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Colloquial Chin as a Pronominalized Language

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 December 2009

Extract

It is over 100 years since Brian Houghton Hodgson was persuaded by what he described as ‘great peculiarities in the use of the pronouns’ in certain of the languages of the southern Himalayan region to ‘divide the Himalayan races primarily into two groups, distinguished by the respective use of simple or non-pronomenalised [sic], and of complex or pronomenalised languages’. This method of classification was taken over by Sten Konow in the third volume of the Linguistic Survey of India and has been widely accepted by linguists since that time. ‘Pronominalization’ has been taken to mean pronominal usage of a certain kind, particularly within the verbal complex, and has on the whole been regarded as a non-typical feature of Tibeto-Burman languages, probably to be accounted for by alien influences, and restricted, within the Tibeto-Burman family, to the languages grouped together by Konow under the name ‘Himalayan’.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies 1957

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References

page 323 note 1 On the Kocch, Bodo and Dhimdl tribes, Calcutta, 1847, 116.Google Scholar

page 323 note 2 Footnote to the reprint of‘On the Kocch, Bodo, and Dhimal tribes’, in Miscellaneous essays relating to Indian subjects, I, London, 1880, 105.Google Scholar Earlier references are to be found in the essay ‘On the physical geography of the Himalaya’, written in Darjeeling in 1846, and later published in Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal, xxvii, Calcutta, 1857, and in the revised reprint in this same volume of a paper on the ‘Origin and classification of the military tribes of Nepal’, originally read to the Bengal Asiatic Society in 1833.Google Scholar

page 323 note 3 On the Kocch, Bodo and Dhimdl tribes, Calcutta, 1847, 113. ‘The declension of the pronouns seems to be the least imperfect part of the structure of the Bodo and Dhimal tongues, and in the latter exhibits throughout marks of genuine inflection.’Google Scholar

page 324 note 1 ibid., 116. ‘There are two great peculiarities in the use of the pronouns in these tongues; one is, that in both languages the pronouns frequently stand as the last word in the sentence; and this whether they be personal or possessive. The other peculiarity is confined to the Dhimàl, and consists in the reduplication of the first and second persona ….’

page 324 note 2 Comparative vocabulary of the languages of the broken tribes of Népàl’, JASB, xxvi, 1857, 429 ff., 481;Google Scholar ibid., JASB, xxvii, 1858, 393 ff., 439 ff.Google Scholar

page 324 note 3 LSI, III, 1,276.

page 324 note 4 LSI, III, 1,179.

page 324 note 5 ibid., 179.

page 324 note 6 ibid., 179.

page 324 note 7 Meillet, A. and Cohen, M., Les langues du monde. Nouvelle edition, Paris, 1952, 558–60.Google Scholar ‘Le trait distinctif de ces langues est d‘inclure les pronoms personnels dans le verbe, sous des formes diverses de prefixes et de suffixes. Aucune ne marque le pronom de la 3e personne sujet; en dehors de ce fait, chaque parler a ses règies propres, et ils ne pratiquent pas tous cette inclusion au même degré.’

page 324 note 8 The Chin illustrations in this paper are all taken from the Tiddim Chin (Kamhau) dialect, since I have more material to draw upon in this dialect than in any other. Examples are given in phonetic transcription as the orthography does not always indicate such relevant phenomena as tone and vowel length. The transcription will be largely self-explanatory to those familiar with the alphabet of the International Phonetic Association, but it may be helpful to point out that the symbol is used to mark the vowel of a syllable which is short and unstressed in relation to the syllable immediately following.

page 324 note 9 On the Kocch, Bodo and Dhimal tribes, Calcutta, 1847, 113–14.Google Scholar

page 325 note 1 Certain explanatory notes of the examples are called for. It will be seen that where the pronominal form has more than one syllable the last syllable only is inflected, i.e. /ei alternates with \ei, but /ei/ with /ei\, etc. A short syllable closed by a glottal stop is usually pronounced on a low pitch, and is accordingly preceded in the phonetic transcription by the symbol. Functionally, however, this pitch is a realization of ‘falling tone’, as is clearly shown by its rôle in these examples. Level tone syllables may not be closed by a glottal stop, so that this sound does not figure in, for example, the oblique case of the third person singular, although present in the direct case. My informant was aware that the direct case forms of the first person plural exclusive were ‘irregular’ in his usage. He believed that the ‘expected’ forms, /kOU, /kOU\ma:u, etc., were to be found in the neighbouring and very closely akin Teizang dialect.

page 326 note 1 On the Kocch, Bodo and Dhimal tribes, Calcutta, 1847, 116.Google Scholar

page 327 note 1 Comparative vocabulary of the languages of the broken tribes of Népàl’, JASB, xxvii, 1858, 389.Google Scholar

page 327 note 2 ibid., JASB, xxvi, 1857, 481.Google Scholar