Element contents
Governing Sea Level Rise in a Polycentric System
Easier Said than Done
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 March 2024
Summary
How do polycentric governance systems respond to new collective action problems? This Element tackles this question by studying the governance of adaptation to sea level rise in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. Like climate mitigation, climate adaptation has public good characteristics and therefore poses collective action problems of coordination and cooperation. The Element brings together the literature on adaptation planning with the Ecology of Games framework, a theory of polycentricity combining rational choice institutionalism with social network theory, to investigate how policy actors address the collective action problems of climate adaptation: the key barriers to coordination they perceive, the collaborative relationships they form, and their assessment of the quality of the cooperation process in the policy forums they attend. Using both qualitative and quantitative data and analysis, the Element finds that polycentric governance systems can address coordination problems by fostering the emergence of leaders who reduce transaction and information costs. Polycentric systems, however, struggle to address issues of inequality and redistribution.
Keywords
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Online ISBN: 9781009433594Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 25 April 2024
References
Adger, W. Neil. 2003. “Social Capital, Collective Action, and Adaptation to Climate Change.” Economic Geography 79(4): 387–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahlquist, John S., and Levi, Margaret. 2011. “Leadership: What It Means, What It Does, and What We Want to Know about It.” Annual Review of Political Science 14: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ajzen, Icek et al. 2011. “Knowledge and the Prediction of Behavior: The Role of Information Accuracy in the Theory of Planned Behavior.” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 33(2): 101–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allan, Jen I., Roger, Charles B., Hale, Thomas N., Bernstein, Steven, et al. 2023. “Making the Paris Agreement: Historical Processes and the Drivers of Institutional Design.” Political Studies 71: 914–934. https://doi.org/10.1177/00323217211049294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angst, Mario, and Brandenberger, Laurence. 2022. “Information Exchange in Governance Networks: Who Brokers across Political Divides?” Governance 35(2): 585–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angst, Mario, Widmer, Alexander, Manuel, Fischer, et al. 2018. “Connectors and Coordinators in Natural Resource Governance: Insights from Swiss Water Supply.” Ecology and Society 23(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansell, Chris, and Gash, Allison. 2008. “Collaborative Governance in Theory and Practice.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 18(4): 543–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bäckstrand, Karin, Zelli, Fariborz, and Schleiffer, Philip. 2018. “Legitimacy and Accountability in Polycentric Climate Governance.” In Governing Climate Change, ed. Huitema, Dave, Jordan, Andrew, van Asselt, Harro and Forster, Johanna. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 338–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barabási, Albert-László. 2009. “Scale-Free Networks: A Decade and Beyond.” Science 325(5939): 412–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnes, Michele, Bodin, Örjan, Guerrero, Angela M., et al. 2017. “The Social Structural Foundations of Adaptation and Transformation in Social–Ecological Systems.” Ecology and Society 22(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baumgartner, Frank R., and Jones, Bryan D.. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Beagle, Julie, Jeremy Lowe, Katie McKnight, et al. 2019. “San Francisco Bay Shoreline Adaptation Atlas: Working with Nature to Plan for Sea Level Rise Using Operational Landscape Units.” SFEI Contribution.Google Scholar
Bednar, Danny, Henstra, Daniel, and Gordon, McBean. 2019. “The Governance of Climate Change Adaptation: Are Networks to Blame for the Implementation Deficit?” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 21(6): 702–717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Emily V., and Olivier, Tomás. 2022. “Following the Paper Trail: Systematically Analyzing Outputs to Understand Collaborative Governance Evolution.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 32(4): 671–684. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muab054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berardo, Ramiro, and Lubell, Mark. 2016. “Understanding What Shapes a Polycentric Governance System.” Public Administration Review 76(5): 738–751.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramiro, Berardo, and Scholz, John T.. 2010. “Self-Organizing Policy Networks: Risk, Partner Selection, and Cooperation in Estuaries.” American Journal of Political Science 54(3): 632–649.Google Scholar
