentralized Al 3–Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMA W-91), pp 77–92, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bussman, S and Demazeau, Y, 1994. “An agent model combining reactive and cognitive capabilities” In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS-94), Munich,Germany.Google Scholar
Castelfranchi, C, 1990. “Social power” In: Y, Demazeau and Muller, J-P (eds.) Decentralized Al—Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW89), pp 49–62, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Castelfranchi, C, 1995. “Guarantees for autonomy in cognitive agent architecture” In:M, Wooldridge and NR, Jennings (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 56–70, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelfranchi, C, Miceli, M and Cesta, A, 1992. “Dependence relations among autonomous agents” In: E, Werner and Y, Demazeau (eds.) Decentralized AI 3–Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-91), pp 215–231, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Catach, L, 1988. “Normal multimodal logics” In: Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-88), pp 491–495, St. Paul, MN.Google Scholar
Chaib-draa, B, Moulin, B, Mandiau, R and Millot, P, 1992. “Trends in distributed artificial intelligence” Artificial Intelligence Review 6 35–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, E, 1987. “Participant systems” In: M, Huhns (ed.) Distributed Artificial Intelligence, pp 311–340, Pitman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, D, 1987. “Planning for conjunctive goals” Artificial Intelligence 32 333–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, D and Agre, P, 1986. “Abstract reasoning as emergent from concrete activity” In: Georgeff, MP and Lansky, AL (eds.) ReasoningAboutActions & Plans—Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop pp 411–424, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Chellas, B, 1980. Modal Logic: An Introduction, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, D, 1993. “IC. PROLOG II: A language for implementing multi-agent systems” In: SM, Deen (ed.) Proceedings of the 1992 Workshop on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-92), pp 61–74, DAKE Centre, University of Keele, UK.Google Scholar
Cohen, PR, Greenberg, ML, Hart, DM and Howe, AE, 1989. “Trial by fire: Understanding the design requirements for agents in complex environments” Al Magazine 10 (3) 32–48.Google Scholar
Cohen, PR and Levesque, HJ, 1990a. “Intention is choice with commitment” Artificial Intelligence 42 213–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, PR and Levesque, HJ, 1990b. “Rational interaction as the basis for communication” In: Cohen, PRMorgan, J and Pollack, ME (eds.) Intentions in Communication, pp 221–256, MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, PR and Perrault, CR, 1979. “Elements of a plan based theory of speech acts” Cognitive Science 3 177–212.Google Scholar
Connah, D and Wavish, P, 1990. “An experiment in cooperation” In: Demazeau, Y and Muller, J-P (eds.) Decentralized Al–Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-89), pp 197–214, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Cutkosky, MR, Engelmore, RS, Fikes, RE, Genesereth, MR, Gruber, T, Mark, WS, Tenenbaum, JM and Weber, JC, 1993. “PACT: An experiment in integrating concurrent engineering systems” IEEE Computer 26 (1) 28–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, NJ, 1993. Truth, Modality, and Action, PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, Coichester, UK.Google Scholar
Dean, TL and Weilman, MP, 1991. Planning and Control, Morgan Kaufmann.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, DC, 1978. Brainstorms, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, DC, 1987. The Intentional Stance, MIT Press.Google Scholar
des, Rivieres J and Levesque, HJ, 1986. “The consistency of syntactical treatments of knowledge” In: Halpern, JY (ed.) Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, pp 115–130, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Devlin, K, 1991. Logic and Information, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dongha, P, 1995 “Toward a formal model of commitment for resource-bounded agents” In: M, Wooldridge and NR, Jennings (eds.) IntelligentAgents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNA1 Volume 890), pp 86–101, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Downs, J and Reichgelt, H, 1991. “Integrating classical and reactive planning within an architecture for autonomous agents” In: J, Hertzberg (ed.) European Workshop on Planning (LNAI Volume 522), pp 13–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, J, Shoham, Y and Weliman, MP, 1991. “A logic of relative desire” In: ZW, Ras and M, Zemankova (eds.) Methodologies for Intelligent Systems–Sixth International Symposium, ISMIS-91 (LNAI Volume 542), Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Emerson, EA, 1990. “Temporal and modal logic” In: J van, Leeuwen (ed.) Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science. pp 996–1072. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Emerson, EA and Halpern, JY, 1986. “‘Sometimes’ and ‘not never’ revisited: on branching time versus linear time temporal logic” Journal of the ACM 33 (1) 151–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etzioni, O, Lesh, N and Segal, R, 1994. “Building softbots for UNIX” In: Etzioni, O (ed.) Software Agents—Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94–03), pp 9–16, AAAI Press.Google Scholar
