Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-x24gv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T11:11:54.250Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 18 - Stromal tumors and tumor-like lesions of the female genital tract

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2016

By
Markku Miettinen
Edited by
Markku Miettinen
Markku Miettinen
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Maryland
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Modern Soft Tissue Pathology
Tumors and Non-Neoplastic Conditions
 , pp. 491 - 512
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Norris, HJ, Taylor, HB. Polyps of the vagina: a benign lesion resembling sarcoma botryoides. Cancer 1966;19:227–232.Google Scholar
Chirayil, SJ, Tobon, H. Polyps of the vagina: a clinicopathologic study of 18 cases. Cancer 1981;47:2904–2907.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Wahlström, T, Vesterinen, E, Saksela, E. Vaginal polyps with pseudosarcomatous features: a clinicopathologic study of seven cases. Cancer 1983;51:1148–1151.Google Scholar
Östor, AG, Fortune, DW, Riley, CB. Fibroepithelial polyps with atypical stromal cells (pseudosarcoma botryoides) of vulva and vagina: a report of 13 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1988;7:351–360.Google Scholar
Mucitelli, DR, Charles, EZ, Kraus, FT. Vulvovaginal polyps: histologic appearance, ultrastructure, immunocytochemical characteristics, and clinicopathological correlations. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1990;9:20–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nucci, MR, Young, RH, Fletcher, CDM. Cellular pseudosarcomatous fibroepithelial stromal polyps of the lower female genital tract: an underrecognized lesion often misdiagnosed as sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:231–240.Google Scholar
Rollason, TP, Byrne, P, Williams, A. Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings in benign fibroepithelial vaginal polyps. J Clin Pathol 1990;43:224–229.Google Scholar
Hartmann, CA, Sperling, M, Stein, H. So-called fibroepithelial polyps of the vagina exhibiting an unusual but uniform antigen profile characterized by expression of desmin and steroid hormone receptors but no muscle-specific actin or macrophage markers. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;93:604–608.Google Scholar
Laskin, WB, Fetsch, JF, Tavassoli, FA. Superficial cervicovaginal myofibroblastoma: fourteen cases of a distinctive mesenchymal tumor arising from the specialized subepithelial stroma of the lower female genital tract. Hum Pathol 2001;32:715–725.Google Scholar
Stewart, CJ, Amanuel, B, Brennan, BA, et al. Superficial cervicovaginal myofibroblastoma: a report of five cases. Pathology 2005;37:144–148.Google Scholar
Ganesan, R, McCluggage, WG, Hirschowitz, L, Rollason, TP. Superficial myofibroblastoma of the lower female genital tract: report of a series including tumours with a vulval location. Histopathology 2005;46:137–143.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Gold, JH, Bossen, EH. Benign vaginal rhabdomyoma: a light and electron microscopic study. Cancer 1976;37:2283–2294.Google Scholar
Chabrel, CM, Beilby, JOW. Vaginal rhabdomyoma. Histopathology 1980;4:645–651.Google Scholar
Iversen, UM. Two cases of benign vaginal rhabdomyoma. APMIS 1996;104:575–578.Google Scholar
Losi, L, Choreutaki, T, Nascetti, D, Eusebi, V. Recurrence in a case of rhabdomyoma of the vagina. Pathologica 1995;87:704–708.Google Scholar
Huang, TY, Chen, JT, Ho, WL. Ovarian serous cystadenoma with mural nodules of genital rhabdomyoma. Hum Pathol 2005;36:433–435.Google Scholar
Fletcher, CDM, Tsang, WYW, Fisher, C, Lee, KC, Chan, JKC. Angiomyofibro-blastoma of the vulva: a benign neoplasm distinct from aggressive angiomyxoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:373–382.Google Scholar
Hisaoka, M, Kouho, H, Aoki, T, Daimaru, Y, Hashimoto, H. Angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva: a clinicopathologic study of seven cases. Pathol Int 1995;45:487–492.Google Scholar
Nielsen, GP, Rosenberg, AE, Young, RH, et al. Angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva and vagina. Mod Pathol 1996;9:284–291.Google Scholar
Fukunaga, M, Nomura, K, Matsumoto, K, et al. Vulval angiomyofibroblastoma: clinicopathologic analysis of six cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;107:45–51.Google Scholar
