Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T19:27:12.817Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Anthropo-generated Climate Change in Europe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Robert C. Balling Jr  and
Sherwood B. Idso
Robert C. Balling Jr
Affiliation:
Office of Climatology and Department of Geography, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
Sherwood B. Idso
Affiliation:
Office of Climatology and Department of Geography, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In reviewing the results of our analyses of European temperature and precipitation data, we see patterns that are similar to those discovered in our prior studies of the United States and the British Isles: precipitation begins to increase at about the time that Northern Hemispheric SO2 emissions began their rapid ascension, while prior upward trends of surface-air temperature are dramatically truncated.

We also find that surface-air temperature trends of different localities over the past three-and-a-half decades are closely tied to the amount of aerosol sulphates in the atmosphere above them. The wide range and thrust of these several observations, along with their theoretical expectation, provides strong support for the premise that anthropo-generated climate change is indeed occurring in Europe, but that it may well be SO2-induced rather than CO2-induced.

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , Winter 1992 , pp. 349 - 353
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1992

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, B.A. (1989). Aerosols, cloud microphysics, and fractional cloudiness. Science, 245, pp. 1227–30, illustr.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bacastow, R.B., Keeling, C.D. & Whorf, T.P. (1985). Seasonal amplitude increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1959–82. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, pp. 10, 529–40, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balling, R.C. Jr, (1992), The Heated Debate: Greenhouse Predictions Versus Climate Reality. Pacific Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA: xxxvi + 195 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Balling, R.C. Jr, & Idso, S.B. (1989). Historical temperature trends in the United States and the effect of urban population growth. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, pp. 3359–63, illustr.Google Scholar
Balling, R.C. Jr, & Idso, S.B. (1991 a). Sulphate aerosols of the stratosphere and troposphere: Combined effects on surface air temperature. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 44, pp. 239–41, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balling, R.C. Jr, & Idso, S.B. (1991 b). Decreasing diurnal temperature range: CO2 greenhouse effect or SO2 energy balance effect? Atmospheric Research, 26, pp. 455–59, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balling, R.C. Jr, & Idso, S.B. (1992). Climatic change in Britain: Is SO2 more significant than CO2? Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 45, pp. 251–6, illustr.Google Scholar
Balling, R.C. Jr, & Wells, S.G. (1990). Historical rainfall patterns and arroyo activity within the Zuni River drainage basin, New Mexico. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 80, pp. 603–17, illustr.Google Scholar
Bultot, F., Dupriez, G.L. & Gellens, D. (1988). Estimated annual regime of energy-balance components, evapotranspiration and soil moisture for a drainage basin in the case of a CO2 doubling. Climatic Change, 12, pp. 39–56, illustr.Google Scholar
Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee (1983). Changing Climate. (US National Research Council.) National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA: xxiii + 496 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Charlson, R.J., Langner, J. & Rodhe, H. (1990). Sulphate aerosol and climate. Nature (London), 348, p. 22, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlson, R.J., Lovelock, J.E., Andreae, M.O. & Warren, S.G. (1987). Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature (London), 326, pp. 655–61, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charlson, R.J., Schwartz, S.E., Hales, J.M., Cess, R.D., Coakley, J.A. Jr, Hansen, J.E. & Hofmann, D.J. (1992). Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. Science, 255, pp. 423–30, illustr.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Climate Research Board (1979). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scientific Assessment. (US National Research Council.) National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA: vi + 22 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
CO2/Climate Review Panel (1982). Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Second Assessment. (US National Research Council.) National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA: xx + 72 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Conway, T.J., Tans, P., Waterman, L.S., Thoning, K.W., Masarie, K.A. & Gammon, R.H. (1988). Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements in the remote global troposphere, 1981–84. Tellus, 40, pp. 81–115, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedli, H., Lotscher, H., Oeschger, H., Siegenthaler, U. & Stauffer, B. (1986). Ice core record of 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries. Nature (London), 324, pp. 237–8, illustr.Google Scholar
Gleick, P.H. (1987). Regional hydrologic consequences of increases in atmospheric CO2 and other trace gases. Climatic Change, 10, pp. 137–61, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J., & Ephraums, J.J. (1990). Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK: xxxix + 365 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Idso, S.B. (1987). The CO2/trace gas greenhouse effect: Theory versus reality. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 38, pp. 55–6, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idso, S.B. (1988). Greenhouse warming or Little Ice Age demise: A critical problem for climatology. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 39, pp. 54–6, illustr.Google Scholar
Idso, S.B. (1989). Carbon Dioxide and Global Change: Earth in Transition. IBR Press, Tempe, Arizona, USA: iii + 292 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Idso, S.B. (1990 a). A role for soil microbes in moderating the CO2 greenhouse effect? Soil Science, 149, pp. 179–80, illustr.Google Scholar
