Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T18:08:05.339Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

An emerging dialogue among social scientists and neuroscientists on the causal bases of emotion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 August 2005

Marc D. Lewis
Marc D. Lewis*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Development and Applied Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6, Canadahttp://home.oise.utoronto.ca/~mlewis
*
mlewis@oise.utoronto.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

The target article developed a dynamic systems framework that viewed the causal basis of emotion as a self-organizing process giving rise to cognitive appraisal concurrently. Commentators on the article evaluated this framework and the principles and mechanisms it incorporated. They also suggested additional principles, mechanisms, modeling strategies, and phenomena related to emotion and appraisal, in place of or extending from those already proposed. There was general agreement that nonlinear causal processes are fundamental to the psychology and neurobiology of emotion.

Type
Author’s Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 28 , Issue 2 , April 2005 , pp. 223 - 245
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abe, J. A. & Izard, C. E. (1999) A longitudinal study of emotion expression and personality relations in early development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77:556–77. [CEI]Google Scholar
Adamec, R., Kent, P., Anisman, H., Shallow, T. & Merali, Z. (1998) Neural plasticity, neuropeptides and anxiety in animals: Implications for understanding and treating affective disorder following traumatic stress in humans. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23:301–18. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Adolphs, R. (2001) The neurobiology of social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11:231–39. [ANS]Google Scholar
Adolphs, R., Russell, J. A. & Tranel, D. (1999) A role for the human amygdala in recognizing emotional arousal from unpleasant stimuli. Psychological Science 10(2):167–71. [DS]Google Scholar
Aggleton, A. P. & Brown, M. W. (1999) Episodic memory, amnesia, and the hippocampal-anterior thalamic axis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:425–89. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2001) Breakdown of will. Cambridge University Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Ainslie, G. (2001) (in press) A selectionist model of the ego: Implications for self-control. In: Disorders of volition, ed. Sebanz, N. & Prinz, W.. MIT Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Alonso, A. & Llinus, R. R. (1992) Electrophysiology of the mammillary complex in vitro. II. Medial mammillary neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 68:1321–31. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Anderson, A. K., Christoff, K., Stappen, I., Panitz, D., Ghahremani, D. G., Glover, G., Gabrieli, J. D. & Sobel, N. (2003) Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction. Nature Neuroscience 6(2):196–202. [DS]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., Byrne, M. D., Douglas, S., Lebiere, C. & Qin, Y. (2004) An integrated theory of the mind. Psychological Review 111:1036–60. [PB]Google Scholar
Apostol, G. & Creutzfeldt, O. D. (1974) Crosscorrelation between the activity of septal units and hippocampal EEG during arousal. Brain Research 67:65–75. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1972) The metaphorical brain: An introduction to cybernetics as artificial intelligence and brain theory. Wiley-Interscience. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A., Erdi, P. & Szentagothai, J. (1998) Neural organization: Structure, function and dynamics. MIT Press. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1993) De anima, trans. Hamlyn, D. W.. Clarendon Press. [RDE]Google Scholar
Arnsten, A. F. T. & Robbins, T. W. (2002) Neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cortical function in humans and animals. In: Principles of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 51–84. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Arrow, H., McGrath, J. E. & Berdahl, J. L. (2000) Small groups as complex system: Formation, coordination, development, and adaptation. Sage. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Asada, H., Fukuda, Y., Tsunoda, S., Yamaguchi, M. & Tonoike, M. (1999) Frontal midline theta rhythms reflect alternative activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in humans. Neuroscience Letters 274:29–32. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Ashby, W. R. (1952) Design for a brain. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Astin, S., Redston, P. & Campbell, A. (2003) Sex differences in social representations of aggression: Men justify, women excuse? Aggressive Behavior 29:128–33. [MP]Google Scholar
Atran, S. (1998) Folkbiology and the anthropology of science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:547–609. [HF]Google Scholar
Bahrick, L. E. & Lickliter, R. (2000) Intersensory redundancy guides attentional selectivity and perceptual learning in infancy. Developmental Psychology 36:190–201. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Baier, A. (1991) A progress of sentiments: Reflections on Hume's Treatise. Harvard University Press. [GA]Google Scholar
Barbas, H. (1992) Architecture and cortical connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Advances in Neurology 57:91–115. [DAP]Google Scholar
Barbas, H. (1995) Anatomic basis of cognitive-emotional interactions in the primate prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 19:449–510. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Barbas, H. (2000) Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition, memory, and emotion in primate prefrontal cortices. Brain Research Bulletin 52:319–330. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Barbas, H. & Pandya, D. N. (1989) Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the Rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 286:353–75. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Barnard, P. J. & Bowman, H. (2003) Rendering information processing models of cognition and affect computationally explicit: Distributed executive control and the deployment of attention. Cognitive Science Quarterly 3:297–328. [PB]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S. (2003) The essential difference: The truth about the male and female brain. Basic Books. [CEI]Google Scholar
Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Wheelwright, S., Bullmore, E. T., Brammer, M. J., Simmons, A. & Williams, S. C. R. (1999) Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain: An fMRI study. European Journal of Neuroscience 11:1891–98. [CEI]Google Scholar
Bechara, A., Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (2000) Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral Cortex 10:295–307. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Tranel, D. & Damasio, A. R. (1997) Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy. Science 275:1293–94. [CEI]Google Scholar
Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rockland, C. & Damasio, A. R. (1995) Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 269:1115–18. [CEI]Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Brown, G., Steer, R. A., Eidelson, J. I. & Riskind, J. H. (1987) Differentiating anxiety and depression: A test of the cognitive content specificity hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96:179–183. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Belavkin, R. V. (2001) The role of emotion in problem-solving. In: Proceedings of the AISB’01 Symposium on emotion, cognition and affective computing, Heslington, York, England, ed. Johnson, C. G., pp. 49–57. AISB Press. [PB]Google Scholar
Bennett, M. R. & Hacker, P. M. S. (2003) Philosophical foundations of neuroscience. Blackwell. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Berkowitz, L. (1989) On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression: A cognitive-neoassociationistic analysis. In: Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 22, ed. Berkowitz, L.. Academic Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Biederman, I. (1985) Human image understanding: Recent research and a theory. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 32:29–73. [AC]Google Scholar
Blair, R. J. R. (2003) Neurobiological basis of psychopathy. British Journal of Psychiatry 182:5–7. [CEI]Google Scholar
Bland, B. H. & Colom, L. V. (1993) Extrinsic and intrinsic properties underlying oscillation and synchrony in limbic cortex. Progress in Neurobiology 41:157–208. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Bland, B. H. & Oddie, S. D. (1998) Anatomical, electrophysiological and pharmacological studies of ascending brainstem hippocampal synchronizing pathways. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 22:259–73. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Bland, B. H., Seto, M., Sinclair, B. R. & Fraser, S. M. (1984) The pharmacology of hippocampal theta cells: Evidence that the sensory processing correlate is cholinergic. Brain Research 299:121–31. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Bond, A. H. (1999) Describing behavioural states using a system model of the primate brain. American Journal of Primatology 49:315–38. [PB]Google Scholar
Bower, G. H. (1992) How might emotions affect learning? In: The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory, ed. Christianson, S.-Å., pp. 3–31. Erlbaum. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K. & Millar, N. H. (2000) Covert and overt orienting of attention to emotional faces in anxiety. Cognition and Emotion 14:789–808. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Bradley, M. M. & Lang, P. J. (2000) Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In: Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, ed. Lane, R. D. & Nadel, L., pp. 242–76. Oxford University Press. [NHF, aMDL]Google Scholar
Bressler, S. L. & Kelso, J. A. S. (2001) Cortical coordination dynamics and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:26–36. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Bronstein, P. (1981) Commitments to aggression and nest sites in male Betta splendens. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 95:436–49. [MP]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W, Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1999) How the basal ganglia use parallel excitatory and inhibitory learning pathways to selectively respond to unexpected rewarding cues. Journal of Neuroscience 19:10502–11. [SG]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W, Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (2004) How laminar frontal cortex and basal ganglia circuits interact to control planned and reactive saccades. Neural Networks 17:471–510. [SG]Google Scholar
Bruehl, S., Burns, J. W., Chung, O. Y., Ward, P. & Johnson, B. (2002) Anger and pain sensitivity in chronic low back pain patients and pain-free controls: The role of endogenous opioids. Pain 99:223–33. [MP]Google Scholar
Buck, R. (1985) PRIME theory: An integrated approach to motivation and emotion. Psychological Review 92:389–413. [RB]Google Scholar
Buck, R. (1999) The biological affects: A typology. Psychological Review 106:301–36. [RB, aMDL]Google Scholar
Buck, R. (2004) The gratitude of exchange and the gratitude of caring: A developmentalinteractionist perspective of moral emotion. In: The psychology of gratitude, ed. Emmons, R. A. & McCullough, M., pp. 100–22. Oxford University Press. [RB]Google Scholar
Bush, G., Luu, P. & Posner, M. I. (2000) Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(6):215–22. [aMDL, GN, DAP]Google Scholar
Buss, K. A., Schumacher, J. R., Dolski, I., Kalin, N. H., Goldsmith, H. H. & Davidson, R. J. (2003) Right frontal brain activity, cortisol, and withdrawal behavior in 6-month-old infants. Behavioral Neuroscience 117:11–20. [JvH]Google Scholar
Buzsaki, G. (1996) The hippocampal-neorcortical dialogue. Cerebral Cortex 6:81–92. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Buzsaki, G. (2002) Theta oscillations in the hippocampus. Neuron 33:325–40. [JP]Google Scholar
Buzsaki, G. & Draguhn, A. (2004) Neuronal oscillations in cortical networks. Science 304:1926–29. [JP]Google Scholar
Cairns, R. B., Santoyo, C. & Holly, K. A. (1994) Aggressive escalation: Toward a developmental analysis. In: The dynamics of aggression: Biological and social processes in dyads and groups, ed. Potegal, M. & Knutson, J. F., pp. 227–53. Erlbaum. [MP]Google Scholar
Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D. & Young, A. W. (2001) Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:352–63. [PB]Google Scholar
Camille, N., Coricelli, G., Sallet, J., Pradat, P., Duhamel, J. R. & Sirigu, A. (2004) The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret. Science 304:1167–70. [CEI]Google Scholar
Campbell, A. & Muncer, S. (1994) Sex differences in aggression: Social representation and social roles. British Journal of Social Psychology 33:233–40. [MP]Google Scholar
Camras, L. A. (2000) Surprise! Facial expressions can be coordinative motor structures. In: Emotion, development, and self-organisation, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 100–24. Cambridge University Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Cannon, W. B. (1939) The wisdom of the body. Norton. [WJF]Google Scholar
Cardinal, R. N., Parkinson, J. A., Hall, J. & Everitt, B. J. (2002) Emotion and motivation: The role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 26:321–352. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Carpenter, G. A. & Grossberg, S. (1987) A massively parallel architecture for a selforganizing neural pattern recognition machine. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 37:54–115. [SG]Google Scholar
Carpenter, G. A. & Grossberg, S. (1991) Pattern recognition by self-organizing neural networks. MIT Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Carreti, L., Mart’n-Loeches, M., Hinojosa, J. A. & Mercado, F. (2001) Emotion and attention interaction studied through event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13:1109–1128. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Botvinick, M. M., Noll, D. & Cohen, J. D. (1998) Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance. Science 280:747–49. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Carter, C. S., MacDonald, A. M. III,, Botvinick, M. M., Ross, L. L., Stenger, V. A., Noll, D. & Cohen, J. D. (2000) Parsing executive processes: Strategic vs. evaluative functions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:1944–48. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. (2001) Affect and the functional bases of behavior: On the dimensional structure of affective experience. Personality and Social Psychology Review 5:345–56. [CSC]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. (2003) Pleasure as a sign you can attend to something else: Placing positive feelings within a general model of affect. Cognition and Emotion 17:241–61. [CSC]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. (2004) Negative affects deriving from the behavioral approach system. Emotion 4:3–22. [CSC]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1990) Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: A control-process view. Psychological Review 97:19–35. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1991) A control-process perspective on anxiety. In: Anxiety and self-focused attention, ed. Schwarzer, R. & Wicklund, R. A., pp. 3–8. Harwood. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1998) On the self-regulation of behavior. Cambridge University Press. [CSC]Google Scholar