Laskin, WB, Fetsch, JF, Tavassoli, FA. Angiomyofibroblastoma of the female genital tract: analysis of 17 cases including a lipomatous variant. Hum Pathol 1997;28:1046–1055.Google Scholar
Ockner, DM, Sayadi, H, Swanson, PE, Ritter, JH, Wick, MR. Genital angiomyofibroblastoma: comparison with aggressive angiomyxoma and other myxoid neoplasms of skin and soft tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 1997;107:36–44.Google Scholar
Vasquez, MD, Ro, JY, Park, YW, et al. Angiomyofibroblastoma: a clinicopathologic study of eight cases and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol 1999;7:161–169.Google Scholar
Nielsen, GP, Young, RH, Dickersin, GR, Rosenberg, AE. Angiomyofibroblastoma of the vulva with sarcomatous transformation (“angiomyofibrosarcoma”). Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:1104–1108.Google Scholar
Bigotti, G, Coli, A, Gasbarri, A, et al. Angiomyofibroblastoma and aggressive angiomyxoma: two benign mesenchymal neoplasms of the female genital tract. An immunohistochemical study. Pathol Res Pract 1999;195:39–44.Google Scholar
Magro, G, Righi, A, Caltabiano, R, Casorzo, L, Michal, M. Vulvovaginal angiomyofibroblastomas: morphologic, immunohistochemical, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for deletion of 13q14 region. Hum Pathol 2014;45:1647–1655.Google Scholar
Nucci, MR, Granter, SR, Fletcher, CDM. Cellular angiofibroma: a benign neoplasm distinct from angiomyofibroblastoma and spindle cell lipoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:636–644.Google Scholar
Laskin, WB, Fetsch, JF, Mostofi, FK. Angiomyofibroblastoma-like tumor of the male genital tract: analysis of 11 cases with comparison to female angiomyofibroblastoma and spindle cell lipoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:6–16.Google Scholar
Iwasa, Y, Fletcher, CD. Cellular angiofibroma: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 51 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:1426–1435.Google Scholar
McCluggage, WG, Ganesan, R, Hirschowitz, L, Rollason, TP. Cellular angiofibroma and related fibromatous lesions of the vulva: report of a series of cases with a morphological spectrum wider than previously described. Histopathology 2004;45:360–368.Google Scholar
Chen, E, Fletcher, CD. Cellular angiofibroma with atypia or sarcomatous transformation: clinicopathologic analysis of 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34(5):707–714.Google Scholar
Maggiani, F, Debiec-Rychter, M, Vanbockrijck, M, Sciot, R. Cellular angiofibroma: another mesenchymal tumor with 13q14 involvement, suggesting a link with spindle cell lipoma and (extra)mammary myofibroblastoma. Histopathology 2007;51:410–412.Google Scholar
Hameed, M, Clarke, K, Amer, HZ, Mahmet, K, Aisner, S. Cellular angiofibroma is genetically similar to spindle cell lipoma: a case report. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2007;177:131–134.Google Scholar
Flucke, U, van Krieken, JH, Mentzel, T. Cellular angiofibroma: analysis of 25 cases emphasizing its relationship to spindle cell lipoma and mammary-type myofibroblastoma. Mod Pathol 2011;24:82–89.Google Scholar
Steeper, TA, Rosai, J. Aggressive angiomyxoma of the female pelvis and perineum: report of nine cases of a distinctive type of gynecologic soft-tissue neoplasm. Am J Surg Pathol 1983;7:463–475.Google Scholar
Begin, LR, Clement, PB, Kirk, ME, et al. Aggressive angiomyxoma of pelvic soft parts: a clinicopathologic study of nine cases. Hum Pathol 1985;16:621–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fetsch, JF, Laskin, WB, Lefkowitz, M, Kindblom, LG, Meis-Kindblom, JM. Aggressive angiomyxoma: a clinicopathologic study of 29 female patients. Cancer 1996;78:79–90.Google Scholar
Granter, SR, Nucci, MR, Fletcher, CDM. Aggressive angiomyxoma: reappraisal of its relationship to angiomyofibroblastoma in a series of 16 cases. Histopathology 1997;30:3–10.Google Scholar
Magtibay, PM, Salmon, Z, Keeney, GL, Podratz, KC. Aggressive angiomyxoma of the female pelvis and perineum: a case series. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:396–401.Google Scholar
Fine, BA, Munoz, AK, Litz, CE, Gershenson, DM. Primary medical management of recurrent aggressive angiomyxoma with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Gynecol Oncol 2001;81:120–122.Google Scholar
van Roggen, JF, van Unnik, JA, Briare-de Bruijn, IH, Hogndoorn, PC. Aggressive angiomyxoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 11 cases with long-term follow-up. Virchows Arch 2005;446:157–163.Google Scholar