Fagin, R and Halpern, JY, 1985. “Belief, awareness, and limited reasoning” In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJ CA 1–85), pp 480–490, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Fagin, R, Halpern, JY and Vardi, MY, 1992. “What can machines know? on the properties of knowledge in distributed systems” Journal of the ACM 39 (2) 328–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, IA, 1992a. Touring Machines: An Architecture for Dynamic, Rational, Mobile Agents, PhD thesis, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, UK. (Also available as Technical Report No. 273, University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory.)Google Scholar
Ferguson, IA, 1992b. “Towards an architecture for adaptive, rational, mobile agents” In: E, Werner and Y, Demazeau (eds.) Decentralized Al 3—Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-91), pp 249–262, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Fikes, RE and Nilsson, N, 1971. “STRIPS: A new approach to the application of theorem proving to problem solving” Artificial Intelligence 5 (2) 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Firby, JA, 1987. “An investigation into reactive planning in complex domains” In: Proceedings of the Tenth internatjonal joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCA 1–8 7), pp 202–206, Milan, Italy.Google Scholar
Fischer, K, Kuhn, N, Muller, HJ, Muller, JP and Pischel, M, 1993. “Sophisticated and distributed: The transportation domain” In: Proceedings of the Fifth European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-93), Neuchatel, Switzerland.Google Scholar
Fisher, M, 1994. “A survey of Concurrent MetateM—the language and its applications” In: DM, Gabbay and HJ, Ohibach (eds.) Temporal Logic—Proceedings of the First International Conference (LNAI Volume 827), pp 480–505, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Fisher, M, 1995. “Representing and executing agent-based systems” In: M, Wooldridge and NR, Jennings (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 307–323, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, M and Wooldridge, M, 1993. “Specifying and verifying distributed intelligent systems” In: M, Filgueiras and L, Damas (eds.) Progress in Artificial Intelligence–Sixth Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence (LNAI Volume 727), pp 13–28, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Galliers, JR, 1988a. “A strategic framework for multi-agent cooperative dialogue” In: Proceedings of the Eighth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-88), pp 415–420, Munich, Germany.Google Scholar
Galliers, JR, 1988b. A Theoretical Framework for Computer Models of Cooperative Dialogue, Acknowledging Multi-Agent Conflict, PhD thesis, Open University, UK.Google Scholar
Gasser, L, 1991. “Social conceptions of knowledge and action: DAI foundations and open systems semantics” Artificial Intelligence 47 107–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasser, L, Braganza, C and Hermann, N, 1987. “MACE: A flexible testbed for distributed Al research” In: M, Huhns (ed.) Distributed Artificial Intelligence, pp 119–152, Pitman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasser, L and Briot, JP, 1992. “Object-based concurrent programming and DAI” In: Distributed Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Praxis, pp 81–108, Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar
Geissler, C and Konolige, K, 1986. “A resolution method for quantified modal logics of knowledge and belief” In: JY, Halpern (ed.) Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on TheoreticalAspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, pp 309–324, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Genesereth, MR and Ketchpel, SP, 1994. “Software agents” Communications of the ACM 37 (7) 48–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genesereth, MR and Nilsson, N, 1987. Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Georgeff, MP, 1987. “Planning” Annual Review of Computer Science 2 359–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Georgeff, MP and lngrand, FF, 1989. “Decision-making in an embedded reasoning system” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJC'AI-89), pp 972–978, Detroit, Ml.Google Scholar
Georgeff, MP and Lansky, AL (eds.) 1986. Reasoning About Actions & Plans–Proceedings of the 1986 Workshop, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Georgcff, MP and Lansky, AL, 1987. “Reactive reasoning and planning” In: Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-87), pp 677–682, Seattle, WA.Google Scholar
Ginsberg, M, 1993. Essentials of Artificial bitelligence, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Grnytrasicwicz, P and Durfee, EH, 1993. “Elements of a utilitarian theory of knowledge and action” In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-93), pp 396–402, Chambéry, France.Google Scholar