Centonze, D., Picconi, B., Gubellini, P., Bernardi, G. & Calabresi, P. (2001) Dopaminergic control of synaptic plasticity in the dorsal striatum. European Journal of Neuroscience 13:1071–77. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Chella, A., Frixione, M. & Gaglio, S. (1997) A cognitive architecture for artificial vision. Artificial Intelligence 89:73–111. [AC]Google Scholar
Chella, A., Frixione, M. & Gaglio, S. (2000) Understanding dynamic scenes. Artificial Intelligence 123:89–132. [AC]Google Scholar
Chwelos, G. & Oatley, K. (1994) Appraisal, computational models, and Scherer's expert system. Cognition and Emotion 8:245–58. [NHF]Google Scholar
Ciompi, L. & Panksepp, J. (2004) Energetic effects of emotions on cognitions – Complementary psychobiological and psychosocial findings. Consciousness and Emotion 1:23–56. [JP]Google Scholar
Clark, A. (1997) Being there: Putting brain, body, and world together again. MIT Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Clark, D. M. & Teasdale, J. D. (1982) Diurnal variation in clinical depression and accessibility of memories of positive and negative experiences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 91:87–95. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Cloninger, C. (1987) A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. Archives of Geneal Psychiatry 44:573–88. [PB]Google Scholar
Clum, G. A., Clum, G. A. & Surls, R. (1993) A meta-analysis of treatments for panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61:317–26. [GA]Google Scholar
Commons, M. L. Grossberg, S. & Staddon, J. E. R., eds. (1991) Neural network models of conditioning and action. Erlbaum. [SG]Google Scholar
Constantinidis, C., Williams, G. V. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2002) A role for inhibition in shaping the temporal flow of information in the prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience 5:175–80. [JFT]Google Scholar
Craig, A. D. (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3:655–666. [aMDL, ANS]Google Scholar
Craik, I. M. (1999) In search of the self. A PET study. Psychological Science 10:26–34. [GN]Google Scholar
Crestani, F., Lorez, M., Baer, K., Essrich, C., Benke, D., Laurent, J. P., Belzung, C., Fritschy, J. M., Luscher, B. & Mohler, H. (1999) Decreased GABAAreceptor clustering results in enhanced anxiety and a bias for threat cues. Nature Neuroscience 2:833–39. [JFT]Google Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990) Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper & Row. [HF]Google Scholar
Dalgleish, T. (2004a) Cognitive approaches to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): The evolution of multi-representational theorizing. Psychological Bulletin 130:228–60. [PB]Google Scholar
Dalgleish, T. (2004b) The emotional brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5:582–89. [PB]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1998) Emotion in the perspective of an integrated nervous system. Brain Research Reviews 26:83–86. [JvH]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. (1999) The feeling of what happens: Body and emotion in the making of consciousness. Harcourt Brace. [GC, SG, aMDL, GN]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Grabowski, T. J., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Ponto, L. L. B., Parvizi, J. & Hichwa, R. D. (2000) Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nature Neuroscience 3(10):1049–56. [PB]Google Scholar
D’Andrade, R. (1995) The development of cognitive anthropology. Cambridge University Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872/1979) The expressions of emotions in man and animals. Julian Friedman/Murray. [GA, WJF]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (1998) Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion 12:307–30. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (2000) Affective style, psychopathology, and resilience: Brain mechanisms and plasticity. American Psychologist 55:1196–214. [DS]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (2003a) Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis. Psychophysiology 40:655–65. [JvH]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. (2003b) Seven sins in the study of emotion: Correctives from affective neuroscience. Brain and Cognition 52:129–32. [DAP]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J., Ekman, P., Saron, C., Senulis, J. & Friesen, W. V. (1990) Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology I. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:330–41. [PB]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J. & Irwin, W. (1999) The functional neuroanatomy of emotion and affective style. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3:11–21. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J. B. & Putnam, K. (2002) Depression: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual Review of Psychology 53:545–74. [DAP]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J., Putnam, K. M. & Larson, C. L. (2000) Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation: A possible prelude to violence. Science 289:591–94. [aMDL, ANS]Google Scholar
Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H., eds. (2003) Handbook of affective sciences. Oxford University Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Davis, K. L., Panksepp, J. & Normansell, L. (2003) The affective neuroscience personality scales: Normative data and implications. Neuro-Psychoanalysis 5:21–29. [JP]Google Scholar
Decatanzaro, D. A. (1999) Motivation and emotion: Evolutionary, physiological, developmental, and social perspectives. Prentice Hall. [JvH]Google Scholar
Depue, R. A. & Collins, P. F. (1999) Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22:491–569. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Derryberry, D. & Rothbart, M. K. (1997) Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament. Development and Psychopathology 9:633–52. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Derryberry, D. & Tucker, D. M. (1994) Motivating the focus of attention. In: The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention, ed. Niedenthal, P. M. & Kitayama, S., pp. 167–96. Academic Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Devinsky, O. (2000) Right cerebral hemisphere dominance for a sense of corporeal and emotional self. Epilepsy and Behavior 1:260–73. [ANS]Google Scholar
DeVries, A. C., DeVries, M. B., Taymans, S. & Carer, C. S. (1995) Modulation of pair binding in female voles by corticosterone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 92:7744–48. [JvH]Google Scholar
Dikman, Z. V. & Allen, J. J. B. (2000) Error monitoring during reward and avoidance learning in high- and low-socialized individuals. Psychophysiology 37:43–54. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Dodge, K. A. & Somberg, D. R. (1987) Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under conditions of threats to the self. Child Development 58:213–24. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Dolan, R. J. (2002) Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science 298:1191–94. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Dolan, R. J. & Morris, J. S. (2000) The functional anatomy of innate and acquired fear: Perspectives from neuroimaging. In: Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, ed. Lane, R. D. & Nadel, L., pp. 225–41. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Downey, G. (in press) Learning Capoeira: Lessons in cunning from an Afro- Brazilian art. Oxford University Press. [GD]Google Scholar
Drevets, W. C. & Raichle, M. E. (1998) Reciprocal suppression of regional blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: Implications for interactions between emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion 12(3):353–85. [aMDL, GN, MP]Google Scholar
Drogosz, M. & Nowak, A (in press) A neural model of mere exposure: The EXAC mechanism. Polish Psychological Bulletin. [PW]Google Scholar
Drummond, P. Q. & Quah, S. H. (2001) The effect of expressing anger on cardiovascular reactivity and facial blood flow in Chinese and Caucasians. Psychophysiology 38:190–96. [MP]Google Scholar
Duke, D. J., Barnard, P. J., Duce, D. A. & May, J. (1998) Syndetic modelling. Human-Computer Interaction 13:337–93. [PB]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. (1987) Neural Darwinism. Basic Books. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M & Tononi, G. (1997) Commentary: Selection and development: The brain as a complex system. In: The lifespan development of individuals: Behavioral, neurobiological, and psychosocial perspectives: A synthesis, ed. Magnusson, D., pp. 179–204. Cambridge University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Eich, E. & Metcalfe, J. (1989) Mood dependent memory for internal versus external events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15:443–56. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D. & Williams, K. D. (2003) Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science 302:290–92. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Ekman, P. (1994) All emotions are basic. In: The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions, ed. Ekman, P. & Davidson, R., pp. 15–19. Oxford University Press. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Ellis, R. D. (1986) An ontology of consciousness. Kluwer/Martinus Nijhoff. [RDE]Google Scholar
Ellis, R. D. (1995) Questioning consciousness: The interplay of imagery, cognition and emotion in the human brain. John Benjamins. [RDE]Google Scholar
Ellis, R. D. (2001a) Implications of inattentional blindness for “enactive” theories of consciousness. Brain and Mind 2:297–322. [RDE]Google Scholar
Ellis, R. D. (2001b) A theoretical model of the role of the cerebellum in cognition, attention and consciousness. Consciousness and Emotion 2:300–09. [RDE]Google Scholar
Ellis, R. D. (2001c) Can dynamical systems explain mental causation? Journal of Mind and Behavior 22:311–34. [RDE]Google Scholar
Ellsworth, P. C. (1991) Some implications of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion. In: International review of studies on emotion, ed. Strongman, K. T.. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Elman, J. L., Bates, E. A., Johnson, M. H., Karmiloff-Smith, A., Parisi, D. & Plunkett, K. (1996) Rethinking innateness: A connectionist perspective on development. MIT Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Engel, A. K., Fries, P. & Singer, W. (2001) Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:704–16. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Érdi, P. & Barna, G. (1984) Self-organizing mechanism for the formation of ordered neural mappings. Biological Cybernetics 51:93–101. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. (2003) Commentary: On building a clinical cognitive neuroscience. Psychiatry 66:32–41. [HF]Google Scholar
Fabrega, H. (2004) Cultural formulations of homicide: Two case studies. Psychiatry 67(2):178–96. [HF]Google Scholar
Fanselow, M. S. (1994) Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 1:429–38. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Farrer, C., Frank, N., Georgieff, N., Frith, C. D., Decety, J. & Jeannerod, M. (2003) Modulating the experience of agency: A positron emission tomography study. Neuroimage 18(2):324–33. [GN]Google Scholar
Fiala, J. C., Grossberg, S. & Bullock, D. (1996) Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in cerebellar Purkinje cells as substrate for adaptive timing of the classically conditioned eye blink response. Journal of Neuroscience 16:3760–74. [SG]Google Scholar
Fingelkurts, A. A., Fingelkurts, A. A., Kivisaari, R., Pekkonen, E., Ilmoniemi, R. J. & Kähkönen, S. (2004) Enhancement of GABA-related signaling is associated with increase of functional connectivity in human cortex. Human Brain Mapping 22:27–39. [JFT]Google Scholar
Fink, G. R., Markowitsch, H. J., Reinkemeier, M., Bruckbauer, T., Kessler, J. & Heiss, W. D. (1996) Cerebral representation of one's own past: Neural networks involved in autobiographical memory. Journal of Neuroscience 16(13):4275–82. [GN]Google Scholar
Flood, J. F., Baker, M. L., Hernandez, E. N. & Morley, J. E. (1990) Modulation of memory retention by neuropeptide K. Brain Research 520:284–90. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1975) The language of thought. Harvester. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Fogel, A. (1985) Coordinative structures in the development of expressive behavior. In: The development of expressive behavior: Biology-environment interactions, ed. Zivin, G.. Academic Press. [NHF]Google Scholar
Fogel, A. (1993) Developing through relationships: Origins of communication, self, and culture. University of Chicago Press. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Ford, D. H. (1987) Humans as self-constructing living systems: A developmental perspective on behavior and personality. Erlbaum. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Forgas, J. P. & Bower, G. H. (1987) Affect in social and personal judgments. In: Affect, cognition and social behavior: New evidence and integrative attempts, ed. Fiedler, K. & Forgas, J.. Hogrefe. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Fox, E., Russo, R. & Dutton, K. (2002) Attentional bias for threat: Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion 16:355–79. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Frank, R. H. (1988) Passions within reason. Norton. [GA]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (1995) Societies of brains: A neurophysiological study of love and hate. Erlbaum. [WJF, aMDL]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (1999) How brains make up their minds. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2000) Emotion is essential to all intentional behaviors. In: Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 209–35. Cambridge University Press. [GC, HF, aMDL]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2003a) A neurobiological theory of meaning in perception. Part 1, Information and meaning in nonconvergent and nonlocal brain dynamics. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13:2493–511. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2003b) A neurobiological theory of meaning in perception. Part 2, Spatial patterns of phase in gamma EEG from primary sensory cortices reveal the properties of mesoscopic wave packets. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13:2513–35. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2004a) Origin, structure and role of background EEG activity. Part 1, Analytic amplitude. Clinical Neurophysiology 115:2077–88. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2004b) Origin, structure and role of background EEG activity. Part 2, Analytic phase. Clinical Neurophysiology 115:2089–2107. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. (2005) Origin, structure and role of background EEG activity. Part 3, Pattern classification. Clinical Neurophysiology. Available via Science Direct at: http://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S1388245705000064. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. & Burke, B. C. (2003) A neurobiological theory of meaning in perception. Part 4, Multicortical patterns of amplitude modulation in gamma EEG. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13:2857–66. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J., Burke, B. C. & Holmes, M. D. (2003a) Aperiodic phase re-setting in scalp EEG of beta-gamma oscillations by state transitions at alpha-theta rates. Human Brain Mapping 19:248–72. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J., Burke, B. C., Holmes, M. D. & Vanhatalo, S. (2003b) Spatial spectra of scalp EEG and EMG from awake humans. Clinical Neurophysiology 16:1055–60. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J., Gaál, G. & Jornten, R. (2003c) A neurobiological theory of meaning in perception. Part 3, Multiple cortical areas synchronize without loss of local autonomy. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13:2845–56. [WJF]Google Scholar
