Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T22:19:16.142Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Time domain parameters of heart rate variability in children born as small-for-gestational age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 July 2016

Agata Zamecznik ,
Jerzy Stańczyk ,
Agnieszka Wosiak  and
Katarzyna Niewiadomska-Jarosik
Agata Zamecznik*
Affiliation:
Department of Children’s Cardiology and Rheumatology of the 2nd Chair of Pediatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Jerzy Stańczyk
Affiliation:
Department of Children’s Cardiology and Rheumatology of the 2nd Chair of Pediatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
Agnieszka Wosiak
Affiliation:
Institute of Information Technology, Lodz University of Technology, Poland
Katarzyna Niewiadomska-Jarosik
Affiliation:
Department of Children’s Cardiology and Rheumatology of the 2nd Chair of Pediatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
*
Correspondence to: A. Zamecznik, MD, PhD, Department of Children’s Cardiology and Rheumatology of the 2nd Chair of Pediatrics, Medical University of Lodz, 91-738 Lodz, Sporna 36/50, Poland. Tel: +4 842 617 77 00; Fax: +4 842 617 77 00; E-mail: agazamek@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

According to metabolic programming theory, small-for-gestational age patients are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases also because of the possible malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic disorders can be assessed by heart rate variability. The aims of this study were to compare time domain parameters of heart rate variability in children born as small-for-gestational age and appropriate-for-gestational age and to assess the correlation of the postnatal and current somatic parameters with the time domain parameters. The small-for-gestational age group consisted of 68 children aged 5–10 years who were born with birth weight below the 10th percentile. The appropriate-for-gestational age group consisted of 30 healthy peers, matched in terms of gender and age. On the basis of Holter monitoring, slightly higher average heart rate was observed in the small-for-gestational age group than in the appropriate-for-gestational age group. It was found that all the time domain parameters (SDNN, SDNNi, SDANNi, rMSSD, pNN50) were lower in the small-for-gestational age group than in the appropriate-for-gestational age group. In the small-for-gestational age group, girls had lower heart rate and some of the heart rate variability parameters (SDNN, SDNNi, SDANNi) in comparison with boys.

Children born as small-for-gestational age have impaired function of the autonomic nervous system. Moreover, in the small-for-gestational age group, autonomic balance moved towards the sympathetic component, which was evidenced by higher heart rate. Children with faster heart rate and lower heart rate variability parameters may be at risk of cardiovascular disease.