McCluggage, WG, Jamieson, T, Dobbs, SP, Grey, A. Aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva: dramatic response to gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist therapy. Gynecol Oncol 2006;100:623–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han-Geurts, IJ, van Geel, AN, van Dorn, L, et al. Aggressive angiomyxoma: multimodality treatments can avoid mutilating surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006;32:1217–1221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsang, WYW, Chan, JKC, Lee, KC, Fisher, C, Fletcher, CDM. Aggressive angiomyxoma: a report of four cases occurring in men. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:1059–1065.Google Scholar
Clatch, RJ, Drake, WK, Conzalez, JG. Aggressive angiomyxoma in men: a report of two cases associated with inguinal hernias. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1993;117:911–913.Google Scholar
Iezzoni, JC, Fechner, RE, Wong, LS, Rosai, J. Aggressive angiomyxoma in males: a report of four cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1995;104:391–396.Google Scholar
Skalova, A, Michal, M, Husek, K, Zamecnik, M, Leivo, I. Aggressive angiomyxoma of the pelvicoperineal region: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of seven cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1993;15:446–451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, MA, Ballestin, C, Carabias, E, Gonzalez, LC. Aggressive angiomyxoma: an ultrastructural study of four cases. Ultrastruct Pathol 2003;27:227–233.Google Scholar
Vang, R, Connelly, JH, Hammill, HA, Shannon, RL. Vulvar hypertrophy with lymphedema: a mimicker of aggressive angiomyxoma. Arch Lab Pathol Med 2000;124:1697–1699.Google Scholar
Kazmierczak, B, Wanschura, S, Meyer-Bolte, K, et al. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of an aggressive angiomyxoma. Am J Pathol 1995;147:580–585.Google Scholar
Nucci, MR, Weremowicz, S, Neskey, DM, et al. Chromosomal translocation t(8;12) induces aberrant HMGIC expression in aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001;32:172–176.Google Scholar
Hess, JL. Chromosomal translocations in benign tumors: the HMGI proteins. Am J Clin Pathol 1998;109:251–261.Google Scholar
Micci, F, Panagopoulos, I, Bjerkehagen, B, Heim, S. Deregulation of HMGA2 in an aggressive angiomyxoma with t(11;12)(q23;q15). Virchows Arch 2006;448:838–842.Google Scholar
Rawlinson, NJ, West, WW, Nelson, M, Bridge, JA. Aggressive angiomyxoma with t(12;21) and HMGA2 rearrangement: report of a case and review of the literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2008;181:119–124.Google Scholar
Medeiros, F, Ericson-Johnson, MR, Keeney, GL, et al. Frequency and characterization of HMGA2 and HMGA1 rearrangements in mesenchymal tumors of the lower genital tract. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007;46:981–990.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsuji, T, Yoshinaga, M, Inomoto, Y, Taguchi, S, Douchi, T. Aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva with a sole t(5;8)(p15;q22) chromosome change. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2007;26:494–496.Google Scholar
McCluggage, WG, Connolly, L, McBride, HA. HMGA2 is a sensitive but not specific immunohistochemical marker of vulvovaginal aggressive angiomyxoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:1037–1042.Google Scholar
Norris, HJ, Taylor, HB. Mesenchymal tumors of the uterus: I. A clinical and pathological study of 53 endometrial stromal tumors. Cancer 1966;19:755–766.Google Scholar
Evans, HL. Endometrial stromal sarcoma and poorly differentiated endometrial sarcoma. Cancer 1982;50:2170–2182.Google Scholar
Chang, KL, Crabtree, GS, Lim-Tan, SK, Kempson, RL, Hendrickson, MR. Primary uterine stromal neoplasms: a study of 117 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:415–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tabata, T, Takeshima, N, Hirai, Y, Hasumi, K. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with cardiovascular involvement: a report of three cases. Gynecol Oncol 1999;75:495–498.Google Scholar
Chang, KL, Crabtree, GS, Lim-Tan, SK, Kempson, RL, Hendrickson, MR. Primary extrauterine endometrial stromal neoplasms: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases and a review of the literature. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1993;12:282–296.Google Scholar
Fukunaga, M, Ishihara, A, Ushigome, S. Extrauterine low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: report of three cases. Pathol Int 1998;48:297–302.Google Scholar
Masand, RP, Euscher, ED, Deavers, MT, Malpica, A. Endometrioid stromal sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 63 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;37:1635–1647.Google Scholar
Abrams, J, Talcott, J, Corson, JM. Pulmonary metastases in patients with low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: clinicopathologic findings with immunohistochemical characterization. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:133–140.Google Scholar
Sciallis, AP, Bedroske, PP, Schoolmeester, JK, et al. High-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas: a clinicopathologic study of a group of tumors with heterogenous morphologic and genetic features. Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:1161–1172.Google Scholar
Navarro, D, Cabrera, JJ, Leon, L, et al. Endometrial stromal sarcoma expression of estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and estrogen-induced srp27 (24K) suggests hormone responsiveness. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992;41:589–596.Google Scholar
Farhood, AI, Abrams, J. Immunohistochemistry of endometrial stromal sarcoma. Hum Pathol 1991;22:224–230.Google Scholar
Chu, PG, Arber, DA, Weiss, LM, Chang, KL. Utility of CD10 in distinguishing between endometrial stromal sarcoma and uterine smooth muscle tumors: an immunohistochemical comparison of 34 cases. Mod Pathol 2001;14:465–471.Google Scholar
Rush, DS, Tan, J, Baergen, RN, Soslow, RA. h-Caldesmon, a novel smooth muscle-specific antibody, distinguishes between cellular leiomyoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:253–258.Google Scholar
Nucci, MR, O’Connell, JT, Huettner, PC, et al. h-Caldesmon expression effectively distinguishes endometrial stromal tumors from uterine smooth muscle tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:455–463.Google Scholar
Koontz, JI, Soreng, AL, Nucci, M, et al. Frequent fusion of the JAZF1 and JJAZ1 genes in endometrial stromal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:6348–6353.Google Scholar
Micci, F, Walter, CU, Texeira, MR, et al. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses of endometrial stromal sarcoma: nonrandom involvement of chromosome arms 6p and 7p and confirmation of JAZF1/JJAZ1 gene fusion in t(7;17). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2003;144:119–124.Google Scholar
Micci, F, Panagopoulos, I, Bjerkehagen, B, Heim, S. Consistent rearrangement of chromosomal band 6p21 with generation of fusion genes JAZF1/PHF1 and EPC1/PHF1 in endometrial stromal sarcoma. Cancer Res 2006;66:107–112.Google Scholar
Panagopoulos, I, Micci, F, Thorsen, J, et al. Novel fusion of MYST/Esa1-associated factor 6 and PHF1 in endometrial stromal sarcoma. PLoS One 2012;7:e39354.Google Scholar
Panagopoulos, I, Thorsen, J, Gorunova, L, et al. Fusion of the ZC3H7B and BCOR genes in endometrial stromal sarcomas carrying an X;22-translocation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013;52:610–618.Google Scholar
Dewaele, B, Przybyl, J, Quattrone, A, et al. Identification of a novel, recurrent MBTD1-CXorf67 fusion in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Int J Cancer 2014;134:1112–1122.Google Scholar
Lee, CH, Ou, WB, Mariño-Enriquez, A, et al. 14-3-3 fusion oncogenes in high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:929–934.Google Scholar
Silverberg, SG. Mixed müllerian tumors. Curr Top Pathol 1992;85:35–56.Google Scholar
Kempson, RL, Hendrickson, MR. Smooth muscle, endometrial stromal, and mixed Müllerian tumors of the uterus. Mod Pathol 2000;13:328–342.Google Scholar
Silverberg, SG, Major, FJ, Blessing, JA, et al. Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mesodermal tumor) of the uterus: a gynecologic oncology group pathologic study of 203 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1990;9:1–19.Google Scholar
Colombi, RP. Sarcomatoid carcinomas of the female genital tract (malignant mixed müllerian tumors). Semin Diagn Pathol 1993;10:169–175.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, P, Hardt-Madsen, M, Rex, S, Holund, B, Bertelsen, K. Malignant mixed müllerian tumors of the ovary: report of 13 cases. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991;70:79–83.Google Scholar