Freeman, W. J. & Rogers, L. J. (2003) A neurobiological theory of meaning in perception. Part 5, Multicortical patterns of phase modulation in gamma EEG. International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 13:2867–87. [WJF]Google Scholar
Friedman, B. H., Thayer, J. T. & Borkovec, T. D. (2000) Explicit memory bias for threat words in generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy 31:745–56. [JFT]Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press. [GC, aMDL, DS]Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1993a) Moods, emotion episodes, and emotions. In: Handbook of emotions, ed. Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M., pp. 381–403. Guilford. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1993b) The place of appraisal in emotion. Cognition and Emotion 7:357–87. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. & Zeelenberg, M. (2001) Appraisal: What is the dependent? In: Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, ed. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., pp. 141–55. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Friston, K. J. (2000) The labile brain: II. Transients, complexity, and selection. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 355:237–52. [GC]Google Scholar
Frith, C. (2002) Attention to action and awareness of other minds. Conscious Cognition 11(4):481–87. [GN]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D., Friston, K., Liddle, P. F. & Frackowiak, R. S. (1991) Willed action and the prefrontal cortex in man: A study with PET. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B: Biological Science 244(1311):241–46. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1996) The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe, 3rd edition. Raven Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (2002) Physiology of executive functions: The perception-action cycle. In: Principles of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 96–108. Oxford University Press. [HF, aMDL]Google Scholar
Galatzer-Levy, R. (1978) Qualitative change from quantitative change: Mathematical catastrophe theory in relation to psychoanalysis. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 26:921–35. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Galatzer-Levy, R. (2004) Chaotic possibilities: Toward a new model of development. International Journal of Psychoanalysis 85:419–41. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Gallagher, D. J. (1990) Extraversion, neuroticism, and appraisal of stressful academic events. Personality and Individual Differences 11:1053–57. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Gallagher, M. & Holland, P. C. (1992) Understanding the function of the central nucleus. In: The amygdala, ed. Aggleton, J. P., pp. 307–21. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Gallagher, M. & Holland, P. C. (1994) The amygdala complex: Multiple roles in associative learning and attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91:11771–76. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Gärdenfors, P. (2000) Conceptual spaces. MIT Press. [AC]Google Scholar
Geary, D. C. & Huffman, K. J. (2002) Brain and cognitive evolution: Forms of modularity and functions of mind. Psychological Bulletin 128(5):667–98. [HF]Google Scholar
Gehring, W. J., Goss, B., Coles, M. G. H., Meyer, D. E. & Donchin, E. (1993) A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychological Science 4:385–90. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Gehring, W. J., Himle, J. & Nisenson, L. G. (2000) Action monitoring dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychological Science 11:1–6. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Gehring, W. J. & Willoughby, A. R. (2002) The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science 295:2279–82. [CEI]Google Scholar
Gelkopf, M. (1997) Laboratory pain and styles of coping with anger. Journal of Psychology 131:121–23. [MP]Google Scholar
Gemba, H., Sasaki, K. & Brooks, V. B. (1986) “Error” potentials in limbic cortex (anterior cingulate area 24) of monkeys during motor learning. Neuroscience Letters 70:223–27. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J. (2003) Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief. Cognition 87(1):B11–22. [GN]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G. (1985) Supplementary motor area structure and function: Review and hypotheses. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:567–616. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Goodwin, B. (1993) Development as a robust natural process. In: Thinking about biology, ed. Stein, W. & Varela, F. J., pp. 123–48. Addison-Wesley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Gosselin, P., Kirouac, G. & Dore, F. Y. (1998) Components and recognition of facial expression in the communication of emotion by actors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68:83–96. [GA]Google Scholar
Granda, A. M. & Hammack, J. T. (1961) Operant behavior during sleep. Science 133:1485–86. [GA]Google Scholar
Granic, I. & Hollenstein, T. (2003) Dynamic systems methods for models of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 15:641–69. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press. [PB, aMDL]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1987) The psychology of fear and stress, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L. & Menon, V. (2003) Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 100(1):253–58. [GN]Google Scholar
Groenewegen, H. J. (1997) Cortical-subcortical relationships and the limbic forebrain. In: Contemporary behavioral neurology: Blue books of practical neurology, vol. 16, ed. Trimble, M. R. & Cummings, J. L., pp. 29–48. Butterworth-Heinemann. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1971) On the dynamics of operant conditioning. Journal of Theoretical Biology 33:225–55. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1972a) A neural theory of punishment and avoidance, I: Qualitative theory. Mathematical Biosciences 15:39–67. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1972b) A neural theory of punishment and avoidance, II: Quantitative theory. Mathematical Biosciences 15:253–85. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1974) Classical and instrumental learning by neural networks. In: Progress in theoretical biology, ed. Rosen, R. & Snell, F., pp. 51–141. Academic Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1975) A neural model of attention, reinforcement, and discrimination learning. International Review of Neurobiology 18:263–327. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1976a) Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, I: Parallel development and coding of neural feature detectors. Biological Cybernetics 23:121–34. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1976b) Adaptive pattern classification and universal recoding, II: Feedback, expectation, olfaction, and illusions. Biological Cybernetics 23:187–202. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1978) A theory of human memory: Self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans. In: Progress in theoretical biology, ed. Rosen, R. & Snell, F., pp. 233–374. Academic Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review 1:1–51. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1982a) A psychophysiological theory of reinforcement, drive, motivation, and attention. Journal of Theoretical Neurobiology 1:286–369. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1982b) Processing of expected and unexpected events during conditioning and attention: A psychophysiological theory. Psychological Review 89:529–72. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1984a) Some normal and abnormal behavioral syndromes due to transmitter gating of opponent processes. Biological Psychiatry 19:1075–118. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1984b) Some psychophysiological and pharmacological correlates of a developmental, cognitive, and motivational theory. In: Brain and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J. & Tueting, P., pp. 58–142. New York Academy of Sciences. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1987) The adaptive brain, Volumes I and II. Elsevier/North-Holland. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1988) Neural networks and natural intelligence. MIT Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1995) The attentive brain. American Scientist 83:438–49. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1999a) How does the cerebral cortex work? Learning, attention, and grouping by the lminar circuits of visual cortex. Spatial Vision 12:163–86. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1999b) The link between brain learning, attention, and consciousness. Consciousness and Cognition 8:1–44. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (2000a) The complementary brain: Unifying brain dynamics and modularity. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4:233–46. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (2000b) The imbalanced brain: From normal behavior to schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 48:81–98. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Gutowski, S. (1987) Neural dynamics of decision making under risk: Affective balance and cognitive-emotional interactions. Psychological Review 94:300–18. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Levine, D. S. (1987) Neural dynamics of attentionally modulated Pavlovian conditioning: Blocking, inter-stimulus interval, and secondary conditioning. Applied Optics 26:5015–30. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Merrill, J. W. L. (1992) A neural network model of adaptively timed reinforcement learning and hippocampal dynamics. Cognitive Brain Research 1:3–38. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Merrill, J. W. L. (1996) The hippocampus and cerebellum in adaptively timed learning, recognition, and movement. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8:257–77. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Schmajuk, N. A. (1987) Neural dynamics of attentionallymodulated Pavlovian conditioning: Conditioned reinforcement, inhibition, and opponent processing. Psychobiology 15:195–240. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Schmajuk, N. A. (1989) Neural dynamics of adaptive timing and temporal discrimination during associative learning. Neural Networks 2:79–102. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Somers, D. (1991) Synchronized oscillations during cooperative feature linking in a cortical model of visual perception. Neural Networks 4:453–66. [SG]Google Scholar
Gu, Q. (2002) Neuromodulatory transmitter systems in the cortex and their role in cortical plasticity. Neuroscience 111:815–35. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Gusnard, D. A. & Raichle, M. E. (2001) Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2(10):685–94. [GN]Google Scholar
Haber, S. N., Kunishio, K., Mizobuchi, M. & Lynd-Balta, E. (1995) The orbital and medial prefrontal circuit through the primate basal ganglia. Journal of Neuroscience 15:4851–67. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Haken, H. (1977) Synergetics – An introduction: Nonequilibrium phase transitions and self-organization in physics, chemistry and biology. Springer Verlag. [BB, arMDL, DMT]Google Scholar
Hamann, S. B., Ely, T. D., Grafton, S. T. & Kilts, C. D. (1999) Amygdala activity related to enhanced memory for pleasant and aversive stimuli. Nature Neuroscience 2:289–93. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Hariri, A. R., Bookheimer, S. Y. & Mazziotta, J. C. (2000) Modulating emotional responses: Effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. NeuroReport 11:43–48. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Harkness, K. L. & Tucker, D. M. (2000) Motivation of neural plasticity: Neural mechanisms in the self-organization of depression. In: Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 186–208. Cambridge University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Hasson, U., Nir, Y., Levy, I., Fuhrmann, G. & Malach, R. (2004) Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision. Science 303:1634–40. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Haviland, J. M. & Walker-Andrews, A. S. (1992) Emotion socialization: A view from development and ethology. In: Handbook of social development: A lifespan perspective, ed. Hasselt, V. B. V. & Hersen, M., pp. 29–49. Plenum Press. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Haviland-Jones, J., Boulifard, D. & Magai, C. (2001) Old-new answers and new-old questions of personality and emotion; A matter of complexity. In: Identity and emotions: A self-organisational perspective, ed. Kunnen, S. & Bosma, H.. Cambridge University Press. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory. Wiley. [GD, aMDL]Google Scholar
Heinzel, A., Bermpohl, F., Schlaug, G., Pascual-Leone, A. & Northoff, G. (2004) How do we modulate our emotions? Parametric fMRI reveals cortical midline structures as regions specifically involved in the processing of emotional valences. Cognitive Brain Research. (in revision). [GN]Google Scholar
Helmeke, C., Ovtscharoff, W. Jr.,, Poeggel, G. & Braun, K. (2001) Juvenile emotional experience alters synaptic inputs on pyramidal neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex. Cerebral Cortex 11:717–27. [ANS]Google Scholar
Hermans, H. J. M. (1996) Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange. Psychological Bulletin 119:31–50. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Hess, U., Blairy, S. & Kleck, R. (1997) The intensity of emotional facial expressions and decoding accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 21:241–57. [MP]Google Scholar
Higgins, E. T. (1987) Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review 94:319–40. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Hikosaka, K. & Watanabe, M. (2000) Delay activity of orbital and lateral prefrontal neurons of the monkey varying with different rewards. Cerebral Cortex 10:263–71. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Hoeksma, J. B., Oosterlaan, J. & Schipper, E. (2004) Emotion regulation and the dynamics of feelings: A conceptual and methodological framework. Child Development 75:354–60. [MP]Google Scholar
Holland, P. C. & Gallagher, M. (1999) Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3:65–73. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Holland, P. C., Han, J. S. & Gallagher, M. (2000) Lesions of the amygdala central nucleus alter performance on a selective attention task. Journal of Neuroscience 20:6701–06. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Holroyd, C. B. & Coles, M. G. H. (2002) The neural basis of human error processing: Reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychological Review 109:679–709. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Hopfield, J. J. (1982) Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79:2554–58. [PW]Google Scholar
Horowitz, M. J. (1998) Cognitive psychodynamics: From conflict to character. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Hsu, H.-C. & Fogel, A. (2003) Stability and transitions in mother-infant face-toface communication during the first 6 months: A microhistorical approach. Developmental Psychology 39:1061–82. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Hurley, S. L. (1998) Consciousness in action. Harvard University Press. [GC]Google Scholar
Hurley, S. L. & Noë, A. (2003) Neural plasticity and consciousness. Biology and Philosophy 18:131–68. [GC]Google Scholar
Iacoboni, M., Lieberman, M. D., Knowlton, B. J., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Moritz, M., Throop, C. J. & Fiske, A. P. (2004) Watching social interactions produces dorsomedial prefrontal and medial parietal BOLD fMRI signal increases compared to a resting baseline. Neuroimage 21(3):1167–73. [GN]Google Scholar
Isen, A. M. (1985) The asymmetry of happiness and sadness in effects on memory in normal college students. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:388–391. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Isen, A. M. (1990) The influence of positive and negative affect on cognitive organization: Some implications for development. In: Psychological and biological processes in the development of emotion, ed. Stein, N., Leventhal, B. & Trabasso, T.. Erlbaum. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1971) The face of emotion. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PB]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1977) Human emotions. Plenum Press. [CEI]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1984) Emotion-cognition relationships and human development. In: Emotions, cognition and behavior, ed. Izard, C. E., Kagan, J. & Zajonc, R. B., pp. 17–37. Cambridge University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1991) The psychology of emotion. Plenum. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. (1993) Four systems for emotion activation: Cognitive and noncognitive processes. Psychological Review 100:68–90. [CEI, aMDL]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E., Ackerman, B. P., Schoff, K. M. & Fine, S. E. (2000) Self-organization of discrete emotions, emotion patterns, and emotion-cognition relations. In: Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 15–36. Cambridge University Press. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E., Fantauzzo, C. A., Castle, J. M., Haynes, O. M., Rayias, M. F., & Putnam, P. H. (1995) The ontogeny and significance of infants’ facial expressions in the first 9 months of life. Developmental Psychology 31:997–1013. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E., Hembree, E. A. & Huebner, R. R. (1987) Infants’ emotion expressions to acute pain: Developmental change and stability of individual differences. Developmental Psychology 23:105–13. [CEI]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E., Libero, D. Z., Putnam, P. & Haynes, O. M. (1993) Stability of emotion experiences and their relation to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64:847–60. [CEI]Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. & Malatesta, C. (1987) Perspectives on emotional development I: Differential emotions theory of early emotional development. In: Handbook of infant development, ed. Osofsky, J. D., pp. 494–554. Wiley. [aMDL, MP]Google Scholar
Izquierdo, I. (1997) The biochemistry of memory formation and its regulation by hormones and neuromodulators. Psychobiology 25:1–9. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Izumi, Y. & Zorumski, C. F. (1999) Norepinephrine promotes long-term potentiation in the adult rat hippocampus in vitro. Synapse 31:196–202. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1987) Consciousness and the computational mind. MIT Press. [AC]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890/1968) Does “consciousness” exist? In: The writings of William James, ed. McDermott, John, pp. 169–80. Random House. [RDE]Google Scholar
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Holt. [WJF]Google Scholar
Jantsch, E. (1980) The self-organizing universe. Pergamon. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Jerusalem, M. (1993) Personal resources, environmental constraints, and adaptational processes: The predictive power of a theoretical stress model. Personality and Individual Differences 14:15–24. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Johannes, S., Wieringa, B. M., Nager, W., Dengler, R. & Münte, T. F. (2001) Oxazepam alters action monitoring. Psychopharmacology 155:100–06. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Johnson, E. O., Kamilaris, T. C., Chrousos, G. P. & Gold, P. W. (1992) Mechanisms of stress: A dynamic overview of hormonal and behavioral homeostasis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 16:115–30. [JvH]Google Scholar
Juarrero, A. (1999) Dynamics in action: Intentional behavior as a complex system. MIT Press/Bradford. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Kalin, N. H., Larson, C., Shelton, S. E. & Davidson, R. J. (1998) Asymmetric frontal brain activity, cortisol, and behavior associated with fearful temperament in rhesus monkeys. Behavioral Neuroscience 112:286–92. [JvH]Google Scholar
Kaminski, M. J. & Blinowska, K. J. (1991) A new method of the description of the information flow in the brain structures. Biological Cybernetics 65:203–10. [BK]Google Scholar
Kaminski, M. J. & Kocsis, B. (2003) Direction of the theta rhythmic drive between neurons in the supramammillary nucleus and the septohippocampal system in urethane anesthetized rats. Neuroscience Abstracts 29, No.938.13. [Online: 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience, Program No. 928.13] [BK]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. & Jessell, T. M. (2000) Principles of neural science. McGraw-Hill. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Karakas, S., Erzengin, O. U. & Basar, E. (2000) The genesis of human eventrelated responses explained through the theory of oscillatory neural assemblies. Neuroscience Letters 285:45–48. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Karoly, P. (1993) Mechanisms of self-regulation: A systems view. Annual Review of Psychology 44:23–52. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Kauffman, S. A. (1993) The origins of order: Self-organization and selection in evolution. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Kauffman, S. A. (1995) At home in the universe: The search for the laws of self-organization and complexity. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Keenan, J. P., Nelson, A., O’Connor, M. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2001) Selfrecognition and the right hemisphere. Nature 409(6818):305. [GN]Google Scholar
Keenan, J. P., Wheeler, M. A., Gallup, G. G. & Pascual-Leone, A. (2000) Selfrecognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 4(9):338–44. [GN]Google Scholar
Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S. & Heatherton, T. F. (2002) Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14(5):785–94. [GN]Google Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S. (1995) Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior. MIT Press/Bradford. [BB, PB, aMDL]Google Scholar
Keltner, D., Ellsworth, P. C. & Edwards, K. (1993) Beyond simple pessimism: Effects of sadness and anger on social perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64:740–52. [aMDL, MP]Google Scholar
Kilic, C., Noshirvani, H., Basoglu, M. & Marks, I. (1997) Agoraphobia and panic disorder: 3.5 years after alprazolam and/or exposure treatment. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 66:175–78. [GA]Google Scholar
Kirk, I. J. & McNaughton, N. (1991) Supramammillary cell firing and hippocampal rhythmical slow activity. NeuroReport 2:723–25. [BK]Google Scholar
Kirk, I. J. & McNaughton, N. (1993) Mapping the differential effects of procaine on frequency and amplitude of reticularly elicited hippocampal rhythmical slow activity. Hippocampus 3:517–26. [BK]Google Scholar
Kirk, I. J., Oddie, S. D., Konopacki, J. & Bland, B. H. (1996) Evidence for differential control of posterior-hypothalamic, supramammillary, and medial mammillary theta-related cellular discharge by ascending and descending pathways. Journal of Neuroscience 16:5547–54. [BK]Google Scholar
Klimesch, W. (1999) EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: A review and analysis. Brain Research Reviews 29:169–95. [aMDL, JP]Google Scholar
Klinger, E. (1975) Consequences of commitment to and disengagement from incentives. Psychological Review 82:1–25. [CSC]Google Scholar
Klinnert, M. D., Sorce, J. F., Emde, R. N., Stenberg, C. & Gaensbauer, T (1984) Continuities and change in early emotional life. In: Continuities and discontinuities in development, ed. Emde, R. N. & Harman, R. J., pp. 339–54. Plenum Press. [MP]Google Scholar
Knyazev, G. G., Savostyanov, A. N. & Levin, E. A. (2004) Alpha oscillations as a correlate of trait anxiety. International Journal of Psychophysiology 53:147–60. [JvH]Google Scholar
Knyazev, G. G. & Slobodskaya, H. R. (2003) Personality trait of behavioral inhibition is associated with oscillatory systems reciprocal relationships. International Journal of Psychophysiology 48:247–61. [JvH]Google Scholar
Kocsis, B. (2000) Possible descending theta-rhythmic drive to neurons in the supramammillary nucleus. Neuroscience Abstracts 26, No.70.8. [Online: 2000 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience, Program No. 70.8] [BK]Google Scholar
Kocsis, B. & Vertes, R. P. (1992) Dorsal Raphe neurons: Synchronous discharge with the theta rhythm of the hippocampus in the freely behaving rat. Journal of Neurophysiology 68:1463–67. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Kocsis, B. & Vertes, R. P. (1994) Characterization of neurons of the supramammillary nucleus and mammillary body that discharge rhythmically with the hippocampal theta rhythm in the rat. Journal of Neuroscience 14:7040–52. [BK, aMDL]Google Scholar
Kocsis, B. & Vertes, R. P. (1997) Phase relations of theta rhythmic firing of neurons in the supramammillary nucleus and mammillary body to the hippocampal theta activity in urethane anesthetized rats. Hippocampus 7:204–14. [BK]Google Scholar
Kocsis, B., Viana Di Prisco, G. & Vertes, R. P. (2001) Theta synchronization in the limbic system: The role of Gudden's tegmental nuclei. European Journal of Neuroscience 13:381–88. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Köhling, R. (2002) GABA becomes exciting. Science 298:1350–51. [JFT]Google Scholar
Kopell, N., Ermentrout, G. B., Whittington, M. A. & Traub, R. D. (2000) Gamma rhythms and beta rhythms have different synchronization properties. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:1867–72. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. & Koenig, O. (1995) Wet mind, the new cognitive neuroscience. Free Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Krause, C. M., Viemerö, V., Rosenqvist, A., Sillanmäki, L. & Åström, T. (2000) Relative electroencephalographic desynchronization and synchronization in humans to emotional film content: An analysis of the 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, and 10-12 Hz frequency bands. Neuroscience Letters 286:9–12. [JP]Google Scholar
Kuiper, N. A. & Martin, R. A. (1989) Type A behavior: A social cognition motivational perspective. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 24, ed. Bower, G. H., pp. 311–41. Academic Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Kunda, Z. & Thagard, P. (1996) Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review 103:284–308. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Kunnen, E. S., Bosma, H. A., van Halen, C. P. M. & van der Meulen, M. (2001) A self-organizational approach to identity and emotions: An overview and implications. In: Identity and emotion: Development through selforganization, ed. Bosma, H. A. & Kunnen, E. S., pp. 202–30. Cambridge University Press. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Kuppens, P., Van Mechelen, I., Smits, D. J. M. & De Boeck, P. (2003) The appraisal basis of anger: Specificity, necessity, and sufficiency of components. Emotion 3:254–69. [NHF]Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. & Koevecses, Z. (1987) The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English. In: Cultural models in language and thought, ed. Holland, D. & Quinn, N., pp. 195–221. Cambridge University Press. [MP]Google Scholar
Lane, R. D. (2000) Neural correlates of conscious experience. In: Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, ed. Lane, R. D. & Nadel, L., pp. 345–70. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lane, R. D. & Nadel, L., eds. (2000) Cognitive neuroscience of emotion. Series in Affective Science. Oxford University Press. [DS, JFT]Google Scholar
Lane, R. D., Nadel, L., Allen, J. J. B. & Kaszniak, A. W. (2000) The study of emotion from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience. In: Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, ed. Lane, R. D. & Nadel, L., pp. 3–11. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lane, R. D., Reiman, E. M., Axelrod, B., Yun, L., Holmes, A. & Schwartz, G. E. (1998) Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10:525–35. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M. & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990) Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex. Psychological Review 97(3):377–95. [PB]Google Scholar
Langs, R. & Badalamenti, J. (1991) Statistics and mathematics in psychotherapy research. The Society for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Bulletin 6:2–13. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1966) Psychological stress and the coping process. McGraw-Hill. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1968) Emotions and adaptation: Conceptual and empirical relations. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 16, ed. Arnold, W. J., pp. 175–270. University of Nebraska Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1984) On the primacy of cognition. American Psychologist 39:124–29. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1995) Vexing research problems inherent in cognitive-mediational theories of emotion and some solutions. Psychological Inquiry 6:183–96. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. (1999) The cognition-emotion debate: A bit of history. In: Handbook of cognition and emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. & Power, M., pp. 3–19. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lazarus, R. S. & Smith, C. A. (1988) Knowledge and appraisal in the cognitionemotion relationship. Cognition and Emotion 2:281–300. [NHF]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1987) Emotion. In: Handbook of physiology: Vol. 5. Higher functions of the brain, ed. Plum, F., pp. 419–59. American Psychological Society. [aMDL]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1989) Cognition-emotion interactions in the brain. Cognition and Emotion 3:267–89. [aMDL]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1993) Emotional networks in the brain. In: Handbook of emotions, ed. Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M., pp. 109–18. Guilford. [aMDL]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1995a) Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology 46:209–35. [aMDL]Google Scholar
LeDoux, J. E. (1995b) In search of an emotional system in the brain: Leaping from fear to emotion and consciousness. In: The cognitive neurosciences, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S., pp. 1049–61. MIT Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Levenson, R. W. (1992) Autonomic nervous system differences among emotions. Psychological Science 3, 23–27. [MP]Google Scholar
Leventhal, H. & Scherer, K. (1987) The relationship of emotion to cognition: A functional approach to a semantic controversy. Cognition and Emotion 1:3–28. [aMDL, DS]Google Scholar
LeVine, R. A. (1990) Enculturation: A biosocial perspective on the development of self. In: The self in transition: Infancy to childhood, ed. Cicchetti, D. & Beeghly, M., pp. 99–117. University of Chicago Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Lewenstein, M. & Nowak, A. (1989) Recognition with self-control in neural networks. Physical Review 40:4652–64. [PW]Google Scholar
Lewis, M., Alessandri, S. M. & Sullivan, M. W. (1990) Violation of expectancy, loss of control, and anger expressions in young infants. Developmental Psychology 26:745–51. [MP]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. (1995) Cognition-emotion feedback and the self-organization of developmental paths. Human Development 38:71–102. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. (1996) Self-organising cognitive appraisals. Cognition and Emotion 10:1–25. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. (2000a) Emotional self-organization at three time scales. In: Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 37–69. Cambridge University Press. [GC arMDL]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. (2000b) The promise of dynamic systems approaches for an integrated account of human development. Child Development 71:36–43. [arMDL, ASW-A]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. (2002) The dialogical brain: Contributions of emotional neurobiology to understanding the dialogical self. Theory and Psychology 12:175–90. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I. (1999) Self-organization of cognition-emotion interactions. In: Handbook of cognition and emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. & Power, M., pp. 683–70. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D., Lamey, A. V. & Douglas, L. (1999) A new dynamic systems method for the analysis of early socioemotional development. Developmental Science 2:458–76. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. D. & Stieben, J. (2004) Emotion regulation in the brain: Conceptual issues and directions for developmental research. Child Development 75:371–76. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lillard, A. S. (1998) Ethnopsychologies: Cultural variation in theories of mind. Psychological Bulletin 123(1):3–32. [HF]Google Scholar
Liotti, M., Mayberg, H. S., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Jerabek, P. & Fox, P. T. (2000) Differential limbic-cortical correlates of sadness and anxiety in healthy subjects: Implications for affective disorders. Biological Psychiatry 48:30–42. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Lutz, A., Lachaux, J.-P., Martinerie, J. & Varela, F. J. (2002) Guiding the study of brain dynamics by using first-person data: Synchrony patterns correlate with ongoing conscious states during a simple visual task. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 99(3):1586–91. [GC, arMDL]Google Scholar
Lutz, A & Thompson, E. (2003) Neurophenomenology: Integrating subjective experience and brain dynamics in the neuroscience of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies 10:31–52. [GC]Google Scholar
Lutz, C. (1985) Ethnopsychology compared to what? Explaining behavior and consciousness among the Ifaluk. In: Person, self, and experience, ed. White, G. & Kirkpatrick, J.. University of California Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Luu, P., Collins, P. & Tucker, D. M. (2000) Mood, personality, and self-monitoring: Negative affect and emotionality in relation to frontal lobe mechanisms of error monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 129:43–60. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Luu, P. & Tucker, D. M. (2002) Self-regulation and the executive functions: Electrophysiological clues. In: The cognitive electrophysiology of mind and brain, ed. Zani, A. & Preverbio, A. M., pp. 199–223. Academic Press. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Luu, P., Tucker, D. M. & Derryberry, D. (1998) Anxiety and the motivational basis of working memory. Cognitive Therapy and Research 22:577–94. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Luu, P., Tucker, D. M., Derryberry, D., Reed, M. & Poulsen, C. (2003) Electrophysiological responses to errors and feedback in the process of action regulation. Psychological Science 14(1):47–53. [arMDL, DAP]Google Scholar
Luu, P., Tucker, D. M. & Makeig, S. (2004) Frontal midline theta and the errorrelated negativity: Neurophysiological mechanisms of action regulation. Clinical Neurophysiology 115:1821–35. [rMDL, DAP]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1949) Psychosomatic disease and the “visceral brain”: Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine 11:338–53. [aMDL]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1990) The triune brain in evolution: Role in paleocerebral functions. Plenum Press. [JvH]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1993) Perspectives on cingulate cortex in the limbic system. In: Neurobiology of cingulate cortex and limbic thalamus: A comprehensive handbook, ed. Vogt, B. A. & Gabriel, M., pp. 1–15. Brikhauser. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Magai, C. & Haviland-Jones, J. (2002) The hidden genius of emotion: Lifespan transformations of personality. Cambridge University Press. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Magai, C. & McFadden, S. H. (1995) The role of emotions in social and personality development: History, theory, and research. Plenum Press. [CEI, aMDL]Google Scholar
Makeig, S., Westerfield, M., Jung, T.-P., Enghoff, S., Townsend, J., Courchesne, E. & Sejnowski, T. J. (2002) Dynamic brain sources of visual evoked responses. Science 295:690–94. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Malatesta, C. Z. & Izard, C. E. (1984) The facial expression of emotion: Young, middle-aged, and older adult expressions. In: Emotion in adult development, ed. Malatesta, C. Z. & Izard, C. E., pp. 253–73. Sage. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Malatesta, C. Z. & Wilson, A. (1988) Emotion/cognition interaction in personality development: A discrete emotions, functionalist analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology 27:91–112. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (1980) Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence. Psychological Review 87:252–71. [PW]Google Scholar
Marks, I. & Tobena, A. (1990) Learning and unlearning fear: A clinical and evolutionary perspective. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 14:365–84. [GA]Google Scholar
Marr, D. & Vaina, L. (1982) Representation and recognition of the movements of shapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 214:501–24. [AC]Google Scholar
Martin, L. L. & Tesser, A. (1996) Some ruminative thoughts. In: Ruminative thoughts, vol. 9, Advances in social cognition, ed. Wyer, R. S., pp. 1–47. Erlbaum. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mathews, A. (1990) Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 28:455–68. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C. (1985) Selective processing of threat cues in anxiety states. Behavior Research and Therapy 23:563–69. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mathews, A. M. & MacLeod, C. (1986) Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95:131–38. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mathews, A. M. & MacLeod, C. (1994) Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. Annual Review of Psychology 45:25–50. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mathews, A. M. & MacLeod, C. (2002) Induced processing biases have causal effects on anxiety. Cognition and Emotion 16:331–54. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Maulsby, R. L. (1971) An illustration of emotionally evoked theta rhythm in infancy: Hedonic hypersynchrony. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 31:157–65. [JP]Google Scholar
Mayberg, H. S., Liotti, M., Brannan, S. K., McGinnis, S., Mahurin, R. K., Jerabek, P. A., Silva, J. A., Tekell, J. L., Martin, C. C., Lancaster, J. L. & Fox, P. T. (1999) Reciprocal limbic-cortical function and negative mood: Converging PET findings in depression and normal sadness. American Journal of Psychiatry 156(5):675–82. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mazur, A. & Booth, A. (1998) Testosterone and dominance. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:353–97. [JvH]Google Scholar
McCormick, D. A., Wang, Z.. & Huguenard, J. (1993) Neurotransmitter control of neocortical neuronal activity and excitability. Cerebral Cortex 3:387–98. [aMDL]Google Scholar
McCulloch, W. & Pitts, W. (1943) A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5:115–33. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Menon, V., Adleman, N. E., White, C. D., Glover, G. H. & Reiss, A. L. (2001) Error-related brain activation during a Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Human Brain Mapping 12:131–43. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1942/1963) The structure of behavior. Beacon. [RDE]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M. (2002) The human frontal lobes: Transcending the default mode through contingent encoding. In: Principals of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 8–30. Oxford University Press. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Mesulam, M-M. (2000) Behavioral neuroanatomy: Large-scale networks, association cortex, frontal lobe syndromes, the limbic system, and hemispheric specializations. In: Principles of behavioral and cognitive neurology, ed. Mesulam, M.-M., pp. 1–120. Oxford University Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Bauer, U., Krieger, S., Lis, S., Vehmeyer, K., Schueler, G. & Gallhofer, B. (1998) The topography of non-linear cortical dynamics at rest, in mental calculation and moving shape perception. Brain Topography 10:291–99. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Ziemann, U., Hajak, G., Cohen, L. & Berman, K. F. (2002) Transitions between dynamical states of differing stability in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:10948–53. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Miller, R. (1991) Cortico-hippocampal interplay and the representation of contexts in the brain. Springer-Verlag. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Mineka, S., Rafaeli, E. & Yovel, I. (2003) Cognitive biases in emotional disorders: Information processing and social-cognitive perspectives. In: Handbook of affective science, ed. Davidson, R. J., Scherer, K. R. & Goldsmith, H. H., pp. 976–1009. Oxford University Press. [DAP]Google Scholar
Montague, P. R. & Berns, G. S. (2002) Neuroeconomics and the biological substrates of valuation. Neuron 36:265–84. [GA]Google Scholar
Morris, J., Friston, K. J., Buechel, C., Frith, C. D., Young, A. W., Calder, A. J. & Dolan, R. J. (1998) A neuromodulatory role for the human amygdala in processing emotional facial expressions. Brain 121:47–57. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Moscovitch, M. (1992) Memory and working-with-memory: A component process model based on modules and central systems. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 4:257–67. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Murphy, S. T. & Zajonc, R. B. (1993) Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64:723–39. [NHF]Google Scholar
Myers, F. (1986) Pintupi country, Pintupi self: Sentiment, place and politics among Western Desert Aborigines. Smithsonian Institution. [GD]Google Scholar
Nagai, Y., Critchely, H. D., Featherstone, E., Trimble, M. R. & Dolan, R. J. (2004) Activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex covaries with a sympathetic skin conductance level: A physiological account of a “default mode” of brain function. Neuroimage 22:243–51. [GN]Google Scholar
Nair, H. P., Berndt, J. D., Barrett, D. & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2001) Maturation of extinction behavior in infant rats: Large-scale regional interactions with medial prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate. Journal of Neuroscience 21:4400–407. [ANS]Google Scholar
Natsume, K. & Kometani, K. (1997) Theta-activity-dependent and -independent muscarinic facilitation of long-term potentiation in guinea pig hippocampal slices. Neuroscience Research 27:335–41. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Neddens, J., Brandenburg, K., Teuchert-Noodt, G. & Dawirs, R. R. (2001) Differential environment alters ontogeny of dopamine innervation of the orbital prefrontal cortex in gerbils. Journal of Neuroscience Research 63:209–13. [ANS]Google Scholar
Nerb, J. & Spada, H. (2001) Evaluation of environmental problems: A coherence model of cognition and emotion. Cognition and Emotion 15:521–51. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. (2000) Is depression an adaptation? Archives of General Psychiatry 57:14–20. [CSC]Google Scholar
Newton, N. (2000) Conscious emotion in a dynamic system: How I can know how I feel. In: The caldron of consciousness: Motivation, affect, and selforganization, ed. Ellis, R. & Newton, N., pp. 91–108. John Benjamins. [RDE]Google Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M., Setterlund, M. B. & Jones, D. E. (1994) Emotional organization of perceptual memory. In: The heart's eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention, ed. Niedenthal, P. M. & Kitayama, S., pp. 87–113. Academic Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Noë, A. (2004) Action in perception. MIT Press. [GC]Google Scholar
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. & Morrow, J. (1991) A prospective study of depression and distress following a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61:115–21. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Northoff, G. (2002) What catatonia can tell us about “top-down modulation”: A neuropsychiatric hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25(5):555–77; discussion 578–604. [GN]Google Scholar
Northoff, G. & Bermpohl, F. (2004) Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8:102–07. [GN]Google Scholar
Northoff, G., Heinzel, A., Bermpohl, F., Niese, R., Pfennig, A., Pascual-Leone, A. & Schlaug, G. (2004) Reciprocal modulation and attenuation in the prefrontal cortex: An fMRI study on emotional-cognitive interaction. Human Brain Mapping 21:202–12. [GN]Google Scholar
Nowak, A. & Vallacher, R. R. (1998) Dynamical social psychology. Guilford. [PW]Google Scholar
Nowak, A., Vallacher, R. R., Tesser, A. & Borkowski, W. (2000) Society of self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure. Psychological Review 107:39–61. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Nunez, P. L. (2000) Toward a quantitative description of large-scale neocortical dynamic function and EEG. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23:371–437. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Nusbaum, M. (2001) Upheavals of thought: The intelligence of emotions. Cambridge University Press. [GD]Google Scholar
Nwokah, E. & Fogel, A. (1993) Laughter in mother infant emotional communication: Humor. Journal of Humor Research 6:137–61. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Oades, R. D. & Halliday, G. M. (1987) Ventral tegmental (A10) system: Neurobiology. 1. Anatomy and connectivity. Brain Research Reviews 12:117–65. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Oatley, K. & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1987) Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion 1:29–50. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (1988) Preattentive processes in the generation of emotions. In: Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation, ed. Hamilton, V., Bower, G. H. & Frijda, N. H., pp. 127–44. Kluwer Academic Publishers. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Öhman, A. (1993) Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In: Handbook of emotions, ed. Lewis, M. & Haviland, J. M., pp. 511–36. Guilford. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Öhman, A. & Mineka, S. (2001) Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review 108(3):483–522. [DS]Google Scholar
Öhman, A. & Soares, J. J. F. (1994) “Unconscious anxiety”: Phobic responses to masked stimuli. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103:231–40. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Ongur, D. & Price, J. L. (2000) The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats, monkeys and humans. Cerebral Cortex 10(3):206–19. [aMDL, GN]Google Scholar
O’Regan, K. J. & Noë, A. (2001) A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:883–917. [GC]Google Scholar
O’Reilly, R. C. & Munakata, Y. (2000) Computational explorations in cognitive neuroscience: Understanding the mind by simulating the brain. MIT Press. [PW]Google Scholar
Ortony, A., Clore, G. L. & Collins, A. (1988) The cognitive structure of emotion. Cambridge University Press. [aMDL, MP]Google Scholar
Oster, H., Hegley, D. & Nagel, L. (1992) Adult judgements and fine-grained analysis of infant facial expressions: Testing the validity of a priori coding formulas. Developmental Psychology 28:1115–31. [MP]Google Scholar
Packard, M. G. & Cahill, L. (2001) Affective modulation of multiple memory systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 11:752–56. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Pailing, P. E., Segalowitz, S. J., Dywan, J. & Davies, P. L. (2002) Error negativity and response control. Psychophysiology 39:198–206. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Pan, W. X. & McNaughton, N. (2002) The role of the medial supramammillary nucleus in the control of hippocampal theta activity and behaviour in rats. European Journal of Neuroscience 16:1797–809. [BK]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1982) Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:407–67. [PB]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1991) Affective neuroscience: A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of emotions. In: International reviews of studies in emotions, vol. 1, ed. Strongman, K., pp. 59–99. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1993) Neurochemical control of moods and emotions: Amino acids to neuropeptides. In: Handbook of emotions, ed. Lewis, M. & Haviland, J., pp. 57–107. Guilford. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1998a) Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions. Oxford University Press. [JvH, aMDL, JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1998b) The periconscious substrates of consciousness: Affective states and the evolutionary origins of self. Journal of Consciousness Studies 5:566–82. [GC]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (1999) Emotions as viewed by psychoanalysis and neuroscience: An exercise in consilience, and accompanying commentaries. Neuro-Psychoanalysis 1:15–89. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (2000) The neurodynamics of emotions: An evolutionary-neurodevelopmental view. In: Emotion, self-organization, and development, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 236–64. Cambridge University Press. [JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. (2003) At the interface of affective, behavioral and cognitive neurosciences: Decoding the emotional feelings of the brain. Brain and Cognition 52:4–14. [aMDL, DAP, JP]Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. & Harro, J. (2004) Future prospects in psychopharmacology. In: Textbook of biological psychiatry, ed. Panksepp, J., pp. 627–60. Wiley. [JP]Google Scholar
Paré, D. & Collins, D. R. (2000) Neuronal correlates of fear in the lateral amygdala: Multiple extracellular recordings in conscious cats. Journal of Neuroscience 20:2701–10. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Paré, D., Collins, D. R. & Pelletier, J. G. (2002) Amygdala oscillations and the consolidation of emotional memories. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 6:306–14. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Parkinson, B. (2001) Putting appraisal in context. In: Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, ed. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., pp. 173–86. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Parrott, W. G. (1991) Mood induction and instructions to sustain moods. A test of the subject compliance hypothesis of mood congruent memory. Cognition and Emotion 3:41–52. [GA]Google Scholar
Parrott, W. G. & Schulkin, J. (1993) What sort of system could an affective system be? A reply to LeDoux. Cognition and Emotion 7:65–69. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. (1991) Emotions, development and psychotherapy: A dialecticalconstructivist perspective. In: Emotion, psychotherapy and change, ed. Safran, J. & Greenberg, L., pp. 302–35. Guilford. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. (1995) Learning and development as dialectical factors in cognitive growth. Human Development 38:338–48. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. (1996) Piaget, Vygotsky and the problems of Plato. Swiss Journal of Psychology 55: 84–92. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. & Johnson, J. (1991) The psychological unit and its role in task analysis: A reinterpretation of object permanence. In: Criteria for competence: Controversies in conceptualization and assessment of children's abilities, ed. Chandler, M. & Chapman, M., pp. 153–87. Erlbaum. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. & Johnson, J. (2004) Affect, self-motivation, and cognitive development: A dialectical constructivist view. In: Motivation, emotion and cognition: Integrating perspective on intellectual functioning and development, ed. Dai, D. Y. & Sternberg, R. J., pp. 197–235. Erlbaum. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Pascual-Leone, J. & Johnson, J. (2005) A dialectical constructivist view of developmental intelligence. In: Handbook of understanding and measuring intelligence, ed. Wilhelm, O. & Engle, R., pp. 177–201. Sage. [JP-L]Google Scholar
Perlovsky, L. I. (2002) Physical theory of information processing in the mind: Concepts and emotions. SEED 2:36–54. [Available at: http://www.library.utoronto.ca/see/SEED/Vol2-2/2-2%20resolved/Perlovsky.pdf]. [DJK]Google Scholar
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (1999) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns. European Journal of Neuroscience 11:1011–36. [DAP]Google Scholar
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (2002) Association pathways of the prefrontal cortex and functional observations. In: Principals of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 31–50. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F. & Liberzon, I. (2002) Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage 16:331–48. [DAP]Google Scholar
Pizzagalli, D. A., Oakes, T. R. & Davidson, R. J. (2003a) Coupling of theta activity and glucose metabolism in the human rostral anterior cingulate cortex: An EEG/PET study of normal and depressed subjects. Psychophysiology 40:939–49. [DAP]Google Scholar
Pizzagalli, D. A., Oakes, T. R., Fox, A. S., Chung, M. K., Larson, C. L., Abercrombie, H. C., Schaefer, S. M., Benca, R. M. & Davidson, R. J. (2004) Functional but not structural subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in melancholia. Molecular Psychiatry 9:393–405. [DAP]Google Scholar
Pizzagalli, D. A., Shackman, A. J. & Davidson, R. J. (2003b) The functional neuroimaging of human emotion: Asymmetric contributions of cortical and subcortical circuitry. In: The asymmetrical brain, ed. Hughdal, K. & Davidson, R. J., pp. 511–32. MIT Press. [DAP]Google Scholar
Poeggel, G., Nowicki, L. & Braun, K. (2003) Early social deprivation alters monoaminergic afferents in the orbital prefrontal cortex of Octodon degus. Neuroscience 116:617–20. [ANS]Google Scholar
Poremba, A. & Gabriel, M. (1997) Amygdalar lesions block discriminative avoidance learning and cingulothalamic training-induced neuronal plasticity in rabbits. Journal of Neuroscience 17:5237–5244. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Port, R. F. & Van Gelder, T., eds. (1995) Explorations in the dynamics of cognition: Mind as motion. MIT Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T. & Raichle, M. E. (1988) Localization of cognitive functions in the human brain. Science 240:1627–31. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Post, R. M. & Weiss, S. R. B. (1997) Emergent properties of neural systems: How focal molecular neurobiological alterations can affect behavior. Development and Psychopathology 9:907–29. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Post, R. M., Weiss, S. R. B., Li, H., Smith, M. A., Zhang, L. X., Xing, G., Osuch, E. A. & McCann, U. D. (1998) Neural plasticity and emotional memory. Development and Psychopathology 10:829–55. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Potegal, M. (1994) Aggressive arousal: The amygdala connection. In: The dynamics of aggression: Biological and social processes in dyads and groups, ed. Potegal, M. & Knutson, J., pp. 73–112. Erlbaum. [MP]Google Scholar
Potegal, M. (2000) Some characteristics, correlates, and consequences of visible autonomic activity in the temper tantrums of young children. In: Crying as a sign, a symptom and a signal, ed. Barr, R. G., Hopkins, B. & Green, J. A., pp. 121–36. Mac Keith Press. [MP]Google Scholar
Potegal, M. & Davidson, R. J. (2003) Temper tantrums in young children: 1. Behavioral composition. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 24:140–47. [MP]Google Scholar
Potegal, M., Hebert, M., DeCoster, M. & Meyerhoff, J. (1996) Brief, high frequency stimulation of the corticomedial amygdala induces a delayed and prolonged increase of aggressiveness in male Syrian golden hamsters. Behavioral Neuroscience 110:1–12. [MP]Google Scholar
Prigogine, I. & Stengers, I. (1984) Order out of chaos. Bantam. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Prinz, W. (1997) Perception and action planning. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 9:129–54. [GC]Google Scholar
Pruitt, D. G., Parker, J. C. & Mikolic, J. M.. (1997) Escalation as a reaction to persistent annoyance. International Journal of Conflict Management 8:252–70. [MP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1975) Mind, language and reality. Cambridge University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Qiu, P, Yang, R. & Potegal, M. (submitted) Semiparametric modeling of the time course of tantrum anger. Biometrics. [MP]Google Scholar
Quigley, B. M. & Tedeschi, J. T. (1996) Mediating effects of blame attributions on feelings of anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22:1280–88. [MP]Google Scholar
Rafal, R. (2002) Cortical control of visuomotor reflexes. In: Principals of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 149–58. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A. & Shulman, G. L. (2001) A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98(2):676–82. [GN]Google Scholar
Raizada, R. & Grossberg, S. (2003) Towards a theory of the laminar architecture of cerebral cortex: Computational clues from the visual system. Cerebral Cortex 13:100–13. [SG]Google Scholar
Ramirez, J. M., Andreu, J. M. & Fujihara, T. (2001) Cultural and sex differences in aggression: A comparison between Japanese and Spanish students using two different inventories. Aggressive Behavior 27:313–22. [MP]Google Scholar
Ramsay, R. W. (1997) Behavioural approaches to bereavement. In: The best of behavior research and therapy, ed. Rachman, S. & Eysenck, H. J.. Pergamon. [GA]Google Scholar
Reber, R., Winkielman, P. & Schwarz, N. (1998) Effects of perceptual fluency on affective judgments. Psychological Science 9:45–48. [PW]Google Scholar
Reisenzein, R. (2001) Appraisal processes conceptualized from a schema-theoretic perspective: Contributions to a process analysis of emotions. In: Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, ed. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., pp. 187–201. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Reisenzein, R. & Hofmann, T. (1993) Discriminating emotions from appraisalrelevant situational information: Baseline data for structural models of cognitive appraisals. Cognition and Emotion 7:271–93. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Ressler, N. (2004) Rewards and punishments, goal-directed behavior and consciousness. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 28:27–39. [JvH]Google Scholar
Richell, R. A., Mitchell, D. G. V., Newman, C., Leonard, A., Baron-Cohen, S. & Blair, R. J. R. (2003) Theory of mind and psychopathy: Can psychopathic individuals read the “language of the eyes”? Neuropsychologia 41:523–26. [CEI]Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L. & Gallese, V. (1997) The space around us. Science 277:190–91. [GC]Google Scholar
Robinson, M. D. (1998) Running from William James’ bear: A review of preattentive mechanisms and their contributions to emotional experience. Cognition and Emotion 12:667–96. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. (1990) A theory of emotion, and its application to understanding the neural basis of emotion. Special Issue: Development of relationships between emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion 4(3):161–90. [PB]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. (1999) The brain and emotion. Oxford University Press. [PB, aMDL]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T. & Treves, E. T. (1998) Neural networks and brain function. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Rosaldo, R. (1984) Grief and a headhunter's rage. In: Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society, ed. Bruner, E., pp. 178–95. American Ethnological Society. [GD]Google Scholar
Roseman, I. J. (1984) Cognitive determinants of emotion: A structural theory. In: Review of personality and social psychology, vol. 5. Emotions, relationships, and health, ed. Shaver, P., pp. 11–36. Sage. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Roseman, I. J. (1991) Appraisal determinants of discrete emotions. Cognition and Emotion 5:161–200. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Roseman, I. J., Antoniou, A. A. & Jose, P. E. (1996) Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory. Cognition and Emotion 10:241–77. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Roseman, I. J. & Smith, C. A. (2001) Appraisal theory: Overview, assumptions, varieties, controversies. In: Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, ed. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., pp. 3–19. Oxford University Press. [aMDL, DAP]Google Scholar
Ruby, P. & Decety, J. (2001) Effect of subjective perspective taking during simulation of action: A PET investigation of agency. Nature Neuroscience 4(5):546–50. [GN]Google Scholar
Ruelle, D. (1991) Chance and chaos. Princeton University Press. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., Hinton, G. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1986a) A general framework for parallel distributed processing. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, ed. McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E. & the PDP Research Group, pp. 45–76. MIT Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDP Research Group (1986b) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. MIT Press. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Sacks, O. (2004) In the river of consciousness. New York Review 51(1), January 15. [WJF]Google Scholar
Sander, D., Grafman, J. & Zalla, T. (2003) The human amygdala: An evolved system for relevance detection. Reviews in the Neurosciences 14(4):303–16. [DS]Google Scholar
Sander, D. & Koenig, O. (2002) No inferiority complex in the study of emotion complexity: A cognitive neuroscience computational architecture of emotion. Cognitive Science Quarterly 2:249–72. [DS]Google Scholar
Sartre, J.-P. (1939/1948) The emotions: Sketch of a theory, trans. Frechtman, B.. Philosophical Library. [GA]Google Scholar
Sashin, J. (1985) Affect tolerance – A model of affect-response using catastrophetheory. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 8:175–202. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Sashin, J. & Callahan, J. (1990) A model of affect using dynamical systems. Annual of Psychoanalysis 18:213–31. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1984) On the nature and function of emotion: A component process approach. In: Approaches to emotion, ed. Scherer, K. R. & Ekman, P., pp. 293–317. Erlbaum. [arMDL, DS]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1993a) Neuroscience projections to current debates in emotion psychology. Cognition and Emotion 7:1–41. [DS]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1993b) Studying the emotion-antecedent appraisal process: An expert system approach. Cognition and Emotion 3:325–55. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (1999) Appraisal theory. In: Handbook of cognition and emotion, ed. Dalgleish, T. & Power, M., pp. 637–63. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2000) Emotions as episodes of subsystem synchronization driven by nonlinear appraisal processes. In: Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 70–99. Cambridge University Press. [GC, arMDL, DS]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2001) Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In: Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, ed. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., pp. 92–120. Oxford University Press. [aMDL, DS]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. (2004) Feelings integrate the central representation of appraisal-driven response organization in emotion. In: Feelings and emotions: The Amsterdam Symposium, ed. Manstead, A. S. R., Frijda, N. H. & Fischer, A. H., pp. 136–57. Cambridge University Press. [DS]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R. & Peper, M. (2001) Psychological theories of emotion and neuropsychological research. In: Handbook of neuropsychology: Vol. 5: Emotional behavior and its disorders, ed. Boller, F. & Grafman, J.. (2nd revised edition, ed. Gainotti, G.). Elsevier. [DS]Google Scholar
Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., eds. (2001) Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press. [rMDL, DS]Google Scholar
Scherg, M., Ille, N., Bornfleth, H. & Berg, P. (2002) Advanced tools for digital EEG review: Virtual source montages, whole-head mapping, correlation, and phase analysis. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology 19:91–112. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Schneirla, T. C. (1959) An evolutionary and developmental theory of biphasic processes underlying approach and withdrawal. In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, vol. 7, ed. Jones, M. R., pp. 1–42. University of Nebraska Press. [PB]Google Scholar
Schore, A. N. (1994) Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Erlbaum. [aMDL, ANS]Google Scholar
Schore, A. N. (1997) Early organization of the nonlinear right brain and development of a predisposition to psychiatric disorders. Development and Psychopathology 9:595–631. [ANS]Google Scholar
Schore, A. N. (2000) The self-organization of the right brain and the neurobiology of emotional development. In: Emotion, development and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development, ed. Lewis, M. D. & Granic, I., pp. 155–85. Cambridge University Press. [aMDL, ANS]Google Scholar
Schore, A. N. (2001) The effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 22:7–66. [ANS]Google Scholar
Schore, A. N. (2003a) Affect dysregulation and disorders of the self. W. W. Norton. [ANS]Google Scholar
Schore, A. N. (2003b) Affect regulation and the repair of the self. W. W. Norton. [ANS]Google Scholar
Schulkin, J. (2003) Rethinking homeostasis: Allostatic regulation in physiology and pathophysiology. MIT Press. [JvH]Google Scholar
Schultz, W. (1998) Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 80:1–27. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Schutter, D. J. L. G. & Van Honk, J. (2004) Decoupling of midfrontal delta-beta oscillations after testosterone administration. International Journal of Psychophysiology 53:71–73. [JvH]Google Scholar
Schutter, D. J. L. G. & Van Honk, J. (2005) Basal cortisol levels and the coupling of midfrontal delta-beta oscillations. International Journal of Psychophysiology 55:127–29. [JvH]Google Scholar
Schutter, D. J. L. G., Van Honk, J. & Panksepp, J. (2004) Introducing repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and its property of causal inference in investigating the brain-function relationship. Synthese 141:155–73. [JP]Google Scholar
Sederberg, P. B., Kahana, M. J., Howard, M. W., Donner, E. J. & Madsen, J. R. (2003) Theta and gamma oscillations during encoding predict subsequent recall. Journal of Neuroscience 23:10809–814. [JP]Google Scholar
Seidenbecher, T., Laxmi, T. R., Stork, O. & Pape, H.-C. (2003) Amygdalar and hippocampal theta rhythm synchronization during fear memory retrieval. Science 301:846–50. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (2002) Fractionation of the supervisory system. In: Principals of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 261–77. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Shiller, V. M., Izard, C. E. & Hembree, E. A. (1986) Patterns of emotion expression during separation in the strange-situation procedure. Developmental Psychology 22:378–82. [CEI]Google Scholar
Shimamura, A. P. (2002) Memory retrieval and executive control processes. In: Principals of frontal lobe function, ed. Stuss, D. T. & Knight, R. T., pp. 210–20. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Shin, L. M., Dougherty, D. D., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., Lasko, M., Macklin, M. L., Alpert, N., Fischman, A. J. & Rauch, S. L. (2000) Activation of anterior paralimbic structures during guilt-related script-driven imagery. Biological Psychiatry 48:43–50. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Shizgal, P. & Conover, K. (1996) On the neural computation of utility. Current Directions in Psychological Science 5:37–43. [GA]Google Scholar
Shultz, T. R. & Lepper, M. R. (1996) Cognitive dissonance reduction as constraint satisfaction. Psychological Review 103:219–40. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Shweder, R. A. (1991) Thinking through cultures: Expeditions in cultural psychology. Harvard University Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Sinha, R. & Parsons, O. A. (1996) Multivariate response patterning of fear and anger. Cognition and Emotion 10:173–98. [MP]Google Scholar
Skarda, C. A. & Freeman, W. J. (1987) How brains make chaos in order to make sense of the world. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:161–95. [WJF, aMDL]Google Scholar
Skinner, J. E. & Molnar, M. (1999) Event-related dimensional reductions of the primary auditory cortex of the conscious cat are revealed by new techniques for enhancing the nonlinear dimensional algorithms. International Journal of Psychophysiology 34:21–35. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Smith, C. A. & Kirby, L. D. (2001) Toward delivering on the promise of appraisal theory. In: Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research, ed. Scherer, K. R., Schorr, A. & Johnstone, T., pp. 187–201. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Smith, C. A. & Lazarus, R. S. (1993) Appraisal components, core relational themes, and the emotions. Cognition and Emotion 7:233–69. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Solms, M. & Turnbull, O. (2002) The brain and the inner world: An introduction to the neuroscience of subjective experience. Other Press. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Spitzer, M. (1999) The mind within the net: Models of learning, thinking, and acting. MIT Press. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Spruiell, V. (1993) Deterministic chaos and the sciences of complexity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 41:3–44. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Stapel, D. A. & Koomen, W. (2000) How far do we go beyond the information given? The impact of knowledge activation on interpretation and inference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78:19–37. [NHF]Google Scholar
Stemmler, G., Heldmann, M., Pauls, C. & Scherer, T. (2001) Constraints for emotion specificity in fear and anger: The context counts. Psychophysiology 38:275–91. [MP]Google Scholar
Stenberg, C. R. & Campos, J. L. (1990) The development of anger expressions in infancy. In: Psychological and biological approaches to emotion, ed. Stein, N. L., Leventhal, B. & Trabasso, T., pp. 247–82. Erlbaum. [MP]Google Scholar
Stenberg, C. R., Campos, J. L. & Emde, R. N. (1983) The facial expression of anger in seven-month-old infants. Child Development 54:178–84. [MP]Google Scholar
Stern, D. (1985) The interpersonal world of the infant. Basic Books. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Strasberg, L. (1988) A dream of passion: The development of the method. Dutton. [GA]Google Scholar
Strumwasser, F. (2003) The human mind: Building bridges between neuroscience and psychiatry. Psychiatry 66:22–31. [HF]Google Scholar
Sullivan, R. M. & Gratton, A. (2002) Prefrontal cortical regulation of hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal function in the rat and implications for psychopathology: Side matters. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27:99–114. [ANS]Google Scholar
Szentagothai, J. (1993) Self organization: The basic principle of neural functions. Theoretical Medicine 14:101–16. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. D. (1983) Negative thinking in depression: Cause, effect or reciprocal relationship? Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy 5:3–25. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Teasdale, J. D. & Barnard, P. J. (1993) Affect, cognition, and change: Remodelling depressive thought. Erlbaum. [PB, aMDL]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. & Verbeurgt, K. (1998) Coherence as constraint satisfaction. Cognitive Science 22:1–24. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Thatcher, R. W. (1998) A predator–prey model of human cerebral development. In: Applications of nonlinear dynamics to developmental process modeling, ed. Newell, K. M. & Molenaar, P. C. M., pp. 87–128. Erlbaum. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F. & Friedman, B. H. (1997) The heart of anxiety: A dynamical systems approach. In: The (non) expression of emotions in health and disease, ed. Vingerhoets, A., van Bussel, F. & Boelhouwer, J., pp. 39–49. Tilburg University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F. & Friedman, B. H. (2002) Stop that! Inhibition, sensitization, and their neurovisceral concomitants. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 43:123–30. [JFT]Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F., Friedman, B. H., Borkovec, T. D., Johnsen, B. H. & Molina, S. (2000) Phasic heart period to cued threat and non-threat stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychophysiology 37:361–68. [JFT]Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F. & Lane, R. D. (2000) A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders 61:201–16. [aMDL, JFT]Google Scholar