Keywords

Heart rate variabilitysmall-for-gestational ageintrauterine growth retardationchildren
Type
Original Articles
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , May 2017 , pp. 663 - 670
Check for updates
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Ego, A, Subtil, D, Grange, G, et al. Customized versus population-based birth weight standards for identifying growth restricted infants: a French multicenter study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194: 1042–1049.Google Scholar
2. Boguszewski, MC, Mericq, V, Bergada, I, et al. Latin American consensus: children born small for gestational age. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11: 66.Google Scholar
3. Black, RE, Victora, CG, Walker, SP, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2013; 382: 427–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on fetus and newborn. Nomenclature for duration of gestation, birth weight and intra-uterine growth. Pediatrics 1967; 39: 935–939.Google Scholar
5. Ananth, CV, Vintzileos, AM. Distinguishing pathological from constitutional small for gestational age births in population-based studies. Early Hum Dev 2009; 85: 653–658.Google Scholar
6. Lee, PA, Chernausek, SD, Hokken-Koelega, AC, Czernichow, P. International small for gestational age advisory board consensus development conference statement: management of short children born small for gestational age, April 24-October 1, 2001. Pediatrics 2003; 111 (6 Pt 1): 1253–1261.Google Scholar
7. Mamelle, N, Boniol, M, Riviere, O, et al. Identification of newborns with Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR) in weight and/or length based on constitutional growth potential. Eur J Pediatr 2006; 165: 717–725.Google Scholar
8. Barker, DJ, Martyn, CN. The maternal and fetal origins of cardiovascular disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 1992; 46: 8–11.Google Scholar
9. Barker, DJ. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ 1995; 311: 171–174.Google Scholar
10. Phillips, DI. Programming of the stress response: a fundamental mechanism underlying the long-term effects of the fetal environment? J Intern Med 2007; 261: 453–460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Voss, A, Schroeder, R, Vallverdu, M, et al. Short-term vs. long-term heart rate variability in ischemic cardiomyopathy risk stratification. Front Physiol 2013; 4: 364.Google Scholar
12. Flanagan, DE, Vaile, JC, Petley, GW, et al. The autonomic control of heart rate and insulin resistance in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 1263–1267.Google Scholar
13. Salvi, V, Hingorani, P, Ramasamy, A, Kothari, S. Prediction of mortality using measures of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in the diabetic and nondiabetic population: the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study: response to Ziegler et al. Diabetes Care, 2008; 31: e74; author reply e5.Google Scholar
14. Vanderlei, LC, Pastre, CM, Freitas Junior, IF, Godoy, MF. Analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation in obese and eutrophic children. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010; 65: 789–792.Google Scholar
15. Ojeda, NB, Johnson, WR, Dwyer, TM, Alexander, BT. Early renal denervation prevents development of hypertension in growth-restricted offspring. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34: 1212–1216.Google Scholar
16. Mizuno, M, Siddique, K, Baum, M, Smith, SA. Prenatal programming of hypertension induces sympathetic overactivity in response to physical stress. Hypertension 2013; 61: 180–186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. IJzerman, RG, Stehouwer, CD, de Geus, EJ, van Weissenbruch, MM, Delemarre-van de Waal, HA, Boomsma, DI. Low birth weight is associated with increased sympathetic activity: dependence on genetic factors. Circulation 2003; 108: 566–571.Google Scholar
18. Boguszewski, MC, Johannsson, G, Fortes, LC, Sverrisdóttir, YB. Low birth size and final height predict high sympathetic nerve activity in adulthood. J Hypertens 2004; 22: 1157–1163.Google Scholar
19. Aziz, W, Schlindwein, FS, Wailoo, M, Biala, T, Rocha, FC. Heart rate variability analysis of normal and growth restricted children. Clin Auton Res 2012; 22: 91–97.Google Scholar
20. Heart Rate Variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Eur Heart J 1996; 17: 354–381.Google Scholar
21. Rakow, A, Katz-Salamon, M, Ericson, M, Edner, A, Vanpée, M. Decreased heart rate variability in children born with low birth weight. Pediatr Res 2013; 74: 339–343.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Galland, BC, Taylor, BJ, Bolton, DP, Sayers, RM. Heart rate variability and cardiac reflexes in small for gestational age infants. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100: 933–939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Schäffer, L, Burkhardt, T, Müller-Vizentini, D, et al. Cardiac autonomic balance in small-for-gestational-age neonates. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 294: H884–H890.Google Scholar
24. Weitz, G, Bonnemeier, H, Süfke, S, Wellhöner, P, Lehnert, H, Dodt, C. Heart rate variability and metabolic rate in healthy young adults with low birth weight. Am J Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 3: 239–246.Google ScholarPubMed
25. Malinowski, A, Chlebna- Sokół, D. Dziecko łódzkie. Metody badań i normy rozwoju biologicznego. Ankal, Łódź, 1998.Google Scholar
26. Dąbrowska, B, Dąbrowski, A, Piotrowicz, R. Zmienność rytmu serca w praktyce klinicznej. In: Via Medica, ed. Elektrokardiografia Holterowska, Via Medica, Gdańsk, 2004: 179–215.Google Scholar
27. Abe, C, Minami, J, Ohrui, M, Ishimitsu, T, Matsuoka, H. Lower birth weight is associated with higher resting heart rate during boyhood. Hypertens Res 2007; 30: 945–950.Google Scholar
28. Johansson, S, Norman, M, Legnevall, L, Dalmaz, Y, Lagercrantz, H, Vanpée, M. Increased catecholamines and heart rate in children with low birth weight: perinatal contributions to sympathoadrenal overactivity. J Intern Med 2007; 261: 480–487.Google Scholar
29. Inoue, T, Iseki, K, Iseki, C, Kinjo, K, Ohya, Y, Takishita, S. Higher heart rate predicts the risk of developing hypertension in a normotensive screened cohort. Circ J 2007; 71: 1755–1760.Google Scholar
30. Umetani, K, Singer, DH, McCraty, R, Atkinson, M. Twenty-four hour time domain heart rate variability and heart rate: relations to age and gender over nine decades. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 593–601.Google Scholar
31. Phillips, DI, Barker, DJ. Association between low birthweight and high resting pulse in adult life: is the sympathetic nervous system involved in programming the insulin resistance syndrome? Diabet Med 1997; 14: 673–677.Google Scholar
32. Clayton, PE, Cianfarani, S, Czernichow, P, Johannsson, G, Rapaport, R, Rogol, A. Management of the child born small for gestational age through to adulthood: a consensus statement of the international societies of pediatric endocrinology and the growth hormone research society. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 804–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed