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LE TIPOLOGIE DELLE POLITICHE PUBBLICHE: UNA STRADA SENZA USCITA?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 July 2018

Giliberto Capano

Introduzione

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Come è stato recentemente sottolineato, l'analisi delle politiche pubbliche costituisce, insieme al filone della political economy, «il campo d'indagine che ha registrato l'espansione forse più impetuosa nelle scienze sociali dell'ultimo ventennio» (Ferrera 1989, 241). Questo grande sviluppo dell'analisi delle politiche pubbliche pone una serie di problemi concernenti, oltre che il rapporto con la scienza della politica nel suo complesso, gli stessi assetti interni di questo campo di studi. Questioni che nascono soprattutto dal carattere intrinsecamente interdisciplinare dell'analisi delle politiche pubbliche, oltre che dalla problematicità dell'unità di analisi. Nel coacervo di questioni teorico-metodologiche che sorgono, nel momento in cui si intende porre al centro della ricerca empirica la policy, una di quelle più intriganti è costituita dal problema della classificazione delle politiche pubbliche. D'altra parte, il trattamento classificatorio dei concetti occupa un posto fondamentale nel processo di ricerca, costituendo altresì una condizione necessaria, pur se non sufficiente, per procedere in modo adeguato nell'analisi empirica e teorica del fenomeno politico (McKinney 1966, 1970; Tiryakian 1968; Sartori 1979; Oppenheim 1975; Marradi 1990). La questione assume, peraltro, una rilevanza assolutamente imprescindibile all'interno di un magmatico e frammentato campo di studi, quale è quello dei policy studies, laddove, pur esistendo una notevole tradizione classificatoria - anzi, nella sua espressione più rilevante, tipologica - la diversità delle proposte elaborate (numerose, spesso assolutamente non confrontabili) ha condotto a non soddisfare le attese riposte in tale strumento metodologico per ordinare e guidare la prodigiosa produzione di ricerca (soprattutto a carattere idiografico) sviluppata negli ultimi trent'anni.

Summary

Summary

Dating back to Lowi's classic review article (1964), the typological tradition of policy analisys has produced a variety of efforts to classify public policies, attempting, more specifically, to categorize policies in such a way that the relationship between substance and process can be more clearly understood. In this essay, we review the main categorization schemes, discussing their methodological and substantial limitations. Typologies of public policies suffer from two major problems: it is often difficult to identify a particular policy unambiguously as a particular type, and, it often appears that the characteristics of a policy, rather than being inherent in its nature, are socially constructed and subject to manipulation by actors. These limitations hinder the understanding of three ineluctable features of public policy: ambiguity, subjectivity and dynamism. In order to explain these features, classifications and typologies are not sufficient tools, but are only the first step of the scientific enterprise.

Type
RASSEGNE
Information
Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica , Volume 23 , Issue 3 , December 1993 , pp. 549 - 588
Copyright
Copyright © Societ Italiana di Scienza Politica 

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