Thayer, J. F. & Lane, R. D. (2002) Perseverative thinking and health: Neurovisceral concomitants. Psychology and Health 17:685–95. [JFT]Google Scholar
Thelen, E. (1995) Motor development: A new synthesis. American Psychologist 50:79–95. [GD]Google Scholar
Thelen, E., Schöner, G., Scheier, C. & Smith, L. B. (2001) The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:1–86. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Thelen, E. & Smith, L. B. (1994) A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. MIT Press/Bradford. [aMDL, ASW-A]Google Scholar
Thinschmidt, J. S., Kinney, G. G. & Kocsis, B. (1995) The supramammillary nucleus: Is it necessary for the mediation of hippocampal theta rhythm? Neuroscience 67:301–12. [BK]Google Scholar
Thompson, E. (forthcoming) Radical embodiment: The lived body in biology, human experience, and the sciences of mind. Harvard University Press. [GC]Google Scholar
Thompson, E., Lutz, A. & Cosmelli, D. (in press) Neurophenomenology: An introduction for neurophilosophers. In: Cognition and the brain: The philosophy and neuroscience movement, ed. Brook, A. & Akins, K.. Cambridge University Press. [GC]Google Scholar
Thompson, E. & Varela, F. J. (2001) Radical embodiment: Neural dynamics and consciousness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5:418–25. [arMDL]Google Scholar
Titchener, E. B. (1910) A textbook of psychology. Macmillan. [PW]Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. S. (1982) Affect theory. In: Approaches to emotion, ed. Scherer, K. R. & Ekman, P. pp. 163–96. Erlbaum. [PB]Google Scholar
Tononi, G. & Edelman, G. M. (1998) Consciousness and complexity. Science 282(4):1846–51. [HF, aMDL]Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992) The psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 19–136. Oxford University Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Touzani, I. & Velley, L. (1998) Electrical self-stimulation in the central amygdaloid nucleus after ibotenic acid lesion of the lateral hypothalamus. Behavioral and Brain Research 90:115–24. [GA]Google Scholar
Tsuda, I. (2001) Toward an interpretation of dynamics of neural activity in terms of chaotic dynamical systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24:793–847. [WJF]Google Scholar
Tucker, D. M. (2001) Motivated anatomy: A core-and-shell model of corticolimbic architecture. In: Handbook of neuropsychology: Vol. 5. Emotional behavior and its disorders, 2nd edition, ed. Gainotti, G., pp. 125–60. Elsevier. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Tucker, D. M., Derryberry, D. & Luu, P. (2000) Anatomy and physiology of human emotion: Vertical integration of brainstem, limbic, and cortical systems. In: The neuropsychology of emotion, ed. Borod, J. C.. Oxford University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Tucker, D. M., Hartry-Speiser, A., McDougal, L., Luu, P. & deGrandpre, D. (1999) Mood and spatial memory: Emotion and the right hemisphere contribution to spatial cognition. Biological Psychology 50:103–25. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Tucker, D. M., Luu, P., Desmond, R. E., Hartry-Speiser, A. L., Davey, C. & Flaisch, T. (2003) Corticolimbic mechanisms in emotional decisions. Emotion 3:127–49. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Tucker, D. M. & Williamson, P. A. (1984) Asymmetric neural control systems in human self-regulation. Psychological Review 91:185–215. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Vallacher, R. R. & Nowak, A. (1997) The emergence of dynamical social psychology. Psychological Inquiry 8:73–99. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Vallacher, R. R. & Nowak, A. (1999) The dynamics of self-regulation. In: Advances in social cognition, vol. 12, ed. Wyer, R. S. Jr.,, pp. 241–59. Erlbaum. [PW]Google Scholar
van Geert, P. & van Dijk, M. (2002) Focus on variability: New tools to study intraindividual variability in developmental data. Infant Behavior and Development 25:340–74. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Van Gelder, T. (1995) What might cognition be, if not computation? Journal of Philosophy 92(7):345–81. [CD]Google Scholar
Van Gelder, T. (1998) The dynamical hypothesis in cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21:615–65. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Van Gelder, T. & Port, R. F. (1995) It's about time: An overview of the dynamical approach to cognition. In: Mind as motion: Explorations in the dynamics of cognition, ed. Port, R. F. & Van Gelder, T., pp. 1–43. MIT Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Van Honk, J. & Schutter, D. J. L. G. (in press) Unmasking feigned sanity: A neurobiological model of emotion processing in primary psychopathy. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. [JvH]Google Scholar
Van Honk, J., Schutter, D. J. L. G., Hermans, E. J. & Putman, P. (2003) Low cortisol levels and the balance between punishment sensitivity and reward dependency. NeuroReport 14:1993–96. [JvH]Google Scholar
Van Honk, J., Schutter, D. J. L. G., Hermans, E. J., Putman, P., Tuiten, A. & Koppeschaar, H. P. F. (2004) Testosterone shifts the balance between sensitivity for punishment and reward in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:937–43. [JvH]Google Scholar
Van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., Van den Hout, M., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., De Haan, E. & Verbaten, R. (1998) Baseline salivary cortisol levels and preconscious selective attention for threat: A pilot study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23:741–47. [JvH]Google Scholar
Van Honk, J., Tuiten, A., Van den Hout, M., Koppeschaar, H., Thijssen, J., De Haan, E. & Verbaten, R. (1999) Correlations among salivary testosterone, mood, and selective attentions to threat in humans. Hormones and Behavior 36:17–24. [JvH]Google Scholar
van Reekum, C. M. & Scherer, K. R. (1997) Levels of processing in emotionantecedent appraisal. In: Cognitive science perspectives on personality and emotion, ed. Matthews, G., pp. 259–300. Elsevier. [aMDL]Google Scholar
van Rullen, R. & Koch, C. (2003) Is perception discrete or continuous? Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7:207–13. [aMDL]Google Scholar
van Veen, V. & Carter, C. S. (2002) The timing of action-monitoring processes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 14:593–602. [aMDL]Google Scholar
van Veen, V., Cohen, J. D., Botvinick, M. M., Stenger, V. A. & Carter, C. S. (2001) Anterior cingulate cortex, conflict monitoring, and levels of processing. Neuroimage 14:1302–08. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Vanderwolf, C. H. (1988) Cerebral activity and behavior: Control by central cholinergic and serotonergic systems. International Review of Neurobiology 30:225–340. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J. (1996) Neurophenomenology: A methodological remedy for the hard problem. Journal of Consciousness Studies 3:330–50. [GC]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J. & Depraz, N. (2000) At the source of time: Valence and the constitutional dynamics of affect. Arob@se. Journal de Lettre et de Sciences Humain 4(1–2). Available at: http://www.arobase.to. [Also appearing in: Ipseity and alterity: Interdisciplinary approaches to intersubjectivity, ed. Gallagher, S. & Watson, S.. Presses Universitaires de Rouen. (in press).] [GC]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J., Lachaux, J.-P., Rodriguez, E. & Martinerie, J. (2001) The brainweb: Phase synchronization and large-scale integration. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2:229–39. [GC, aMDL]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. & Rosch, E. (1991) The embodied mind: Cognitive science and human experience. MIT Press. [GC, aMDL]Google Scholar
Vertes, R. P., Albo, Z. & Viana Di Prisco, G. (2001) Theta-rhythmically firing neurons in the anterior thalamus: Implications for mnemonic functions of Papez's circuit. Neuroscience 104:619–25. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Vertes, R. P. & Kocsis, B. (1997) Brainstem-diencephalo-septohippocampal systems controlling the theta rhythm of the hippocampus. Neuroscience 81:893–926. [aMDL, JP]Google Scholar
Viau, V. (2002) Functional cross-talk between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal axes. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 14:506–13. [JvH]Google Scholar
Vinogradova, O. S. (1995) Expression, control, and probable functional significance of the neuronal theta-rhythm. Progress in Neurobiology 45:523–83. [DAP]Google Scholar
von Bertalanffy, L. (1933/1962) Modern theories of development: An introduction to theoretical biology. Harper. [RDE]Google Scholar
von Neumann, J. (1958) The computer and the brain. Yale University Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
von Stein, A. & Sarnthein, J. (2000) Different frequencies for different scales of cortical integration: From local gamma to long range alpha/theta synchronization. International Journal of Psychophysiology 38:301–13. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1962) New patterns in genetics and development. Columbia University Press. [rMDL]Google Scholar
Waldvogel, D., van Gelderen, P., Muellbacher, W., Ziemann, U., Immisch, I. & Hallett, M. (2000) The relative metabolic demand of inhibition and excitation. Nature 406:995–98. [JFT]Google Scholar
Walker-Andrews, A. S. & Lennon, E. (1991) Infants’ discrimination of vocal expressions: Contributions of auditory and visual information. Infant Behavior and Development 14:131–42. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Wallace, D. M., Magnusson, D. J. & Gray, T. S. (1992) Organization of amygdaloid projections to brainstem dopaminergic, norandrenergic and andrenergic cell groups in the rat. Brain Research Bulletin 28:447–54. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Wang, X. F. & Chen, G. R. (2003) Complex networks: Small-world, scale-free and beyond. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems 31:6–20. [WJF]Google Scholar
Ward, L. M. (2002) Dynamical cognitive science. MIT Press. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Watson, D. & Clark, L. A. (1992) Affects separable and inseparable: On the arrangement of the negative affects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62:489–505. [CEI]Google Scholar
Watt, D. F. (1998) Emotion and consciousness: Implications of affective neuroscience for extended reticular thalamic activating system theories of consciousness. Electronic publication of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness. Available at: http://server.philvt.edu/assc/watt/default.htm. [GC]Google Scholar
Weissenberger, A. A., Dell, M. L., Liow, K., Theodore, W., Frattali, C. M., Hernandez, D. & Zametkin, A. J. (2001) Aggression and psychiatric comorbidity in children with hypothalamic hamartomas and their unaffected siblings. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40:696–703. [MP]Google Scholar
Wells, A. & Matthews, G. (1994) Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Erlbaum. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Wenzlaff, R. M., Rude, S. S., Taylor, C. J., Stultz, C. H. & Sweatt, R. A. (2001) Beneath the veil of thought suppression: Attentional bias and depression risk. Cognition and Emotion 15:435–52. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., McInerney, S. C., Fischer, H., Wright, C. I. & Rauch, S. L. (2001) A functional MRI study of human amygdala responses to facial expressions of fear versus anger. Emotion 1:70–83. [DS]Google Scholar
Wiener, N. (1948) Cybernetics; or, control and communication in the animal and the machine. Wiley. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Wiener, N. (1950) The human use of human beings cybernetics and society. Houghton Mifflin. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Wiener, N. & Schadé, J. P. (1965) Cybernetics of the nervous system. Elsevier. [RMG-L]Google Scholar
Wierzbicka, A. (1999) Emotions across languages and cultures: Diversity and universals. Cambridge University Press. [HF]Google Scholar
Wierzbicka, A. (2003) Emotion and culture: Arguing with Martha Nussbaum. Ethos 31(4):577–600. [GD]Google Scholar
Wikan, U. (1990) Managing turbulent hearts: A Balinese formula for living. University of Chicago Press. [GD]Google Scholar
Williams, B. (1972) Descartes, René. In: The encyclopedia of philosophy, ed. Edward, P., pp. 344–54. MacMillan. [JP]Google Scholar
Williams, G. V. & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) Modulation of memory fields by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature 376:572–75. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C. & Mathews, A. (1997) Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders, 2nd edition. Wiley. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Winkielman, P. & Cacioppo, J. T. (2001) Mind at ease puts a smile on the face: Psychophysiological evidence that processing facilitation increases positive affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81:989–1000. [PW]Google Scholar
Winkielman, P., Schwarz, N. & Nowak, A. (2002) Affect and processing dynamics: Perceptual fluency enhances evaluations. In: Emotional cognition: From brain to behaviour, ed. Moore, S. & Oaksford, M., pp. 111–36. John Benjamins. [PW]Google Scholar
Witherington, D. C., Campos, J. J. & Hertenstein, M. J. (2001) Principles of emotion and its development in infancy. In: Blackwell handbook of infant development, ed. Bremner, G. & Fogel, A., pp. 427–64. Blackwell. [ASW-A]Google Scholar
Wood, J., Mathews, A. & Dalgleish, T. (2001) Anxiety and cognitive inhibition. Emotion 1:166–81. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Wood, R. I. (1996) Functions of the steroid-responsive neural network in the control of male hamster sexual behavior. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 7:338–44. [JvH]Google Scholar
Yaniv, D., Vouimba, R. M., Diamond, D. M. & Richter-Levin, G. (2003) Simultaneous induction of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and the amygdala by entorhinal cortex activation: mechanistic and temporal profiles. Neuroscience 120:1125–35. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist 35:151–75. [PW]Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. B. (1984) On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist 39:117–23. [aMDL]Google Scholar
Ziabreva, I., Poeggel, G., Schnabel, R. & Braun, K. (2003) Separation-induced receptor changes in the hippocampus and amygdala of Octodon degus: Influence of maternal vocalizations. Journal of Neuroscience 23:5329–36. [ANS]Google Scholar
Zillmann, D. (1994) Cognition-excitation interdependencies in the escalation of anger and angry aggression. In: The dynamics of aggression: Biological and social processes in dyads and groups, ed. Potegal, M. & Knutson, J., pp. 45–72. Erlbaum. [MP]Google Scholar
Zochowski, M., Lewenstein, M. & Nowak, A. (1993) Memory that tentatively forgets. Journal of Physics A 26:2453–60. [PW]Google Scholar
Zochowski, M., Lewenstein, M. & Nowak, A. (1995) SMARTNET: A neural network with self-controlled learning. Network 6:93–101. [PW]Google Scholar