Garamvoelgyi, E, Guillou, L, Gebhard, S, et al. Primary malignant mixed Müllerian tumor (metaplastic carcinoma) of the female peritoneum: a clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical study of three cases and review of the literature. Cancer 1994;74:854–863.Google Scholar
Rose, PG, Rodriguez, M, Abdul-Karim, FW. Malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the female peritoneum: treatment and outcome of three cases. Gynecol Oncol 1997;65:523–525.Google Scholar
Inthasorn, P, Carter, J, Valmadre, S, et al. Analysis of clinicopathologic factors in malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of uterine corpus. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002;12:348–353.Google Scholar
Costa, MJ, Khan, R, Judd, R. Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed müllerian [mesodermal] tumor) of the uterus and ovary: correlation of clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical features in 29 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991;115:583–590.Google Scholar
Meis, JM, Lawrence, WD. The immunohistochemical profile of malignant mixed müllerian tumor: overlap with endometrial adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1990;94:1–7.Google Scholar
George, E, Manivel, JC, Dehner, LP, Wick, MR. Malignant mixed müllerian tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 47 cases, with histogenetic considerations and clinical correlation. Hum Pathol 1991;22:215–223.Google Scholar
Mirantes, C, Espinosa, I, Ferrer, I. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem cells in endometrial cancer. Hum Pathol 2013;44:1973–1981.Google Scholar
Streekantaiah, C, Rao, UN, Sandberg, AA. Complex karyotypic aberrations, including i(12p), in malignant mixed müllerian tumor of uterus. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1992;60:78–81.Google Scholar
Streekantaiah, C, Kwark, E, Chuang, LT, Ladanyi, M. Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the uterus with a t(8;22)(q24.1;q12). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999;115:73–76.Google Scholar
Kounelis, S, Jones, MW, Papadaki, H, et al. Carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed müllerian tumors) of the female genital tract: comparative molecular analysis of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Hum Pathol 1998;29:82–87.Google Scholar
Abeln, EC, Smit, VT, Wessels, JW, et al. Molecular genetic evidence for the conversion hypothesis of the origin of malignant mixed müllerian tumours. J Pathol 1997;183:424–431.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eimoto, M, Iwasaki, H, Kikuchi, M, Shirakawa, K. Characteristics of cloned cells of mixed müllerian tumor of the human uterus: carcinoma cells showing myogenic differentiation in vitro. Cancer 1993;71:3065–3075.Google Scholar
Ayhan, A, Tuncer, ZS, Tuncer, R, et al. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: a clinicopathological evaluation of 60 cases. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1994;15:320–324.Google Scholar
Miller, BE, Barron, BA, Wan, JY, et al. Prognostic factors in adult granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Cancer 1997;79:1951–1955.Google Scholar
Cronje, HS, Niemand, I, Bam, RH, Woodruff, JD. Review of the granulosa-theca cell tumors from the Emil Novak ovarian tumor registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:323–327.Google Scholar
Robinson, JB, Im, DD, Logan, L, McGuire, WP, Rosenshein, NB. Extraovarian granulosa cell tumor. Gynecol Oncol 1999;74:123–127.Google Scholar
Stuart, GC, Dawson, LM. Update on granulos cell tumours of the ovary. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2003;15:33–37.Google Scholar
Sehouli, J, Drescher, FS, Mustea, A, et al. Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: 10 years follow-up data of 65 patients. Anticancer Res 2004;24:1223–1229.Google Scholar
Susil, BJ, Sumithran, E. Sarcomatous change in granulosa cell tumor. Hum Pathol 1987;18:397–399.Google Scholar
Flemming, P, Wellmann, A, Maschek, H, Lang, H, Georgii, A. Monoclonal antibodies against inhibin represent key markers of adult granulosa cell tumors of the ovary even in their metastases: a report of three cases with late metastases, being previously interpreted as hemangiopericytoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:927–933.Google Scholar
