Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T17:09:54.648Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 29 - Merkel cell carcinoma and metastatic and sarcomatoid carcinomas involving soft tissue

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2016

By
Markku Miettinen
Edited by
Markku Miettinen
Markku Miettinen
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Maryland
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Modern Soft Tissue Pathology
Tumors and Non-Neoplastic Conditions
 , pp. 798 - 824
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Toker, C. Trabecular carcinoma of the skin. Arch Dermatol 1972;105:107–110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sibley, RK, Dehner, LP, Rosai, J. Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin. I: A clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:95–108.Google Scholar
Gould, VE, Moll, R, Moll, I, Lee, I, Franke, WW. Neuroendocrine (Merkel) cells of the skin: hyperplasias, dysplasias and neoplasms. Lab Invest 1985;52:334–353.Google Scholar
Agelli, M, Clegg, LX. Epidemiology of primary Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:832–841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penn, I, First, MR. Merkel cell carcinoma in organ recipients: report of 41 cases. Transplantation 1999;68:1717–1721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engels, EA, Frisch, M, Goedert, JJ, Biggar, RJ, Miller, RW. Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection. Lancet 2002;359:497–498.Google Scholar
Chang, Y, Moore, PS. Merkel cell carcinoma: a virus-induced human cancer. Annu Rev Pathol 2012;7:123–144.Google Scholar
Lien, HC, Tsai, TF, Lee, YY, Hsiao, CH. Merkel cell carcinoma and chronic arsenicism. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:641–643.Google ScholarPubMed
Tuneu, A, Pujol, RM, Moreno, A, Barnadas, MA, De Moragas, JM. Postirradiation Merkel cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989;20:506–507.Google Scholar
Eusebi, V, Capella, C, Cossu, A, Rosai, J. Neuroendocrine carcinoma within lymph nodes in the absence of a primary tumor, with a special reference to Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:658–666.Google Scholar
Chen, KT, Papavasiliou, P, Edwards, K, et al. A better prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Am J Surg 2013;206:752–757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allen, PJ, Bowne, WB, Jaques, DP, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: prognosis and treatment of patients from a single institution. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:2300–2309.Google Scholar
Skelton, HG, Smith, KJ, Hitchcock, CL, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of clinical, histologic, and immunohistologic features of 132 cases with relation to survival. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37:734–739.Google Scholar
Connelly, TJ, Cribier, B, Brown, TJ, Yanguas, I. Complete spontaneous regression of Merkel cell carcinoma: a review of 10 reported cases. Dermatol Surg 2000;26:853–856.Google Scholar
Bichakjian, CK, Olencki, T, Alam, M, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma, version 1.2014. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2014;12:410–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pulitzer, MP, Amin, BD, Busam, KJ. Merkel cell carcinoma: review. Adv Anat Pathol 2009;16:135–144.Google Scholar
Plaza, JA, Suster, S. The Toker tumor: spectrum of morphologic features in primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (Merkel cell carcinoma). Ann Diagn Pathol 2006;10:376–385.Google Scholar
Walsh, NMG. Primary neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma of the skin: morphologic diversity and implications thereof. Hum Pathol 2001;32:680–689.Google Scholar
Kukko, HM, Koljonen, VS, Tukiainen, EJ, Haglund, CH, Böhling, TO. Vascular invasion is an early event in pathogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2010;23:1151–1156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomez, LG, DiMaio, S, Silva, EG, Mackay, B. Association between neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma and squamous carcinoma of the skin. Am J Surg Pathol 1983;7:171–177.Google Scholar
Ball, NJ, Tanhuanco-Kho, G. Merkel cell carcinoma frequently shows histologic features of basal cell carcinoma: a study of 30 cases. J Cutan Pathol 2007;34:612–619.Google Scholar
Foschini, MP, Eusebi, V. Divergent differentiation in endocrine and nonendocrine tumors of the skin. Semin Diagn Pathol 2000;17:162–168.Google ScholarPubMed