Bernauer, Thomas. 2013. “Climate Change Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 16(1): 421–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesbroek, G. Robbert, Klostermann, Judith, Termeer, Catrien, et al. 2011. “Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation in the Netherlands.” Climate Law 2(2): 181–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biesbroek, G. Robbert, and Lesnikowski, Alexandra. 2018. “Adaptation: The Neglected Dimension of Polycentric Climate Governance?” In Governing Climate Change: Polycentricity in Action?, ed. Jordan, Andrew, Huitema, Dave, van Asslet, Harro, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 303–319.Google Scholar
Biesbroek, G. Robbert, Termeer, Catrien J., et al. 2014. “Rethinking Barriers to Adaptation: Mechanism-Based Explanation of Impasses in the Governance of an Innovative Adaptation Measure.” Global Environmental Change 26: 108–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bockarjova, Marija, and Steg, Linda. 2014. “Can Protection Motivation Theory Predict Pro-Environmental Behavior? Explaining the Adoption of Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands.” Global Environmental Change 28: 276–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodin, Örjan. 2017. “Collaborative Environmental Governance: Achieving Collective Action in Social-Ecological Systems.” Science 357 (6352). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bodin, Örjan, and Crona, Beatrice I.. 2009. “The Role of Social Networks in Natural Resource Governance: What Relational Patterns Make a Difference?” Global Environmental Change 19(3): 366–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bollens, Scott A. 1986. “Examining the Link between State Policy and the Creation of Local Special Districts.” State & Local Government Review 18(3): 117–124.Google Scholar
Burt, Ronald S. 2005. Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald S., Reagans, Ray E., Volvovsky, Hagay C., et al. 2021. “Network Brokerage and the Perception of Leadership.” Social Networks 65: 33–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caimo, Alberto, and Friel, Nial. 2011. “Bayesian Inference for Exponential Random Graph Models.” Social Networks 33(1): 41–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calanni, John C., Siddiki, Saba N., Weible, Christopher M., et al. 2015. “Explaining Coordination in Collaborative Partnerships and Clarifying the Scope of the Belief Homophily Hypothesis.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 25(3): 901–927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlisle, Keith, and Gruby, Rebecca L.. 2019. “Polycentric Systems of Governance: A Theoretical Model for the Commons.” Policy Studies Journal 47(4): 927–952. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, Eric K., and Cannon, Clare E. B.. 2021. “Equity, Inclusion, and Justice as Criteria for Decision-Making on Climate Adaptation in Cities.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 51: 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ciplet, David, Roberts, Timmons, Khan, Mizan, et al. 2013. “The Politics of International Climate Adaptation Funding: Justice and Divisions in the Greenhouse.” Global Environmental Politics 13(1): 49–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coleman, James S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94: S95–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, Allison, Gardner, Burleigh B., Gardner, Mary R., et al. 1941. Deep South. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Jody L., Jeffrey, D. Green, Reed, Allison, et al. 2009. “Interdependence with the Environment: Commitment, Interconnectedness, and Environmental Behavior.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 29(2): 173–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desmarais, Bruce A., and Cranmer, Skyler J.. 2012a. “Statistical Mechanics of Networks: Estimation and Uncertainty.” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 391(4): 1865–1876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desmarais, Bruce A., and Cranmer, Skyler J.. 2012b. “Micro-Level Interpretation of Exponential Random Graph Models with Application to Estuary Networks.” Policy Studies Journal 40(3): 402–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobbin, Kristin B., and Lubell, Mark. 2019. “Collaborative Governance and Environmental Justice: Disadvantaged Community Representation in California Sustainable Groundwater Management.” Policy Studies Journal 49(2): 562–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobbin, Kristin B., Kuo, Michael, Lubell, Mark, et al. 2023. “Drivers of (in)Equity in Collaborative Environmental Governance.” Policy Studies Journal 51(2): 375–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolšak, Nives, and Prakash, Aseem. 2018. “The Politics of Climate Change Adaptation.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 43(1): 317–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1972. “Up and Down With Ecology: The ‘Issue-Attention Cycle’”. The Public Interest, 1972.Google Scholar
Eisenack, Klaus et al. 2014. “Explaining and Overcoming Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation.” Nature Climate Change 4(10): 867–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekstrom, Julia A., and Moser, Susanne C.. 2014. “Identifying and Overcoming Barriers in Urban Climate Adaptation: Case Study Findings from the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA.” Urban Climate 9: 54–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirk, Emerson, and Gerlak, Andrea K.. 2014. “Adaptation in Collaborative Governance Regimes.” Environmental Management 54(4): 768–781.Google Scholar
Eriksen, Siri H. et al. 2015. “Reframing Adaptation: The Political Nature of Climate Change Adaptation.” Global Environmental Change 35: 523–533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, Manuel, and Leifeld, Philip. 2015. “Policy Forums: Why Do They Exist and What Are They Used For?“ Policy Sciences 48(3): 363–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, Manuel, and Maag, Simon. 2019. “Why Are Cross-Sectoral Forums Important to Actors? Forum Contributions to Cooperation, Learning, and Resource Distribution.” Policy Studies Journal 47(1): 114–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, Manuel, and Schläpfer, Isabelle. 2017. “Metagovernance and Policy Forum Outputs in Swiss Environmental Politics.” Environmental Politics 26(5): 870–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folke, Carl, Hahn, Thomas, Olsson, Per et al. 2005. “Adaptive Governance of Social–Ecological Systems.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30: 441–473.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folke, Carl, Carpenter, Stephen R., Walker, Brian, et al. 2010. “Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability.” Ecology and Society 15(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gmoser-Daskalakis, Kyra et al. 2023. “An Item Response Approach to Sea-Level Rise Policy Preferences in a Nascent Subsystem.” Review of Policy Research 40(6): 972–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granovetter, Mark S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78(6): 1360–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Groen, Lisanne et al. 2022. “Re-Examining Policy Stability in Climate Adaptation through a Lock-in Perspective.” Journal of European Public Policy 30(3): 488–512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, Matthew. 2018. “Understanding What Shapes Varying Perceptions of the Procedural Fairness of Transboundary Environmental Decision-Making Processes.” Ecology and Society 23(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10625-230448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, Matthew, and Lubell, Mark. 2017. “Collaborative Governance of Climate Change Adaptation across Spatial and Institutional Scales.” Policy Studies Journal 46(2): 222–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, Matthew, Lubell, Mark, and Emilinah, Namaganda. 2018. “Cross-Level Linkages in an Ecology of Climate Change Adaptation Policy Games.” Ecology and Society 23(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10179-230236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handcock, M., and Krista, J. Gile. 2007. Center for Statistics and the Social Sciences “Modeling Social Networks with Sampled or Missing Data.”Google Scholar
Tanya, Heikkila, and Gerlak, Andrea K.. 2019. “Working on Learning: How the Institutional Rules of Environmental Governance Matter.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 62(1): 106–123.Google Scholar
Henry, Adam Douglas. 2012. “Survey-Based Measurement of Public Management and Policy Networks.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 31(2): 432–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, Douglas, Adam, Mark Lubell, and McCoy., Michael 2011. “Belief Systems and Social Capital as Drivers of Policy Network Structure: The Case of California Regional Planning.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 21(3): 419–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrfahrdt-Pähle, Elke et al. 2020. “Sustainability Transformations: Socio-Political Shocks as Opportunities for Governance Transitions.” Global Environmental Change 63: 102097.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinkel, Jochen et al. 2018. “The Ability of Societies to Adapt to Twenty-First-Century Sea-Level Rise.” Nature Climate Change 8(7): 570–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, Breena. 2017. “Procedural Justice in Local Climate Adaptation: Political Capabilities and Transformational Change.” Environmental Politics 26(3): 391–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huitema, Dave et al. 2016. “The Governance of Adaptation Choices, Reasons, and Effects. Introduction to the Special Feature.” Ecology and Society 21(3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hummel, Michelle A. 2018a. “Sea Level Rise Impacts on Wastewater Treatment Systems Along the U.S. Coasts.” Earth’s Future 6(4): 622–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hummel, Michelle et al. 2018b. “Regional Adaptation to Sea Level Rise in the San Francisco Bay Area: Establishing Interdependence and Motivating Coordinated Action.” paper presented at the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2018.Google Scholar