Goldblatt, R, 1987. Logics of Time and Computation, Centre for the Study of Language and Information– Lecture Notes Series. (Distributed by Chicago University Press.)Google Scholar
Goldman, RP and Lang, RR, 1991. “Intentions in time”, Technical Report TUTR 93–101, Tulane University.Google Scholar
Goodwin, R, 1993. “Formalizing properties of agents”, Technical Report CMU-CS-93–159, School of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.Google Scholar
Greif, I, 1994. “Desktop agents in group-enabled products” Communications of the ACM 37 (7) 100–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosz, BJ and Sidner, CL, 1990. “Plans for discourse” In: PR, Cohen, J, Morgan and ME, Pollack (eds.) Intentions in Communication, pp 417–444, MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruber, TR, 1991. “The role of common ontology in achieving sharable, reusable knowledge bases” In: R, Fikes and E, Sandewall (eds.) Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R-91), Morgan Kaufrnann.Google Scholar
Guha, RV and Lenat, DB, 1994. “Enabling agents to work together” Communications of the ACM 37 (7) 127–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, A, 1986. “A syntactic theory of belief and knowledge” Artificial Intelligence 28 (3) 245–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haddadi, A, 1994. “A hybrid architecture for multi-agent systems” In: Deen, SM (ed.) Proceedings of the 1993 Workshop on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-93), pp 13–26, DAKE Centre, University of Keele, UK.Google Scholar
Halpern, JY, 1986. “Reasoning about knowledge: An overview” In: Halpern, JY (ed.) Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, pp 1–18, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Halpern, JY, 1987. “Using reasoning about knowledge to analyze distributed systems” Annual Review of Computer Science 2 37–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halpern, JY and Moses, Y, 1992. “A guide to completeness and complexity for modal logics of knowledge and belief” Artificial Intelligence 54 319–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halpern, JY and Vardi, MY, 1989. “The complexity of reasoning about knowledge and time. I. Lower bounds” Journal of Computer and System Sciences 38 195–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harel, D, 1984. “Dynamic logic” In: Gabbay, D and Guenther, F (eds.) Handbook of Philosophical Logic Volume II—Extensions of Classical Logic, pp 497–604, Reidel.Google Scholar
Haugeneder, H, 1994. IMAGINE final project report.Google Scholar
Haugeneder, H and Steiner, D, 1994. “A multi-agent approach to cooperation in urban traffic” In: Deen, SM (ed.) Proceedings of the 1993 Workshop on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-93), pp 83–98, DAKE Centre, University of Keele, UK.Google Scholar
Haugeneder, H, Steiner, D and McCabe, FG, 1994. “IMAGINE: A framework for building multi-agent systems” In: Deen, SM (ed.) Proceedings of the 1994 International Working Conference on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-94), pp 31–64, DAKE Centre, University of Keele, UK.Google Scholar
Hayes-Roth, B, 1990. “Architectural foundations for real-time performance in intelligent agents” The Journal of Real-Time Systems 2 99–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendler, J (ed.) 1992. Artificial Intelligence Planning: Proceedings of the First International Conference, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Henz, M, Smolka, G and Wuertz, J, 1993. “Oz—a programming language for multi-agent systems” In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-93), pp 404–409, Chambéry, France.Google Scholar
Hewitt, C, 1977. “Viewing control structures as patterns of passing messages” Artificial Intelligence 8 (3) 323–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hintikka, J, 1962. Knowledge and Belief, Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Houlder, V, 1994. “Special agents” In: Financial Times, 15 08, p 12.Google Scholar
Huang, J, Jennings, NR and Fox, J, 1995. “An agent architecture for distributed medical care” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 219–232, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, GE and Cresswell, MJ, 1968. Introduction to Modal Logic, Methuen.Google Scholar
Huhns, MN, Jacobs, N, Ksiezyk, T, Shen, WM, Singh, MP and Cannata, PE, 1992. “Integrating enterprise information models in Carnot” In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems, pp 32–42, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Israel, DJ, 1993. “The role(s) of logic in artificial intelligence” In: Gabbay, DM, Hogger, CJ and Robinson, JA (eds.) Handbook of Logic in Artificial Intelligence and Logic Programming, pp 1–29, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jennings, NR, 1992. “On being responsible” In: Werner, E and Demazeau, Y (eds.) Decentralized Al 3— Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-91), pp 93–102, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Jennings, NR, 1993a. “Commitments and conventions: The foundation of coordination in multi-agent systems” Knowledge Engineering Review 8 (3) 223–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, NR, 1993b. “Specification and implementation of a belief desire joint-intention architecture for collaborative problem solving” Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems 2 (3) 289–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, NR, 1995. “Controlling cooperative problem solving in industrial multi-agent systems using joint intentions” Artificial Intelligence 74 (2) (to appear).Google Scholar