Adhikari, LA, McCalmont, TH, Folpe, AL. Merkel cell carcinoma with heterologous rhabdomyoblastic differentiation: the role of immunohistochemistry for Merkel cell polyomavirus large T-antigen in confirmation. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:47–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, B, Poblet, E, Rios, JJ, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma with divergent differentiation: histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases with PCR analysis for Merkel cell polyomavirus. Histopathology 2013;62:711–722.Google Scholar
Feng, H, Shuda, M, Chang, Y, Moore, PS. Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma. Science 2008;319:1096–1100.Google Scholar
Kassem, A, Schöpflin, A, Diaz, C, et al. Frequent detection of Merkel cell polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinomas and identification of a unique deletion in the VP1 gene. Cancer Res 2008;68:5009–5013.Google Scholar
Becker, JC, Houben, R, Ugurel, S, et al. MC polyomavirus is frequently present in Merkel cell carcinoma in European patients. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:248–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garneski, KM, Warcola, AH, Feng, O, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma polyomavirus is more frequently present in North American than Australian Merkel cell carcinoma tumors. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129:246–248.Google Scholar
Byrd-Gloster, AL, Khoor, A, Glass, LF, et al. Differential expression of thyroid transcription factor I in small cell lung carcinomas and Merkel cell tumor. Hum Pathol 2000;31:58–62.Google Scholar
Asioli, S, Righi, A, Volante, M, Eusebi, V, Bussolati, G. p63 expression as a new prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer 2007;110:640–647.Google Scholar
Su, LD, Fullen, DR, Lowe, L, et al. CD117 (KIT receptor) expression in Merkel cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2002;24:289–293.Google Scholar
Sur, M, AlArdati, H, Ross, C, Alowami, S. TdT expression in Merkel cell carcinoma: potential diagnostic pitfall with blastic hematological malignancies and expanded immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 2007;20:1113–1120.Google Scholar
Dong, HY, Liu, W, Cohen, P, Mahle, CE, Zhang, W. B-cell specific activation protein encoded by the PAX-5 gene is commonly expressed in merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:687–692.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zur Hausen, A, Rennspiess, D, Winnepenninckx, V, Speel, EJ, Kurz, AK. Early B-cell differentiation in Merkel cell carcinomas: clues to cellular ancestry. Cancer Res 2013;73:4982–4987.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Pereira, TC, Share, SM, Magalhães, AV, Silverman, JF. Can we tell the site of origin of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma?: an immunohistochemical tissue microarray study of 194 cases. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011;19:10–14.Google Scholar
Begum, S, Cao, D, Gillison, M, Zahurak, M, Westra, WH. Tissue distribution of human papillomavirus 16 DNA integration in patients with tonsillar carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006;11:5694–5699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leventon, GS, Evans, HL. Sarcomatoid squamous cell carcinoma of the mucous membranes of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Cancer 1981;48:994–1003.3.0.CO;2-M>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, NK, McKee, PH, Smith, NP, Fletcher, CD. Primary metaplastic carcinoma (carcinosarcoma) of the skin: a clinicopathologic study of four cases and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 1997;19:363–372.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takata, T, Ito, H, Ogawa, I, et al. Spindle cell squamous carcinoma of the oral region: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study on the histogenesis and differential diagnosis with a clinicopathologic analysis of six cases. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1991;419:177–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, JE, Olsen, KD, Sebo, TJ. Spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx: review of 26 cases including DNA content and immunohistochemistry. Hum Pathol 1997;28:664–673.Google Scholar
Thompson, LD, Wieneke, JA, Miettinen, M, Heffner, DK. Spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinomas of the larynx: a clinicopathologic study of 187 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:153–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wick, MR, Ritter, JH, Humphrey, PA. Sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic review. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;108:40–53.Google Scholar
Sigel, JE, Skacel, M, Bergfeld, WF, et al. The utility of cytokeratin 5/6 in the recognition of cutaneous spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28:520–524.Google Scholar
Morgan, MB, Purohit, C, Anglin, TR. Immunohistochemical distinction of cutaneous spindle cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2008;30:228–232.Google Scholar
Dotto, JE, Glusac, EJ. p63 is useful marker for cutaneous spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2006;33:413–417.Google Scholar
Bishop, JA, Montgomery, EA, Westra, WH. Use of p40 and p63 immunohistochemistry and human papillomavirus testing as ancillary tools for the recognition of head and neck sarcomatoid carcinoma and its distinction from benign and malignant mesenchymal processes. Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:257–264.Google Scholar
Liu, H, Shi, J, Wilkerson, ML, Lin, F. Immunohistochemical evaluation of GATA3 expression in tumors and normal tissues: a useful immunomarker for breast and urothelial carcinomas. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;138:57–64.Google Scholar
Cimino-Mathews, A, Subhawong, AP, Illei, PB, et al. GATA3 expression in breast carcinoma: utility in triple-negative, sarcomatoid, and metastatic carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2013;44:1341–1349.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, McCue, PA, Sarlomo-Rikala, M, et al. GATA3: a multispecific but potentially useful marker in surgical pathology: a systematic analysis of 2500 epithelial and nonepithelial tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:13–22.Google Scholar
Wick, MR, Lillemoe, TJ, Copland, GT, et al. Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 as a marker for breast cancer: immunohistochemical analysis of 690 human neoplasms and comparison with alpha-lactalbumin. Hum Pathol 1989;20:281–287.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, O, Deidesheimer, T, Meuhlenberg, M, Deicke, P, Dietel, M. Immunohistochemical differentiation of breast carcinomas from metastatic adenocarcinomas of other common sites. Histopathology 1996;29:233–240.Google Scholar
Dennis, JL, Hvidsten, TR, Wit, EC, et al. Markers of adenocarcinoma characteristic of the site of origin: development of a diagnostic algorithm. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:3766–3772.Google Scholar
De Young, BR, Wick, MR. Immunohistologic evaluation of metastatic carcinomas of unknown origin: an algorithmic approach. Semin Diagn Pathol 2000;17:184–193.Google ScholarPubMed
Oberman, HA. Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic study of 29 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1987;11:918–929.Google Scholar
Wargotz, ES, Deos, PH, Norris, HJ. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. II: Spindle cell carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1989;20:732–740.Google Scholar
Wargotz, ES, Norris, HJ. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. I: Matrix-producing carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1989;20:628–635.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foschini, MP, Dina, RE, Eusebi, V. Sarcomatoid neoplasms of the breast: proposed definition for biphasic and monophasic sarcomatoid mammary carcinomas. Semin Diagn Pathol 1993;10:128–136.Google ScholarPubMed
Gobbi, H, Simpson, JF, Borowsky, A, Jensen, RA, Page, DL. Metaplastic breast tumors with a dominant fibromatosis-like phenotype have a high risk of local recurrence. Cancer 1999;85:2170–2182.Google Scholar
Sneide, N, Yaziji, H, Mandavilli, SR, et al Low-grade (fibromatosis-like) spindle cell carcinoma of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:1009–1016.Google Scholar
Kurian, KM, Al-Nafussi, A. Sarcomatoid/metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Histopathology 2002;40:58–64.Google Scholar
Carter, MR, Hornick, JL, Lester, S, Fletcher, CDM. Spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinoma of the breast: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 29 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:300–309.Google Scholar
Reis-Filho, JS, Carrilho, C, Valenti, C, et al. Is TTF1 a good immunohistochemical marker to distinguish primary from metastatic lung adenocarcinomas. Pathol Res Pract 2000;196:835–840.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, O, Dietel, M. Thyroid transcription factor 1 is a superior immunohistochemical marker for pulmonary adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma compared to surfactant proteins A and B. Histopathology 2000;36:8–16.Google Scholar
Ordóñez, NG. Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 immunostaining in tumor diagnosis: a review and update. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012;20:429–444.Google Scholar
Agoff, SN, Lamps, LW, Philip, AT, et al. Thyroid transcription factor-1 is expressed in extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas but not in other extrapulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Mod Pathol 2000;13;238–242.Google Scholar
Cheuk, W, Kwan, MY, Suster, S, Chank, JK. Immunostaining for thyroid transcription factor 1 and cytokeratin 20 aids the distinction of small cell carcinoma from Merkel cell carcinoma, but not pulmonary from extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:228–231.Google Scholar
Kaufmann, O, Georgi, T, Dietel, M. Utility of 123C3 monoclonal antibody against CD56 (NCAM) for the diagnosis of small cell carcinomas on paraffin sections. Hum Pathol 1998;28:1373–1378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, X, Saad, RS, Lukasevic, TM, Selverman, JF, Liu, Y. Diagnostic value of CDX-2 and TTF-1 expressions in separating metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms of unknown origin. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007;15:407–414.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nakajima, M, Kasai, T, Hashimoto, H, Iwata, Y, Manabe, H. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 37 cases. Cancer 1999;86:608–616.Google Scholar
Rossi, G, Cavazza, A, Sturm, N, et al. Pulmonary carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 75 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:311–324.Google Scholar
Franks, TJ, Galvin, JR. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung: histologic criteria and common lesions in the differential diagnosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2010;134(1):49–54.Google Scholar
Turk, F, Yuncu, G, Bir, F, Ozturk, G, Ekinci, Y. Squamotous-type sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung with rhabdomyosarcomatous components. J Cancer Res Ther 2012;8:148–150.Google Scholar
Pelosi, G, Scarpa, A, Manzotti, M, et al. K-ras gene mutational analysis supports a monoclonal origin of biphasic pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Mod Pathol 2004;17:538–546.Google Scholar
Werling, RW, Yaziji, H, Bacchi, CE, Gown, AM. CDX2, a highly sensitive and specific marker of adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin: an immunohistochemical survey of 476 primary and metastatic carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:303–310.Google Scholar
Moskaluk, CA, Zhang, H, Powell, SM, et al. CDX2 protein expression in normal and malignant human tissues: an immunohistochemical survey using tissue microarrays. Mod Pathol 2003;16: 913–919.Google Scholar
Vang, R, Gown, AM, Wu, LS, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of CDX2 in primary ovarian mucinous tumors and metastatic mucinous carcinomas involving the ovary: comparison with CK20 and correlation with coordinate expression of CK7. Mod Pathol 2006;19:1421–1428.Google Scholar
McCluggage, WG, Shar, R, Connolly, LE, McBride, HA. Intestinal type cervical adenocarcinoma in situ and adenocarcinomas exhibit a partial enteric immunophenotype with consistent expression of CDX2. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008;27:92–100.Google Scholar
Cathro, HP, Mills, SE. Immunophenotypic differences between intestinal-type and low-grade papillary sinonasal adenocarcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of 2 cases utilizing CDX2 and MUC2. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:1026–1032.Google Scholar
Swierczynski, SL, Maitra, A, Abraham, SC, et al. Analysis of novel tumor markers in pancreatic and biliary carcinomas using tissue microarrays. Hum Pathol 2004;35:357–366.Google Scholar
Chu, PG, Ishizawa, S, Wu, E, Weiss, LM. Hepatocyte antigen as a marker for hepatocellular carcinoma: an immunohistochemical comparison to carcinoembryonic antigen, CD10, and alpha-fetoprotein. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:978–988.Google Scholar
Kakar, S, Muir, T, Murphy, LM, Lloyd, RV, Burgart, LJ. Immunoreactivity of Hep Par 1 in hepatic and extrahepatic tumors and its correlation with albumin in situ hybridization in hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;119:361–366.Google Scholar
