Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T23:23:26.713Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

‘Putting names with faces’: a description of Epiactis handi sp. nov helps to resolve taxonomic confusion in species of the sea anemone Epiactis (Actiniaria, Actiniidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 March 2015

Paul G. Larson  and
Marymegan Daly
Paul G. Larson*
Affiliation:
Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH 43212, USA
Marymegan Daly
Affiliation:
Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH 43212, USA
*
Correspondence should be addressed to: P.G. Larson, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 1315 Kinnear Rd., Columbus, OH 43212, USA email: larson.309@osu.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

We resolve taxonomic confusion regarding brooding sea anemones in the genus Epiactis Verrill 1869a in the North Pacific Ocean based on newly collected material from Hokkaido (Japan), Haida Gwaii (British Columbia, Canada), and Kodiak and Adak Islands (Alaska, USA), and museum specimens collected from the Kurile Islands (Russia), Alaska, British Columbia, Oregon (USA), and California (USA). We find that the internally brooding individuals identified by Hand & Dunn (1974) as Cnidopus ritteri (Torrey, 1902) and placed in the genus Epiactis by Fautin & Chia (1986) belong to a new species which we describe and name Epiactis handi sp. nov. Epiactis handi and E. ritteri can be differentiated by morphological and behavioural features including ornamentation and structure of the column and mode of brooding offspring. To highlight and clarify these differences, we redescribe E. ritteri based on specimens from Alaska. We provide the first account of external brooding in E. ritteri, which necessitates a clarification of the differences between E. ritteri and another externally brooding species from the North Pacific, E. japonica Verrill, 1869b. Epiactis ritteri and E. japonica differ in sex allocation, ornamentation of the column and details of external brooding: members of E. ritteri are gonochoric with a smooth column and brood groove which tightly closes, whereas those of E. japonica are hermaphroditic and have mid-column spherules.