Jennings, NR, Varga, LZ, Aarnts, RP, Fuchs, J and Skarek, P, 1993. “Transforming standalone expert systems into a community of cooperating agents” International Journal of Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 6 (4) 317–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaelbling, LP, 1986. “An architecture for intelligent reactive systems” In: Georgeff, MP and Lansky, AL (eds.) Reasoning About Actions and Plans—Proceeding of the 1986 Workshop, pp 395–410, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Kaelbling, LP, 1991. “A situated automata approach to the design of embedded agents” SIGART Bulletin 2 (4) 85–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaelbling, LP and Rosenschein, SJ, 1990. “Action and planning in embedded agents” In: Maes, P (ed.) Designing Autonomous Agents, pp 35–48, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Kinny, D, Ljungberg, M, Rao, AS, Sonenberg, E, Tidhar, G and Werner, E, 1992. “Planned team activity” In: Castelfranchi, C and Werner, E (eds.) Artificial Social Systems—Selected Papers from the Fourth European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds, MAAAMAW-92 (LNAI Volume 830), pp 226–256, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Kiss, O and Reichgelt, H, 1992. “Towards a semantics of desires” In: Werner, E and Demazeau, Y (eds.) Decentralized Al 3—Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-91), pp 115–128, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Konolige, K, 1982. “A first-order formalization of knowledge and action for a multi-agent planning system” In: Hayes, JE, Michie, D and Pao, Y (eds.) Machine Intelligence 10, pp 41–72, Ellis Horwood.Google Scholar
Konolige, K, 1986a. A Deduction Model of Belief, Pitman.Google Scholar
Konolige, K, 1986b. “What awareness isn't: A sentential view of implicit and explicit belief (position paper)” In: Halpern, JY (ed.) Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, pp 241–250, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Konolige, K and Pollack, ME, 1993. “A representationalist theory of intention” In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-93), pp 390–395, Chambéry, France.Google Scholar
Kraus, S and Lehmann, D (1988) “Knowledge, belief and time” Theoretical Computer Science 58 155–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kripke, S, 1963. “Semantical analysis of modal logic” Zeitschrift für Mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 9 67–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakemeyer, G, 1991. “A computationally attractive first-order logic of belief” In: JELIA-90: Proceedings of the European Workshop on Logics in Al (LNAI Volume 478), pp 333–347, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Lespérance, Y, 1989. “A formal account of self knowledge and action” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-89), pp 868–874, Detroit, MI.Google Scholar
Levesque, HJ, 1984. “A logic of implicit and explicit belief” In: Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-84), pp 198–202, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Levesque, HJ, Cohen, PR and Nunes, JHT, 1990. “On acting together” In: Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAA1–90), pp 94–99, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Levy, AY, Sagiv, Y and Srivastava, D, 1994. “Towards efficient information gathering agents” In: Etzioni, O (ed.) Software Agents—Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94–03), pp 64–70, AAAI Press.Google Scholar
Mack, D, 1994. “A new formal model of belief” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-94), pp 573–577, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Maes, P, 1989. “The dynamics of action selection” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-89), pp 991–997, Detroit, MI.Google Scholar
Maes, P (ed.) 1990a. Designing Autonomous Agents, MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maes, P, 1990b. “Situated agents can have goals” In: Maes, P (ed.) Designing Autonomous Agents, pp 49–70, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Maes, P, 1991. “The agent network architecture (ANA)” SIGART Bulletin 2 (4) 115–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maes, P, 1994a. “Agents that reduce work and information overload” Communications of the ACM 37 (7) 31–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maes, P, 1994b. “Social interface agents: Acquiring competence by learning from users and other agents” In: Etzioni, O (ed.) Software Agents—Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94–03), pp 71–78, AAAI Press.Google Scholar
McCabe, FG and Clark, KL, 1995. “April—agent process interaction language” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 324–340, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, J, 1978. “Ascribing mental qualities to machines.” Technical report, Stanford University Al Lab., Stanford, CA 94305.Google Scholar