Morrison, C, Marsh, W Jr, Frankel, WL. A comparison of CD10 to pCEA, MOC-31, and hepatocyte for the distinction of malignant tumors in the liver. Mod Pathol 2002;15:1279–1287.Google Scholar
Varma, V, Cohen, C. Immunohistochemical and molecular markers in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Adv Anat Pathol 2004;11:239–249.Google Scholar
Yan, BC, Gong, C, Song, J, et al. Arginase-1: a new immunohistochemical marker of hepatocytes and hepatocellular neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:1147–1154.Google Scholar
Togral, G, Arıkan, M, Gungor, S. Rare skeletal muscle metastasis after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: evaluation of two cases. J Surg Case Rep 2014;2014(10):rju101.Google Scholar
Kierney, PC, van Heerden, JA, Sgura, JW, Weaver, AL. Surgeon’s role in the management of solitary renal cell carcinoma metastases occurring subsequent to initial curative nephrectomy: an institutional review. Ann Surg Oncol 1994;1:345–352.Google Scholar
McGregor, DK, Khurana, KK, Cao, C, et al. Diagnosing primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the use of the monoclonal antibody “renal carcinoma marker.” Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:1485–1492.Google Scholar
Avery, AK, Beckstead, J, Renshaw, AA, Corless, CL. Use of antibodies to RCC and CD10 in the differential diagnosis of renal neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:203–210.Google Scholar
Pan, CC, Chen, PC, Ho, DM. The diagnostic utility of MOC31, BerEp4, RCC marker and CD10 in the classification of renal carcinoma and renal oncocytoma: an immunohistochemical analysis of 328 cases. Histopathology 2004;45:452–459.Google Scholar
Bakshi, N, Kunju, LP, Giordano, T, Shah, RB. Expression of renal cell carcinoma antigen (RCC) in renal epithelial and nonrenal tumors: diagnostic implications. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007;15:310–315.Google Scholar
Takashi, M, Haimoto, H, Murase, T, Mitsuya, H, Kato, K. An immunochemical and immunohistochemical study of S100 protein in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 1988;61:889–895.Google Scholar
Gokden, N, Gokden, M, Phan, DC, McKenney, JK. The utility of PAX-2 in distinguishing metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma from its morphological mimics: an immunohistochemical study with comparison to renal cell carcinoma marker. Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:1462–1467.Google Scholar
Sangoi, AR, Karamchandani, J, Kim, J, Pai, RK, McKenney, JK. The use of immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a review of PAX-8, PAX-2, hKIM-1, RCCma, and CD10. Adv Anat Pathol 2010;17(6):377–393.Google Scholar
Laury, AR, Perets, R, Piao, H, et al. A comprehensive analysis of PAX8 expression in human epithelial tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:816–826.Google Scholar
Farrow, GM, Harrison, EG, Utz, DC. Sarcomas and sarcomatoid and mixed malignant tumors of the kidney in adults. Cancer 1968;22:556–563.Google Scholar
Ro, JY, Ayala, AG, Sella, A, Samuels, ML, Sanson, DA. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 42 cases. Cancer 1987;59:516–526.Google Scholar
Baer, SC, Ro, JY, Ordonez, NG, et al. Sarcomatoid collecting duct carcinoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of five cases. Hum Pathol 1993;24:1017–1022.Google Scholar
Akhtar, M, Tulbah, A, Kardar, AH, Ali, MA. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: the chromophobe connection. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:1188–1195.Google Scholar
da Peralta Venturina, M, Moch, H, Amin, M, et al. Sarcomatoid differentiation in renal cell carcinoma: a study of 101 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:275–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheville, JC, Lohse, CM, Zincke, H, et al. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: an examination of underlying histologic subtype and an analysis of association with patient outcome. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:435–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeLong, W, Grignon, DJ, Eberwein, P, Shum, DT, Wyatt, JK. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of 18 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993;117:636–640.Google Scholar
Li, L, Teichberg, S, Steckel, J, Chen, QH. Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma with divergent sarcomatoid growth patterns: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2005;129:1057–1060.Google Scholar