Keywords

ActiniariaAlaskaBritish ColumbiabroodingCaliforniaintertidalPacific
Type
Research Article
Information
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , Volume 95 , Issue 5 , August 2015 , pp. 913 - 928
Copyright
Copyright © Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Brandt, J.F. (1835) Polypos, acalephas discophoras et siphonophoras, nec non echinodermata continens. In Prodromus Descriptionis Animalium AB H. Mertensio in Orbis Terrarum Circumnavigatione Observatorum. Petropoli: Sumptibus Academiae.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1921) Actiniaria part I. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5, 1–241.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1924) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914–1916. XXI. Actiniaria from New Zealand and its Subantarctic Islands. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 77, 179–261.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1934) Some Actiniaria from Bering Sea and Arctic waters. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 24, 348–353.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1940) Actiniaria from Alaska and Arctic waters. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 30, 21–27.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1945) Further contributions to the knowledge of the Cnidom in the Anthozoa, especially in the Actiniaria. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sällskapets Handlingar 56, 1–24.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1947) Further contribution to a revision of the Actiniaria and Coralimorpharia. Arkiv for Zoologi 17, 1–17.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1949) A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia, and Actiniaria. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 1, 1–121.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1950) Corallimorpharia, Actiniaria and Zoantharia from New South Wales and South Queensland. Arkiv für Zoologi 1, 131–146.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. (1952) Actiniaria from North America. Arkiv for Zoologi 3, 373–390.Google Scholar
Carlgren, O. and Stephenson, T.A. (1929) Actiniaria. Scientific Reports of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 9, 1–34.Google Scholar
Chen, S. and Firing, E. (2006) Currents in the Aleutian Basin and subarctic North Pacific near the dateline in summer 1993. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 111, doi: 10.1029/2005JC003064.Google Scholar
Clubb, J.A. (1902) Actiniae. With an account of their peculiar brood chambers. In Report on the collections of natural history made in the Antarctic regions during the voyage of the “Southern Cross”. London: British Museum (Natural History), pp. 94–309.Google Scholar
Cuvier, G. (1798) Tableau Élémentaire de l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux. Paris: Baudouin.Google Scholar
Daly, M., Lipscomb, D.L., and Allard, M.W. (2002) A simple test: evaluating explanations for the relative simplicity of the Edwardsiidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Evolution 56, 502–510.Google ScholarPubMed
Dana, J.D. (1846) Zoophytes. Volume VII of the United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Blanchard.Google Scholar
Duchassaing de Fonbressin, P. and Michelotti, G. (1860) Mémoire sur les coralliaires des Antilles. Turin: Imprimerie Royale.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, D.F. (1972) Natural history of the sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869, with special reference to its reproductive biology. PhD thesis. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.Google Scholar
Dunn, D.F. (1975) Reproduction of the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869. Biological Bulletin 148, 199–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, D.F. (1983) Some Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Ptychodactiaria and Actiniaria). Antarctic Research Series 39, 1–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmands, S. (1995) Mating systems in the sea anemone genus Epiactis. Marine Biology 123, 723–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmands, S. (1996) The evolution of mating systems in a group of brooding sea anemones (Epiactis). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 30, 227–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edmands, S. and Fautin, D.G. (1991) Redescription of Aulactinia veratra n. comb. (=Cnidopus veratra) (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) from Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15, 59–68.Google Scholar
Edmands, S. and Potts, D.C. (1997) Population genetic structure in brooding sea anemones (Epiactis spp.) with contrasting reproductive modes. Marine Biology 127, 485–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
England, K.W. (1992) Actiniaria (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hong Kong with additional data on similar species from Aden, Bahrain and Singapore. In Morton, B. (ed) The Marine Flora and Fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China III. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, pp. 49–95.Google Scholar
Fautin, D.G. (2013) Hexacorallians of the world at http://geoportal.kgs.ku.edu/hexacoral/anemone2/index.cfm.Google Scholar
Fautin, D.G. and Chia, F.S. (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, 1665–1674.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fautin, D.G., Siebert, A.E. and Kozloff, E.N. (1987) Phylum Cnidaria – Class Anthozoa. In E.N., Kozloff (ed.) Marine invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, pp. 68–78.Google Scholar
Fautin, D.G., Zelenchuk, T. and Raveendran, D. (2007) Genera of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia), and their type species. Zootaxa 1668, 183–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favorite, F. (1965) The Alaskan stream. Bulletin of the International North Pacific Commission 21, 1–20.Google Scholar
Hand, C. (1955) The sea anemones of Central California part II. The Endomyarian and Mesomyarian anemones. Wasmann Journal of Biology 13, 37–99.Google Scholar
Hand, C. and Dunn, D.F. (1974) Redescription and range extension of the sea anemone Cnidopus ritteri (Torrey) (Coelenterata: Actiniaria). Wasmann Journal of Biology 32, 187–194.Google Scholar
Häussermann, V. (2004) Re-description of Phymactis papillosa (Lesson, 1830) and Phymanthea pluvial (Drayton in Dana, 1846) (Cnidaria: Anthozoa), two common actiniid sea anemones from the south east Pacific with a discussion of related genera. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden 78, 345–381.Google Scholar
Hertwig, R. (1882) Die Actinien der Challenger Expedition. Jena: Gustav Fischer.Google Scholar
Ishimura, M. and Nishihira, N. (2002) Direct attachment of eggs to the body wall in the externally brooding sea anemone Cnidopus japonicus (Actiniaria; Actiniidae). Journal of Ethology 21, 93–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostina, E.E. (1988) Biogeographical characteristics of sea anemones of the Pacific boreal region. Biologiya Morya 3, 14–21.Google Scholar
Kostina, E.E., Tsurpalo, A. P. and Frolova, L.T. (2006) Features of biology of the sea anemone Charisea saxicola Torrey, 1902 (Actiniaria: Condylanthidae) from the northwest Pacific. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 32, 214–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindeberg, M.R. (2008) Aleutian AKMAP Intertidal Site Summaries. Companion publication (Appendix A) to AKMAP 2006–2007 Aleutian Islands Coastal Survey. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Water, Water Quality Standards, Assessment and Restoration, 65 pp. https://dec.alaska.gov/water/wqsar/monitoring/documents/AleutAlgaeRpt_AppendixA.pdf.Google Scholar
