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³⁹ See for example: Maggs, T., ‘Mzonjani and the beginning of the Iron Age in Natal’, Annals of the Natal Museum, XXIV (1980), 71–96.Google Scholar

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⁴⁵ Sinclair et al., ‘Excavations’, Plates 8 and 9, Fig. 29.

⁴⁶ Op. cit.; Morais, ‘Southern Mozambique’.

⁴⁷ Morais, ‘Southern Mozambique’.

⁴⁸ Sinclair et al., ‘Excavations’.

⁴⁹ All Mozambican radiocarbon dates are taken from Morais, ‘Southern Mozambique’. Archaeologists working in Mozambique have used both the Rome and Stockholm laboratories. All Stockholm dates are ¹³C corrected, while those from Rome are corrected using the procedure recommended by Ralph, E. K., Michael, H. N. and Han, M. C., ‘Radiocarbon dates and reality’, MASCA Newsletter, IX (1973), 1–20.Google Scholar With this correction the original first-century A.D. date from Matola falls into the second century. This and new dates are provided: Matola: A.D. 140±50 (R-1327), A.D. 230±110 (St-8546), A.D. 480±80 (St-8547). The latter date is possibly contaminated (see Morais, , ‘Southern Mozambique’, 96)Google Scholar; University Campus: A.D. 175±85 (St-9836), A.D. 360±75 (St-9838), A.D. 595±100 (St-9837); Zitundo: A.D. 175±105 (St-8909), A.D. 190±105 (St-8911), A.D. 265±105 (St-8912), A.D. 375±105 (St-8913), A.D. 515±105 (St-8919).

⁵⁰ For example, see Maggs, T., ‘Msuluzi Confluence: a seventh century Early Iron Age site on the Tugela River’, Annals of the Natal Museum, XXIV (1980), 111–45.Google Scholar

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⁵³ Evers, ‘Recognition’.

⁵⁴ Morais, ‘Southern Mozambique’.

⁵⁵ Sinclair, P. J. J., Space, Time and Social Formation: A Territorial Approach to the Archaeology and Anthropology of Zimbabwe and Mozambique c. 0–1700 A. D. (Uppsala, 1987), 117.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Op. cit.; Morais, ‘Southern Mozambique’; dates from Chibuene are A.D. 550±85 (St-8495), A.D. 680±80 (St-8494), A.D. 795±85 (St-8496), A.D. 830–850 (R-1325), A.D. 1285±80 (St-8493).

⁵⁷ Sinclair, Space.

⁵⁸ Huffman, T. N., ‘Archaeology and ethnohistory of African Iron Age’, Annual Review of Anthropology, II (1982), 133–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁶¹ Maggs, T. M. O'C. and Michael, M., ‘Ntshekane: an Early Iron Age site in the Tugela Basin, Natal’, Annals of the Natal Museum, XXII (1976), 705–40Google Scholar, and G. Whitelaw, in preparation.

⁶² Meyer, ‘Kultuurhistoriese’. Site Ma 38 is dated to A.D. 470±50 (Pta-3725).

⁶³ Op. cit.; Plug, ‘Hunters’; Plug, ‘Aspects’.

⁶⁴ Meyer, ‘Kultuurhistoriese’, 302.

⁶⁵ Plug, ‘Hunters’.

⁶⁶ Ibid.; Plug, ‘Aspects’. Ma 4 is considered to date to the ninth century.

⁶⁷ Voigt, E. A. and Plug, I., ‘Happy Rest: the earliest Iron Age fauna from the Soutpansberg’, South African Journal of Science, LXXX (1984), 221–7.Google Scholar

⁶⁸ Plug, I. and Voigt, E. A., ‘Archaeozoological studies of Iron Age communities in southern Africa’, Advances in World Archaeology, IV (1985), 189–238.Google Scholar

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⁷¹ Ibid.

⁷² Meyer, ‘Kultuurhistoriese’.

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⁷⁴ Mason, Origins.

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⁸³ Huffman, ‘Ceramics’.

⁸⁴ In Hall, M., The Changing Past: Farmers, Kings and Traders in Southern Africa, 200–1860 (Cape Town, 1987)Google Scholar, Hall claimed that a far more extensive area was forested. In more recent publications (referenced in the notes following), perhaps in the light of Feely's findings (Feely, Early Farmers), he has modified this claim somewhat.

⁸⁵ Hall, M., ‘The role of cattle in southern African agropastoral societies: more than bones alone can tell’, South African Archaeological Society, Goodwin Series, 5 (1986), 83–7 (85).Google Scholar

⁸⁶ Hall, , The Changing Past, 71Google Scholar; Hall, M., ‘Archaeology and modes of production in pre-colonial southern Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, XIV (1987), 1–17 (8).CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a discussion of this early period, see also Hall, M., ‘At the frontier: some arguments against hunter-gathering and farming modes of production in southern Africa’, in Ingold, T., Riches, D. and Woodburn, J. (eds.), Hunters and Gatherers: History, Evolution and Social Change (Oxford, 1988), 137–47.Google Scholar

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⁸⁸ Ibid.

⁸⁹ Kuper, A., ‘Symbolic dimensions of the southern Bantu homestead’, Africa, L (1980), 8–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kuper, A., Wives for Cattle: Bridewealth and Marriage in Southern Africa (London, 1982).Google Scholar

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⁹¹ Huffman, ‘Settlement patterns’.

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¹⁰¹ Ibid.

¹⁰² Pistorius, J. C. C., ‘n Etno-argeologiese interpretasie van'n Sotho-Tswana vestigingseenheid op Selonskraal’ (unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Pretoria, 1984).Google Scholar

¹⁰³ Ibid.

¹⁰⁴ Ibid.; Radiocarbon dates from Selonskraal are A.D. 1770±50 (Pt-3488), calibrates to A.D. 1660 and 1770; A.D. 1780±45 (Pta-3492), calibrates to A.D. 1660 or 1770.

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