Chang, A, Brimo, F, Montgomery, EA, Epstein, JI. Use of PAX8 and GATA3 in diagnosing sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma and sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2013;44(8):1563–1568.Google Scholar
Itoh, T, Chikai, K, Ota, S, et al. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma with osteosarcoma-like differentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1358–1362.Google Scholar
Cheng, L, Zhang, S, Alexander, R, et al. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the urinary bladder: the final common pathway of urothelial carcinoma dedifferentiation. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:e34–e46.Google Scholar
Jiang, J, Ulbright, TM, Younger, C, et al. Cytokeratin 7 and cytokeratin 20 in primary urinary bladder carcinoma and matched lymph node metastases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001;125:921–923.Google Scholar
Wu, X, Kakehi, Y, Zeng, Y, et al. Uroplakin II as a promising marker for molecular diagnosis of nodal metastases from bladder cancer: comparison with cytokeratin 20. J Urol 2005;174:2138–2142.Google Scholar
Huang, HY, Shariat, SR, Sun, TT, et al. Persistent uroplakin expression in advanced urothelial carcinomas: implications in urothelial tumor progression and clinical outcome. Hum Pathol 2007;38:1703–1713.Google Scholar
Fan, CY, Wang, J, Barnes, EL. Expression of androgen receptor and prostatic specific markers in salivary duct carcinoma: an immunohistochemical analysis of 13 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:579–586.Google Scholar
Hameed, O, Humphrey, PA. Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic surgical pathology of the prostate. Semin Diagn Pathol 2005;22:88–104.Google Scholar
Bostwick, DG, Pacelli, A, Blute, M, Roche, P, Murphy, GP. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and adenocarcinoma: a study of 184 cases. Cancer 1998;82:2256–2261.Google Scholar
Sheridan, T, Herawi, M, Epstein, JI, Illei, PB. The role of P501S and PSA in the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:1351–1355.Google Scholar
Gurel, B, Ali, TZ, Montgomery, EA, et al. NKX3.1 as a marker of prostatic origin in metastatic tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:1097–1105.Google Scholar
Busam, KJ, Iversen, K, Coplan, KA, et al. Immunoreactivity for A103, an antibody to melan-A (Mart-1), in adrenocortical and other steroid cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:57–63.Google Scholar
Arola, J, Liu, J, Heikkila, P, Voutilainen, R, Kahri, A. Expression of inhibin alpha in the human adrenal gland and adrenocortical tumors. Endocr Res 1998;24:865–867.Google Scholar
Renshaw, AA, Granter, SR. A comparison of A103 and inhibin reactivity in adrenal cortical tumors: distinction from hepatocellular carcinoma and renal tumors. Mod Pathol 1999;11:1160–1164.Google Scholar
Pan, CC, Chen, PC, Tsay, SH, Ho, DM. Differential immunoprofiles of hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and adrenocortical carcinoma: a systemic immunohistochemical survey using tissue array technique. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005;13:347–352.Google Scholar
Loy, TS, Quesenberry, JT, Sharp, SC. Distribution of CA125 in adenocarcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of 481 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1992;98:175–179.Google Scholar
Langendijk, DH, Mullink, H, Van Diest, PJ, Meijer, GA, Meijer, CJ. Tracing the origin of adenocarcinomas with unknown primary using immunohistochemistry: differential diagnosis between colonic and ovarian carcinomas as primary sites. Hum Pathol 1998;29:491–497.Google Scholar
Baker, TM, Oliva, E. Immunohistochemistry as a tool in the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumors: an update. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2005;24:39–55.Google Scholar
Soslow, RA. Histologic subtypes of ovarian carcinoma: an overview. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2008;27:161–174.Google Scholar
Acs, G, Pasha, T, Zhang, PJ. WT1 is differentially expressed in serous, endometrioid, clear cell, and mucinous carcinomas of the peritoneum, fallopian tube, ovary, and endometrium. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2004;23:110–118.Google Scholar
Tornos, C, Soslow, R, Chen, S, et al. Expression of WT1, CA125, and GCDFP-15 as useful markers in the differential diagnosis of primary ovarian carcinomas versus metastatic breast cancer to the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:1482–1489.Google Scholar