Rishi, M, Howard, LN, Bratthauer, GL, Tavassoli, FA. Use of monoclonal antibody against human inhibin as a marker for sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:583–589.Google Scholar
McCluggage, WG, Maxwell, P, Sloan, JM. Immunohistochemical staining of ovarian granulosa cell tumors with monoclonal antibody against inhibin. Hum Pathol 1997;28:1034–1038.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, RH, Rouse, RV, Longacre, TA. Value of inhibin in the identification of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary. Hum Pathol 1997;28:1387–1395.Google Scholar
Otis, CN, Powell, JL, Barbuto, D, Carcangiu, ML. Intermediate filamentous proteins in adult granulosa cell tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 25 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1992;16:962–968.Google Scholar
Costa, MJ, DeRose, PB, Roth, LM, et al. Immunohistochemical phenotype of ovarian granulosa cell tumors: absence of epithelial membrane antigen has diagnostic value. Hum Pathol 1994;25:60–66.Google Scholar
Movahedi-Lankarani, S, Kurman, RJ. Calretinin, a more sensitive but less specific marker than alpha-inhibin for ovarian sex-cord stromal neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study of 215 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1477–1483.Google Scholar
Fletcher, JA, Gibas, Z, Donovan, K, et al. Ovarian granulosa-stromal cell tumors are characterized by trisomy 12. Am J Pathol 1991;138:515–520.Google Scholar
Gorski, GK, McMorrow, LE, Blumstein, L, Faasse, D, Donaldson, MH. Trisomy 14 in two cases of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1992;60:202–205.Google Scholar
Lindgren, V, Waggoner, S, Rotmensch, J. Monosomy 22 in two ovarian granulosa cell tumors. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1996;89:93–97.Google Scholar
Van Den Berghe, I, Dal Cin, P, De Groef, K, Michielssen, P, Van Der Berghe, H. Monosomy 22 and trisomy 14 may be early events in the tumorigenesis of adult granulosa cell tumor. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1999;112:46–48.Google Scholar
Shah, SP, Köbel, M, Senz, J, et al. Mutation of FOXL2 in granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2719–2729.Google Scholar
Al-Agha, OM, Huwait, HF, Chow, C, et al. FOXL2 is a sensitive and specific marker for sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:484–494.Google Scholar
Clement, PB. Pathology of endometriosis. Pathol Annu 1990;25(Part 1):245–295.Google Scholar
Clement, PB. The pathology of endometriosis: a survey of the many faces of a common disease emphasizing diagnostic pitfalls and unusual newly appreciated aspects. Adv Anat Pathol 2007;14:241–260.Google Scholar
Singh, KK, Lessells, AM, Adam, DJ, et al. Presentation of endometriosis to general surgeons: a 10-year experience. Br J Surg 1995;82:1349–1351.Google Scholar
Blanco, RG, Periphivel, VS, Shah, AK, et al. Abdominal wall endometriomas. Am J Surg 2003;185:596–598.Google Scholar
Zhao, X, Lang, J, Leng, J, et al. Abdominal wall endometriosis. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2005;90:218–222.Google Scholar
Horton, JD, DeZee, KJ, Ahnfeldt, EP, Wagner, M. Abdominal wall endometriosis: a surgeon’s perspective and review of 445 cases. Am J Surg 2008;196:207–212.Google Scholar
Brooks, JJ, Wheeler, JE. Malignancy arising in extragonadal endometriosis: a case report and summary of the world literature. Cancer 1977;40:3065–3073.Google Scholar
Stern, RC, Dash, R, Bentley, RC, et al. Malignancy in endometriosis: frequency and comparison of ovarian and extraovarian types. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2001;20:133–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leng, J, Lang, J, Guo, L, Li, H, Liu, Z. Carcinosarcoma arising from atypical endometriosis in a cesarean section. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006;16:432–435.Google Scholar
Shalin, SC, Haws, AL, Carter, DG, Zarrin-Khameh, N. Clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from endometriosis in abdominal wall cesarean section scar: a case report and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2012;39:1035–1041.Google Scholar
Begin, LR. Florid soft tissue decidual reaction: a potential mimic of neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21;348–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seidman, JD. Prognostic importance of hyperplasia and atypia in endometriosis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1996;15:1–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×