Idso, S.B. (1990 b). Evidence in support of Gaian climate control: Hemispheric temperature trends of the past century. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 42, pp. 135–7, Illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idso, S.B. & Balling, R.C. Jr, (1991 a). Recent trends in United States precipitation. Environmental Conservation, 18, pp. 71–3, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idso, S.B. & Balling, R.C. Jr, (1991 b). Surface air temperature response to increasing global industrial productivity trends: A beneficial greenhouse effect? Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 44, pp. 37–41, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idso, S.B. & Balling, R.C. Jr, (1992). U.S. temperature/precipitation relationships: Implications for future ‘greenhouse’ climates. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 58, pp. 143–7, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idso, S.B. & Balling, R.C. Jr, (in press). United States droughtiness trends of the past century. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, illustr.Google Scholar
Idso, S.B. & Mitchell, J.F.B. (1989). The search for CO2/trace gas greenhouse warming. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 40, pp. 101–2, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, P.O. (1991). Historical records of cloud cover and climate for Australia. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 39, pp. 181–9, illustr.Google Scholar
Jones, P.O., Raper, S.C.B., Bradley, R.S., Diaz, H.F., Kelly, P.M. & Wigley, T.M.L. (1986 a). Northern hemispheric surface air temperature variations: 1981–1984. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 25, pp. 161–79, illustr.Google Scholar
Jones, P.O., Raper, S.C.B. & Wigley, T.M.L. (1986 b). Southern hemispheric surface air temperature variations: 1951–84. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 25, pp. 1213–30, illustr.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, P.O., Wigley, T.M.L., Folland, C.K., Parker, D.E., Angell, J.K., Lebedeff, S. & Hansen, J.E. (1988). Evidence for global warming in the past decade. Nature (London), 332, p. 790, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karl, T.R. & Heim, R.R. Jr., (1990). Are droughts becoming more frequent or severe in the United States? Geophysical Research Letters, 17, pp. 1921–24, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karl, T.R., Kukla, G. & Gavin, J. (1984). Decreasing diurnal temperature range in the United States and Canada, 1941 through 1980. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 23, pp. 1489–504, illustr.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karl, T.R., Kukla, G. & Gavin, J. (1986). Relationship between decreased temperature range and precipitation trends in the United States and Canada, 1941–80. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 25, pp. 1878–86, illustr.Google Scholar
Karl, T.R., Kukla, G. & Gavin, J. (1987). Recent temperature changes during overcast and clear skies in the United States. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 26, pp. 698–711, illustr.Google Scholar
Kauppi, P.E., Mielikainen, K. & Kuuseua, K. (1992). Biomass and carbon budget of European forests, 1971 to 1990. Science, 256, pp. 70–4, illustr.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lashof, D.A. & Ahuja, D.R. (1990). Relative contributions of greenhouse gas emissions to global warming. Nature (London), 344, pp. 529–31, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manabe, S. & Wetherald, R.T. (1986). Reduction in summer soil wetness induced by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Science, 232, pp. 626–28, illustr.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manabe, S. & Wetherald, R.T. (1987). Large-scale changes of soil wetness induced by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 44, pp. 1211–35, illustr.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manabe, S., Wetherald, R.T. & Stouffer, R.J. (1981). Summer dryness due to an increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration. Climatic Change, 3, pp. 347–86, illustr.Google Scholar
Mayewski, P.A., Lyons, W.B., Spencer, M.J., Twickler, M.S., Buck, C.F. & Whitlow, S. (1990). An ice-core record of atmospheric response to anthropogenic sulphate and nitrate. Nature (London), 346, pp. 554–6, illustr.Google Scholar
Michaels, P.J. (1990). The greenhouse effect and global change: Review and reappraisal. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 36, pp. 55–71, illustr.Google Scholar
Moller, D. (1984). Estimation of the global man-made sulphur emission. Atmospheric Environment, 18, pp. 19–27, illustr.Google Scholar
Raynaud, D. & Barnola, J.M. (1985). An Antarctic ice core reveals atmospheric CO2 variations over the past few centuries. Nature (London), 315, pp. 309–11, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodhe, H. (1990). A comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect. Science, 248, pp. 1217–9, illustr.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rotty, R.M. & Masters, C.D. (1985). Carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion: Trends, resources, and technological implications. Pp. 63–80 in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Cycle (Ed. Trabalka, J.R.). US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA: xxiii + 316 pp., illustr.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S.E. (1988). Are global cloud cover and climate controlled by marine phytoplankton? Nature (London), 336, pp. 441–5, illustr.Google Scholar
Spencer, R.W. & Christy, J.R. (1990). Precise monitoring of global temperature trends from satellites. Science, 247, pp. 1558–62, illustr.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thoning, K.W., Tans, P.P. & Komhyr, W.D. (1989). Atmospheric carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa Observatory, 2: Analysis of the NOAA GMCC data, 1974–85. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, pp. 8549–65, illustr.Google Scholar
Wigley, T.M.L. (1989). Possible climate change due to SO2-derived cloud condensation nuclei. Nature (London), 338, pp. 365–7, illustr.Google Scholar
Wigley, T.M.L. (1991). Could reducing fossil-fuel emissions cause global warming? Nature (London), 349, pp. 503–6, illustr.Google Scholar
Wood, F.B. (1988). Global alpine glacier trends, 1960s to 1980s. Arctic and Alpine Research, 20, pp. 404–13, illustr.Google Scholar