Rosai, J. Immunohistochemical markers of thyroid tumors: significance and diagnostic applications. Tumori 2003;89:517–519.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Franssila, K. Variable expression of keratins and nearly uniform lack of thyroid transcription factor 1 in thyroid anaplastic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2000;31:1139–1145.Google Scholar
Bussolati, G, Papotti, M, Pagani, A. Diagnostic problems in medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Pathol Res Pract 1995;191:332–344.Google Scholar
Hamada, S, Hamada, S. Localization of carcinoembryonic antigen in medullary thyroid carcinoma by immunofluorescent techniques. Br J Cancer 1977;36:572–576.Google Scholar
Sung, MT, MacLennan, GT, Cheng, L. Retroperitoneal seminoma in limited biopsies: morphologic criteria and immunohistochemical findings in 30 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:766–773.Google Scholar
Jones, TD, Ulbright, TM, Ebje, JN, Beldridge, LA, Cheng, L. OCT4 staining in testicular tumors: a sensitive and specific marker for seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:935–940.Google Scholar
Cheng, L. Establishing germ cell origin for metastatic tumors using OCT4 immunohistochemistry. Cancer 2004;101:2006–2010.Google Scholar
Emerson, RE, Ulbright, TM. The use of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of tumors of the testis and paratestis. Semin Diagn Pathol 2005;22:33–50.Google Scholar
Hoei-Hansen, CE, Almstrup, K, Nielsen, JE, et al. Stem cell pluripotency factor NANOG is expressed in human fetal gonocytes, testicular carcinoma in situ and germ cell tumors. Histopathology 2005;47;48–66.Google Scholar
Hart, AH, Hartley, L, Parker, K, et al. The pluripotency homeobox gene is expressed in human germ cell tumors. Cancer 2005;104:2092–2098.Google Scholar
Santagata, S, Ligon, KL, Hornick, JL. Embryonic stem cell transcription factor signatures in the diagnosis of primary and metastatic germ cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:836–845.Google Scholar
Cao, D, Li, J, Guo, CC, Allan, RW, Humphrey, PA. SALL4 is a novel diagnostic marker for testicular germ cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:1065–1077.Google Scholar
Camparo, P, Comperat, EM. SALL4 is a useful marker in the diagnostic work-up of germ cell tumors in extra-testicular locations. Virchows Arch 2013;462:337–341.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Wang, Z, McCue, PA, et al. SALL4 expression in germ cell and non-germ cell tumors: a systematic immunohistochemical study of 3215 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:410–420.Google Scholar
Ulbright, TM, Tickoo, SK, Berney, DM, Srigley, JR; Members of the ISUP Immunohistochemistry in Diagnostic Urologic Pathology Group. Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in testicular tumors: report from the International Society of Urological Pathology consensus conference. Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:e50–e59.Google Scholar
Biermann, K, Klingmuller, D, Koch, A, et al. Diagnostic value of markers M2A, OCT3/4, AP-2 gamma, PLAP and c-KIT in the detection of extragonadal seminomas. Histopathology 2006;49:290–297.Google Scholar
Kemmer, K, Corless, CL, Fletcher, JA, et al. KIT mutations are common in testicular seminoma. Am J Pathol 2004;164:305–313.Google Scholar
Moll, R. Cytokeratins in the histologic diagnosis of malignant tumors. Int J Biol Markers 1994;9:63–69.Google Scholar
Chu, PG, Weiss, LM. Keratin expression in human tissues and neoplasms. Histopathology 2002;40:403–439.Google Scholar
Paul, SA, Stoeckli, SJ, von Schulthess, GK, Goerres, GW. FDG PET and PET/CT for the detection of the primary tumour in patients with cervical non-squamous cell carcinoma metastasis of an unknown primary. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007;264:189–195.Google Scholar
Tothill, RW, Kowalczyk, A, Rischin, D, et al. An expression-based site of origin diagnostic method designed for clinical application to cancer of unknown origin. Cancer Res 2005;65:4031–4040.Google Scholar
Horlings, HM, van Laar, RK, Kerst, JM, et al. Gene expression profiling to identify the histogenetic origin of metastatic adenocarcinomas of unknown primary. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4435–4441.Google Scholar
Varadhachary, GR, Talantov, D, Raber, MN, et al. Molecular profiling of carcinoma of unknown primary and correlation with clinical evaluation. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4442–4448.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×