Hummel, Michelle A. et al. 2018c. “Clusters of Community Exposure to Coastal Flooding Hazards Based on Storm and Sea Level Rise Scenarios: Implications for Adaptation Networks in the San Francisco Bay Region.” Regional Environmental Change 18(5): 1343–1355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC. 2014. AR5 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability – IPCC. IPCC.Google Scholar
Isenberg, Phillip L. 2016. “Commentary: Public Policy is Messy: Three Studies in Water Management.” Public Administration Review 76(5): 751–752.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Javeline, Debra. 2014. “The Most Important Topic Political Scientists are Not Studying: Adapting to Climate Change.” Perspectives on Politics 12(2): 420–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins-Smith, Hank C., and Sabatier, Paul A.. 1994. “Evaluating the Advocacy Coalition Framework.” Journal of Public Policy 14(2): 175–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kammerer, Marlene et al. 2021. “What Explains Collaboration in High and Low Conflict Contexts? Comparing Climate Change Policy Networks in Four Countries.” Policy Studies Journal 49(4): 1065–1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keohane, Robert O., and Victor, David G.. 2011. “The Regime Complex for Climate Change.” Perspectives on Politics 9(1): 7–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, Mizan et al. 2020. “Twenty-Five Years of Adaptation Finance through a Climate Justice Lens.” Climatic Change 161(2): 251–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koski, Chris, and Siulagi, Alma. 2016. “Environmental Harm or Natural Hazard? Problem Identification and Adaptation in U.S. Municipal Climate Action Plans.” Review of Policy Research 33(3): 270–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krivitsky, Pavel N. et al. 2011. “Adjusting for Network Size and Composition Effects in Exponential-Family Random Graph Models.” Statistical Methodology 8(4): 319–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leach, William D., and Sabatier, Paul A.. 2005. “To Trust an Adversary: Integrating Rational and Psychological Models of Collaborative Policymaking.” American Political Science Review 99(4): 491–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Kai N. 2001. “Appraising Adaptive Management.” In Biological Diversity, CRC Press.Google Scholar
Leifeld, Philip. 2013. “Reconceptualizing Major Policy Change in the Advocacy Coalition Framework: A Discourse Network Analysis of German Pension Politics.” Policy Studies Journal 41(1): 169–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leifeld, Philip. 2020. “Policy Debates and Discourse Network Analysis: A Research Agenda.” 2020 8(2): 4.Google Scholar
Levy, Michael A., and Lubell, Mark N.. 2017. “Innovation, Cooperation, and the Structure of Three Regional Sustainable Agriculture Networks in California.” Regional Environmental Change.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, R. J. A., and Rubin, D. B.. 2019. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. Wiley.Google Scholar
Long, Norton E. 1958. “The Local Community as an Ecology of Games.” American Journal of Sociology 64(3): 251–261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, M. et al. 2019. The Governance of Sea Level Rise in the San Francisco Bay Area: Results from a Survey of Stakeholders. University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Lubell, Mark. 2004a. “Collaborative Watershed Management: A View from the Grassroots.” Policy Studies Journal 32(3): 341–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, Mark. 2004b. “Resolving Conflict and Building Cooperation in the National Estuary Program.” Environmental Management 33(5): 677–691.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lubell, Mark. 2014. “Network Structure and Institutional Complexity in an Ecology of Water Management Games.” Ecology and Society 19(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, Mark. 2016. “Transaction Costs and the Perceived Effectiveness of Complex Institutional Systems.” Public Administration Review: n/a-n/a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, Mark. 2017. The Governance Gap: Climate Adaptation and Sea-Level Rise in the San Francisco Bay Area. University of California, Davis.Google Scholar