McGregor, SL, 1992. “Prescient agents” In: Coleman, D (ed.) Proceedings of Groupware-92, pp 228–230.Google Scholar
Montague, R, 1963. “Syntactical treatments of modality, with corollaries on refiexion principles and finite axiomatizations” Acta Philosophica Fennica 16 153–167.Google Scholar
Moore, RC, 1990. “A formal theory of knowledge and action” In: Allen, JF, Hendler, J and Tate, A (eds.) Readings in Planning, pp 480–519, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Morgenstern, L, 1987. “Knowledge preconditions for actions and plans” In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-87), pp 867–874, Milan, Italy.Google Scholar
Mori, K, Torikoshi, H, Nakai, K and Masuda, T, 1988. “Computer control system for iron and steel plants” Hitachi Review 37 (4) 251–258.Google Scholar
Morley, RE and Schelberg, C, 1993. “An analysis of a plant-specific dynamic scheduler” In: Proceedings of the NSF Workshop on Dynamic Scheduling, Cocoa Beach, Florida.Google Scholar
Mukhopadhyay, U, Stephens, L and Huhns, M, 1986. “An intelligent system for document retrieval in distributed office environments” Journal of the American Society for Information Science 37 123–135.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, JP, 1994. “A conceptual model for agent interaction” In: Deen, SM (ed.) Proceedings of the Second International Working Conference on Cooperating Knowledge Based Systems (CKBS-94), pp 213–234, DAKE Centre, University of Keele, UK.Google Scholar
Muller, JP and Pischel, M, 1994. “Modelling interacting agents in dynamic environments” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-94), pp 709–713, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Müller, JP, Pischel, M and Thiel, M, 1995. “Modelling reactive behaviour in vertically layered agent architectures” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 261–276, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, A and Simon, HA, 1976. “Computer science as empirical enquiry” Communications of the ACM 19 113–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nilsson, NJ, 1992. “Towards agent programs with circuit semantics”, Technical Report STAN-CS-92–1412, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.Google Scholar
Norman, TJ and Long, D, 1995. “Goal creation in motivated agents” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 277–290, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papazoglou, MP, Laufman, SC and Sellis, TK, 1992. “An organizational framework for cooperating intelligent information systems” Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems 1 (1) 169–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parunak, HVD, 1995. “Applications of distributed artificial intelligence in industry” In: GMP, O'Hare and Jennings, NR (eds.) Foundations of Distributed Al, John Wiley.Google Scholar
Patil, RS, Fikes, RE, Patel-Schneider, PF, McKay, D, Finin, T, Gruber, T and Neches, R, 1992. “The DARPA knowledge sharing effort: Progress report” In: Rich, C, Swartout, W and Nebel, B (eds.) Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R-92), pp 777–788.Google Scholar
Perlis, D, 1985. “Languages with self reference I: Foundations” Artificial Intelligence 25 301–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perlis, D, 1988. “Languages with self reference II: Knowledge, belief, and modality” Artificial Intelligence 34 179–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perloff, M, 1991. “STIT and the language of agency” Synthese 86 379–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poggi, A, 1995. “DAISY: An object-oriented system for distributed artificial intelligence” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 341–354, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollack, ME and Ringuette, M, 1990. “Introducing the Tileworid: Experimentally evaluating agent architectures” In: Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-90), pp 183–189, Boston, MA.Google Scholar
Rao, AS and Georgeff, MP, 1991a. “Asymmetry thesis and side-effect problems in linear time and branching time intention logics” In: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI–91), pp 498–504, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Rao, AS and Georgeff, MP, 1991b. “Modeling rational agents within a BDI-architecture” In: Fikes, R and Sandewall, E (eds.) Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R–91), pp 473–484, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Rao, AS and Georgeff, MP, 1992a. “An abstract architecture for rational agents” In: Rich, C, Swartout, W and Nebel, B (eds.) Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R-92), pp 439–449.Google Scholar
Rao, AS and Georgeff, MP, 1992b. “Social plans: Preliminary report” In: Werner, E and Demazeau, Y (eds.) Decentralized AI 3—Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-91), pp 57–76, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Rao, AS and Georgeff, MP, 1993. “A model-theoretic approach to the verification of situated reasoning systems” In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI93), pp 318–324, Chambéry, France.Google Scholar