Linnaeus (1767) Systema naturae, 12th edn.Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.Google Scholar
Mariscal, R.N. (1974) Nematocysts. In Muscatine, L. and Lenhoff, H.M. (eds) Coelenterate biology. New York, NY: Academic Press, pp. 129–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Presnell, J.K. and Schreibman, M.P. (1997) Humason's animal tissue techniques, 5th edn.Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rafinesque, C.S. (1815) Analyse de la Nature ou Tableau de l'Univers et des Corps Organisés. Palerme: C.S. Rafinesque, 572 pp.Google Scholar
Reed, R.K. and Stabeno, P.J. (1994) Flow along and across the Aleutian Ridge. Journal of Marine Research 52, 639–648.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, E., Orejas, C., López-González, P.J. and Gili, J.M. (2012) Reproduction in the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis georgiana in the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea. Marine Biology 160, 67–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez, E., Barbeitos, M.S., Brugler, M.R., Crowley, L.M., Grajales, A., Gusmão, L., Häussermann, V., Reft, A. and Daly, M. (2014) Hidden among sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the Order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of Hexacorals. PLoS ONE 9, e96998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanamyan, N.P. and Sanamyan, K.E. (1998) Some Actiniaria from the Commander Islands (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zoosystematica Rossica 7, 1–8.Google Scholar
Sanamyan, N.P. and Sanamyan, K.E. (2006) The genera Urticina and Cribrinopsis (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the north-western Pacific. Journal of Natural History 40, 359–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanamyan, N.P. and Sanamyan, K.E. (2008) Shallow water anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria) from the south-eastern coast of Kamchatka. Invertebrate Zoology 5, 155–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanamyan, N.P. and Sanamyan, K.E. (2010) Anthozoans (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) found at the coasts of Starichkov Island. In K.E., Sanamyan, N.P., Sanamyan, A.M., Tokranov and O.A., Chernyagina (eds) Biota of Starichkov Islands and anjacent [sic] waters of Avacha Gulf: Proceedings of Kamchatka Branch of Pacific Institute of Geography, Far Eastern Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8th edn.Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii: Kamchatpress, pp. 208–226.Google Scholar
Sanamyan, N.P., Sanamyan, K.E. and McDaniel, N. (2013) Two new shallow water sea anemones of the family Actiniidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from British Columbia (NE Pacific). Invertebrate Zoology 10, 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shick, J.M. (1991) A functional biology of sea anemones. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, J.I. (1992) Systematic study on Anthozoa from the Korea Strait in Korea: subclasses Zoantharia and Ceriantipatharia. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology 8, 259–278.Google Scholar
Stephenson, T.A. (1922) On the classification of Actiniaria. Part III. Definitions connected with the forms dealt with in Part II. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (New Series) 66, 247–319.Google Scholar
Stephenson, T.A. (1928) The British sea anemones. London: The Ray Society.Google Scholar
Thiel, M. and Gutow, L. (2005) The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. II. The rafting organisms and community. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 43, 279–418.Google Scholar
Torrey, H.B. (1902) Papers from the Harriman Alaska expedition. XXX. Anemones, with a discussion of variation in Metridium. Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences 4, 373–410.Google Scholar
Uchida, H. and Soyama, I. (2001) Sea Anemones in Japanese waters. Tokyo: Hankyū Komyunikēshonzu.Google Scholar
Uchida, T. (1934) A brood-caring actinian subject to a wide range of color variation. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University Series VI. Zoology 3, 17–31.Google Scholar
Uchida, T. (1938) Actiniaria of Mutsu Bay. Report of the Biological Survey of Mutsu Bay Series 4 13, 281–317.Google Scholar
Uchida, T. and Iwata, F. (1954) On the development of a brood-caring Actinian. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido Imperial University Series VI. Zoology 12, 220–224.Google Scholar
Verrill, A.E. (1869a) Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences 1, 422–502.Google Scholar
Verrill, A.E. (1869b) Synopsis of the polyps and corals of the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, under Commodore C. Ringgold and Capt. John Rodgers, U.S.N., from 1853 to 1856. Collected by Dr. Wm. Stimpson, naturalist to the Expedition. Proceedings of the Essex Institute 6, 51–104.Google Scholar
Westfall, J.A. (1965) Nematocyst of the sea anemone Metridium. American Zoologist 5, 377–393.Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, R.B. (1996) Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria): statistical parameters and taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 60, 339–351.Google Scholar
Williams, R.B. (1998) Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), II: further studies of differences amongst sample and their taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 62, 361–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R.B. (2000) Measurements of cnidae from sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria), III: ranges and other measures of statistical dispersion, their interrelations and taxonomic relevance. Scientia Marina 64, 49–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yanagi, K. and Daly, M. (2004) The hermaphroditic sea anemone Anthopleura atodai n. sp. (Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Actiniidae) from Japan, with a redescription of A. hermaphroditica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 117, 408–422.Google Scholar
Zamponi, M.O. (1989) Los Cnidaria y su interaccion pelágico-bentonica. PhD thesis, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.Google Scholar
Zamponi, M.O. (1993) El Ambiente Intermareal Subtemplado Frio Como un Posible “pool” de Tipos Reproductivos. Physis (Buenos Aires) 51, 13–15.Google Scholar
Zamponi, M.O. (2000) Sintesis sobre la biologia reproductiva de los actiniarios intermareales de Mar del Plata (Argentina). Revista Real Academia Galega de Ciencias 19, 43–53.Google Scholar
Zamponi, M.O. and Excoffon, A.C. (1988) The benthic fauna from Barckley [sic] Sound. II. Enmendation to diagnosis of genus Epiactis Verrill, 1869 and Cnidopus Carlgren, 1934 (Actiniaria: Actiniidae) and some aspects about brooding in Cnidopus ritteri (Torrey, 1902). Physis (Buenos Aires) 46, 43–49.Google Scholar
Zamponi, M.O. and Excoffon, A.C. (1995) La Anemonofauna de Bahia Concepcion (Chile). I. Alcugons aportes a la distribucion y biologia de los generos Phlyctenactis Stuckey, 1909 (Actiniaria: Actiniidae) y Antholoba Hertwig, 1882 (Actiniaria: Actinostolidae). Physis (Buenos Aires) 50, 1–6.Google Scholar