Lubell, Mark. 2020. “The Origins of Conflict in Polycentric Governance Systems.” Public Administration Review 80(2): 222–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, Mark. 2021. “Collective Action Problems and Governance Barriers to Sea-Level Rise Adaptation in San Francisco Bay.” Climatic Change 167(3): 46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, Mark. 2022. “Methodological Approaches to the Ecology of Games Framework.” In Methods of the Policy Process, Routledge.Google Scholar
Maag, Simon, and Fischer, Manuel. 2018. “Why Government, Interest Groups, and Research Coordinate: The Different Purposes of Forums.” Society & Natural Resources: 1–18.Google Scholar
Madanat, Samer Michel et al. 2019. “The Benefits of Cooperative Policies for Transportation Network Protection from Sea Level Rise: A Case Study of the San Francisco Bay Area.” Transport Policy 76: A1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manfreda, Katja Lozar, Michael Bosnjak, Jernej Berzelak, Iris Haas, et al. 2008. “Web Surveys versus Other Survey Modes: A Meta-Analysis Comparing Response Rates.” International Journal of Market Research 50(1): 79–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, Rachel I. et al. 2015. “Personal Experience and the ‘Psychological Distance’ of Climate Change: An Integrative Review.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 44: 109–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGinnis, Michael D., and Ostrom, Elinor. 2012. “Reflections on Vincent Ostrom, Public Administration, and Polycentricity.” Public Administration Review 72(1): 15–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPherson, Miller et al. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27(1): 415–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meadows, Robin. 2021. “Regional Planning for Sea-Level Rise is Key to Environmental Justice.” Bay Area Monitor.Google Scholar
Meier, Kenneth J., and O’Toole, Laurence J. Jr. 2013. “Subjective Organizational Performance and Measurement Error: Common Source Bias and Spurious Relationships.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 23(2): 429–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meijerink, Sander, and Stiller, Sabina. 2013. “What Kind of Leadership Do We Need for Climate Adaptation? A Framework for Analyzing Leadership Objectives, Functions, and Tasks in Climate Change Adaptation.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 31(2): 240–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mewhirter, Jack, Lubell, Mark, and Ramiro, Berardo. 2018. “Institutional Externalities and Actor Performance in Polycentric Governance Systems.” Environmental Policy and Governance 28(4): 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1816.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mewhirter, Jack, and Berardo, Ramiro. 2019a. “The Impact of Forum Interdependence and Network Structure on Actor Performance in Complex Governance Systems.” Policy Studies Journal 47(1): 159–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mewhirter, Jack, and Berardo, Ramiro. 2019b. “The Impact of Forum Interdependence and Network Structure on Actor Performance in Complex Governance Systems.” Policy Studies Journal 47(1): 159–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, T. H. et al. 2019. “The Black Box of Power in Polycentric Environmental Governance.” Global Environmental Change 57: 101934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, Tiffany H. et al. 2023. “Building Blocks of Polycentric Governance.” Policy Studies Journal n/a(n/a).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moser, Susanne C., and Ekstrom, Julia A.. 2010. “A Framework to Diagnose Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107(51): 22026–22031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. “A Long Polycentric Journey.” Annual Review of Political Science 13(1): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. “Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems.” American Economic Review 100(3): 641–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Elinor. 2010. “Polycentric Systems for Coping with Collective Action and Global Environmental Change.” Global Environmental Change 20(4): 550–557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ostrom, Vincent et al. 1961. “The Organization of Government in Metropolitan Areas: A Theoretical Inquiry.” American Political Science Review 55(4): 831–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paavola, Jouni. 2008. “Science and Social Justice in the Governance of Adaptation to Climate Change.” Environmental Politics 17(4): 644–659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pahl-Wostl, Claudia. 2009. “A Conceptual Framework for Analysing Adaptive Capacity and Multi-Level Learning Processes in Resource Governance Regimes.” Global Environmental Change 19(3): 354–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pasquier, Ulysse et al. 2020. “‘We Can’t Do It on Our Own!’: Integrating Stakeholder and Scientific Knowledge of Future Flood Risk to Inform Climate Change Adaptation Planning in a Coastal Region.” Environmental Science & Policy 103: 50–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, Robert D. et al. 1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: University Press.Google Scholar