Reichgelt, H, 1989a “A comparison of first-order and modal logics of time” In: Jackson, P, Reichgelt, H and van Harmelen, F (eds.) Logic Based Knowledge Representation, pp 143–176, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Reichgelt, H, 1989b. “Logics for reasoning about knowledge and belief” Knowledge Engineering Review 4 (2) 119–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenschein, JS and Genesereth, MR, 1985. “Deals among rational agents” In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-85), pp 91–99, Los Angeles, CA.Google Scholar
Rosenschein, S, 1985. “Formal theories of knowledge in AI and robotics” New Generation Computing, pp 345–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenschein, S and Kaelbling, LP, 1986. “The synthesis of digital machines with provable epistemic properties” In: Halpern, JY (ed.) Proceedings of the 1986 Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, pp 83–98, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Russell, SJ and Wefald, E, 1991. Do the Right Thing—Studies in Limited Rationality, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sacerdoti, E, 1974. “Planning in a hierarchy of abstraction spaces” Artificial Intelligence 5 115–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sacerdoti, E, 1975. “The non-linear nature of plans” In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-75), pp 206–214, Stanford, CA.Google Scholar
Sadek, MD, 1992. “A study in the logic of intention” In: Rich, C, Swartout, W and Nebel, B (eds.) Proceedings of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR&R-92), pp 462–473.Google Scholar
Sargent, P, 1992. “Back to school for a brand new ABC” In: The Guardian, 12 03, p 28.Google Scholar
Schoppers, MJ, 1987. “Universal plans for reactive robots in unpredictable environments” In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-87), pp 1039–1046, Milan, Italy.Google Scholar
Schwuttke, UM, and Quan, AG, 1993. “Enhancing performance of cooperating agents in real-time diagnostic systems” In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI93), pp 332–337, Chambéry, France.Google Scholar
Searle, JR, 1969. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seel, N, 1989. Agent Theories and Architectures, PhD thesis, Surrey University, Guildford, UK.Google Scholar
Segcrberg, K, 1989. “Bringing it about” Journal of Philosophical Logic 18 327–347.Google Scholar
Shardlow, N, 1990. “Action and agency in cognitive science”, Master's thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.Google Scholar
Shoham, Y, 1988. Reasoning About Change: Time and Causation from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence, MIT Press.Google Scholar
Shoham, Y, 1989. “Time for action: on the relation between time, knowledge and action” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-89), pp 954–959, Detroit, MI.Google Scholar
Shoham, Y, 1990. “Agent-oriented programming”, Technical Report STAN-CS-1335–90, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.Google Scholar
Shoham, Y, 1993. “Agent-oriented programming” Artificial Intelligence 60 (1) 51–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, MP, 1990a. “Group intentions” In: Proceedings of the Tenth International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence (IWDAI-90).Google Scholar
Singh, MP, 1990b. “Towards a theory of situated know-how” In: Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-90), pp 604–609, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Singh, MP, 1991a. “Group ability and structure” In: Demazeau, Y and Müller, JP (eds.) Decentralized A12— Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-90), pp 127–146, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Singh, MP, 1991b “Towards a formal theory of communication for multi-agent systems” In: Proceedings of the Twelfth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-91), pp 69–74, Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar
Singh, MP, 1992. “A critical examination of the Cohen–Levesque theory of intention” In: Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-92), pp 364–368, Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
Singh, MP, 1994. Multiagent Systems: A Theoretical Framework for Intentions, Know-How, and Communications (LNAI Volume 799), Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Singh, MP and Asher, NM, 1991. “Towards a formal theory of intentions” In: Logics in Al—Proceedings of the European Workshop JELIA-90 (LNAI Volume 478), pp 472–486, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Smith, RG, 1980. A Framework for Distributed Problem Solving, UMI Research Press.Google Scholar
Steeb, R, Cammarata, S, Hayes-Roth, FA, Thorndyke, PW and Wesson, RB, 1988. “Distributed intelligence for air fleet control” In: Bond, AH and Gasser, L (eds.) Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence, pp 90–101, Morgan Kaufmann.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steels, L, 1990. “Cooperation between distributed agents through self organization” In: Demazeau, Y and Muller, JP (eds.) Decentralized Al—Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-89), pp 175–196, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Thomas, SR, 1993. PLACA, an Agent Oriented Programming Language, PhD thesis, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. (Available as technical report STAN-CS–93–1487).Google Scholar
Thomas, SR, Shoham, Y, Schwartz, A and Kraus, S, 1991. “Preliminary thoughts on an agent description language” International Journal of intelligent Systems 6 497–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, R, 1980. “A note on syntactical treatments of modality” Synthese 44 391–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, R, 1990. Truth and Modality for Knowledge Representation, Pitman.Google Scholar
Varga, LZ, Jennings, NR and Cockburn, D, 1994. “Integrating intelligent systems into a cooperating community for electricity distribution management” International Journal of Expert Systems with Applications 7 (4) 563–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vere, S and Bickmore, T, 1990. “A basic agent” Computational Intelligence 6 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voorhees, EM, 1994. “Software agents for information retrieval” In: Etzioni, O (ed.) Software Agents— Papers from the 1994 Spring Symposium (Technical Report SS-94–03), pp 126–129, AAAI Press.Google Scholar
Wainer, J, 1994. “Yet another semantics of goals and goal priorities” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECIA-94), pp 269–273, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Wavish, P, 1992. “Exploiting emergent behaviour in multi-agent systems” In: Werner, E and Demazeau, Y (eds.) Decentralized AI 3—Proceedings of the Third European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-91), pp 297–310, Elsevier.Google Scholar
Wavish, P and Graham, M, 1995. “Role, skills, and behaviour: a situated action approach to organising systems of interacting agents” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 371–385, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weerasooriya, D, Rao, A and Ramamohanarao, K, 1995. “Design of a concurrent agent-oriented language” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 386–402, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weihmayer, R and Velthuijsen, H, 1994. “Application of distributed AI and cooperative problem solving to telecommunications” In: Liebowitz, J and Prereau, D (eds.) AI Approaches to Telecommunications and Network Management, lOS Press.Google Scholar
Werner, E, 1988. “Toward a theory of communication and cooperation for multiagent planning” In: Vardi, MY (ed.) Proceedings of the Second Conference on Theoretical Aspects of Reasoning About Knowledge, pp 129–144, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Werner, E, 1989. “Cooperating agents: A unified theory of communication and social structure” In: Gasser, L and Huhns, M (eds.) Distributed Artificial Intelligence Volume II, pp 3–36, Pitman.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, E, 1990. “What can agents do together: A semantics of cooperative ability” In: Proceedings of the Ninth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-90), pp 694–701, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Werner, E, 1991. “A unified view of information, intention and ability” In: Demazeau, Y and Muller, JP (eds.) Decentralized AI 2—Proceedings of the Second European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Worlds (MAAMAW-90), pp 109–126, Elsevier.Google Scholar
White, JE, 1994. “Telescript technology: The foundation for the electronic marketplace”, White paper, General Magic, Inc., 2465 Latham Street, Mountain View, CA 94040.Google Scholar
Wilkins, D, 1988. Practical Planning: Extending the Classical AI Planning Paradigm, Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Wittig, T (ed.) 1992. ARCHON: An Architecture for Multi-Agent Systems, Ellis Horwood.Google Scholar
Wood, S, 1993. Planning and Decision Making in Dynamic Domains, Ellis Horwood.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, M, 1992. The Logical Modelling of Computational Multi-Agent Systems, PhD thesis, Department of Computation, UMIST, Manchester, UK. (Also available as Technical Report MMU-DOC-94–01, Department of Computing, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, UK.)Google Scholar
Wooldridge, M, 1994. “Coherent social action” In: Proceedings of the Eleventh European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-94), pp 279–283, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, M, 1995. “This is MYWORLD: The logic of an agent-oriented testbed for DAI” In: Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR (eds.) Intelligent Agents: Theories, Architectures, and Languages (LNAI Volume 890), pp 160–178, Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wooldridge, M and Fisher, M, 1992. “A first-order branching time logic of multi-agent systems” In: Proceedings of the Tenth European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI-92), pp 234–238, Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, M and Fisher, M, 1994. “A decision procedure for a temporal belief logic” In: Gabbay, DM and Ohlbach, HJ (eds.) Temporal Logic—Proceedings of the First International Conference (LNAI Volume 827), pp 317–331, Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Wooldridge, M and Jennings, NR, 1994. “Formalizing the cooperative problem solving process” In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence (IWDAI-94), pp 403–417, Lake Quinalt, WA.Google Scholar
Yonezawa, A (ed.) 1990. ABCL—An Object-Oriented Concurrent System, MIT Press.Google Scholar