Ready, Elspeth, and Power, Eleanor. 2018. “‘ERGM Predictions and GWESP.’ Social Network Analysis for Anthropologists.”Google Scholar
Schafer, Joseph L., and Graham., John W. 2002. “Missing Data: Our View of the State of the Art.” Psychological Methods 7(2): 147–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlager, Edella. 1995. “Policy Making and Collective Action: Defining Coalitions within the Advocacy Coalition Framework.” Policy Sciences 28(3): 243–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shilling, Fraser M. et al. 2016. “Adaptive Planning for Transportation Corridors Threatened by Sea Level Rise.” Transportation Research Record 2599(1): 9–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, Mario L. 2009. “‘How Many Cases Do I Need?’: On Science and the Logic of Case Selection in Field-Based Research.” Ethnography 10(1): 5–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Small, Mario L., and Cook, Jenna M.. 2021. “Using Interviews to Understand Why: Challenges and Strategies in the Study of Motivated Action.” Sociological Methods & Research: 004912412199555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Jeffrey A., and James Moody. 2013. “Structural Effects of Network Sampling Coverage I: Nodes Missing at Random.” Social Networks 35(4): 652–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stacey, M. T. et al. 2017. “Regional Interdependence in Adaptation to Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding.”Google Scholar
Suarez-Alvarez, Maria M. et al. 2012. “Statistical Approach to Normalization of Feature Vectors and Clustering of Mixed Datasets.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 468(2145): 2630–2651.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teodoro, Jose Daniel et al. 2021. “Quantifying Stakeholder Learning in Climate Change Adaptation across Multiple Relational and Participatory Networks.” Journal of Environmental Management 278: 111508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tompkins, Emma L., and Eakin, Hallie. 2012. “Managing Private and Public Adaptation to Climate Change.” Global Environmental Change 22(1): 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ulibarri, Nicola et al. 2023. “Drivers and Dynamics of Collaborative Governance in Environmental Management.” Environmental Management 71(3): 495–504.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vantaggiato, Francesca Pia et al. 2023. “Creating Adaptive Social–Ecological Fit: The Role of Regional Actors in the Governance of Sea-Level Rise Adaptation in San Francisco Bay.” Global Environmental Change 80: 102654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vantaggiato, Francesca Pia, and Lubell, Mark. 2020. Learning to Collaborate: Lessons Learned from Governance Processes Addressing the Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Transportation Corridors Across California.Google Scholar
Vantaggiato, Francesca Pia, and Lubell, Mark. 2022. “The Benefits of Specialized Knowledge in Polycentric Governance.” Policy Studies Journal 50(4): 849–876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vantaggiato, Francesca Pia, and Lubell, Mark. 2023. “Functional Differentiation in Governance Networks for Sea Level Rise Adaptation in the San Francisco Bay Area.” Social Networks 75: 16–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vignola, Raffaele et al. 2017. “Leadership for Moving the Climate Change Adaptation Agenda from Planning to Action.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 26–27: 84–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogel, D. 2018. “California Greenin”: How the Golden State Became an Environmental Leader. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weible, Christopher M. et al. 2020. “Portraying the Structure and Evolution of Polycentricity via Policymaking Venues.” International Journal of the Commons 14(1): 680–691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weible, Christopher M., and Heikkila, Tanya. 2017. “Policy Conflict Framework.” Policy Sciences 50(1): 23–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodruff, Sierra C. et al. 2020. “Is Coastal Adaptation a Public Good? The Financing Implications of Good Characteristics in Coastal Adaptation.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Jaewon, and Jure, Leskovec. 2012. “Community-Affiliation Graph Model for Overlapping Network Community Detection.” In 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on Data Mining, 1170–1175. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2012.139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hongtao, Yi. 2018. “Network Structure and Governance Performance: What Makes a Difference?“ Public Administration Review 78(2): 195–205.Google Scholar
Young, Oran. 2006. “Vertical Interplay among Scale-Dependent Environmental and Resource Regimes.” Ecology and Society 11(1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3
- Cited by