Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T14:57:04.968Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 27 - Primary soft tissue tumors with epithelial differentiation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 October 2016

Markku Miettinen
Affiliation:
National Cancer Institute, Maryland
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Modern Soft Tissue Pathology
Tumors and Non-Neoplastic Conditions
, pp. 744 - 776
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Fisher, C. Synovial sarcoma. Ann Diagn Pathol 1998;2:401421.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Virtanen, I. Synovial sarcoma: a misnomer. Am J Pathol 1984;117:1825.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, D, Thum, P, Harms, D, Treuner, J. Synovial sarcoma in children and adolescents: a report from the Kiel Pediatric Tumor Registry. Cancer 1991;67:16671672.Google Scholar
Pappo, AS, Fontanesi, J, Luo, X, et al. Synovial sarcoma in children and adolescents: The St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital experience. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:23602366.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fetsch, JF, Meis, JM. Synovial sarcoma of the abdominal wall. Cancer 1993;72:469477.Google Scholar
Roth, JA, Enzinger, FM, Tannenbaum, M. Synovial sarcoma of the neck: a follow-up study of 24 cases. Cancer 1975;35:12431253.3.0.CO;2-A>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dei Tos, AP, Dal Cin, P, Sciot, R, et al. Synovial sarcoma of the larynx and hypopharynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1998;107:10801085.Google Scholar
Shmookler, BM, Enzinger, FM, Brannon, RB. Orofacial synovial sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 11 new cases and review of the literature. Cancer 1982;50:269276.Google Scholar
Al-Daraji, W, Lasota, J, Foss, R, Miettinen, M. Synovial sarcoma involving the head: analysis of 36 cases with predilection to the parotid and temporal regions. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:14941503.Google Scholar
Shmookler, BM. Retroperitoneal synovial sarcoma: a report of four cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1982;77:686691.Google Scholar
Witkin, G, Miettinen, M, Rosai, J. A biphasic tumor of the mediastinum with features of synovial sarcoma: a report of four cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:490499.Google Scholar
Begueret, H, Galateau-Salle, F, Guillou, L, et al. Primary intrathoracic synovial sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 46 t(X;18)-positive cases from the French Sarcoma Group and the Mesopath Group. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29:339346.Google Scholar
Hartel, PH, Fanburg-Smith, JC, Frazier, AA, et al. Primary pulmonary and mediastinal synovial sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 60 cases and comparison with five prior series. Mod Pathol 2007;20:760769.Google Scholar
Singer, S, Baldini, EH, Demetri, GC, Fletcher, JA, Corson, JM. Synovial sarcoma: prognostic significance of tumor size, margin of resection, and mitotic activity for survival. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:12011208.Google Scholar
Bergh, P, Meis-Kindblom, JM, Gherlinzoni, F, et al. Synovial sarcoma: identification of low- and high-risk groups. Cancer 1999;85:25962607.Google Scholar
Machen, SK, Fisher, C, Gautam, RS, Tubbs, RR, Goldblum, JR. Synovial sarcoma of the extremities: a clinicopathologic study of 34 cases, including semi-quantitative analysis of spindled, epithelial, and poorly differentiated areas. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:268275.Google Scholar
Lewis, JJ, Antonescu, CR, Leung, DH, et al. Synovial sarcoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 112 patients with primary localized tumors of the extremity. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:20872094.Google Scholar
Spillane, AJ, A’Hern, R, Judson, IR, Fisher, C, Thomas, JM. Synovial sarcoma: a clinicopathologic, staging, and prognostic assessment. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:37943800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trassard, M, LeDoussal, V, Hacene, K, et al. Prognostic factors in localized primary synovial sarcoma: a multicenter study of 128 adult patients. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:525534.Google Scholar
Krieg, AH, Hefti, F, Speth, BM, et al. Synovial sarcomas usually metastasize after >5 years: a multicenter retrospective analysis with minimum follow-up of 10 years for survivors. Ann Oncol 2011;22:458467.Google Scholar
Zeren, H, Moran, CA, Suster, S, Fishback, NF, Koss, MN. Primary pulmonary sarcomas with features of monophasic synovial sarcoma: a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of 25 cases. Hum Pathol 1995;26:474480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, MA, Goodman, MD, Satish, J, Bhagavan, BS, Travis, WD. Primary pulmonary sarcoma with morphologic features of monophasic synovial sarcoma and chromosome translocation t(X;18). Am J Clin Pathol 1996;105:195199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hisaoka, M, Hashimoto, H, Iwamasa, T, Ishikawa, K, Aoki, T. Primary synovial sarcoma of the lung: report of two cases confirmed by molecular detection of SYT-SSX fusion gene transcript. Histopathology 1999;34:205210.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Santavirta, S, Slatis, P. Intravascular synovial sarcoma. Hum Pathol 1987;18:10751077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robertson, NJ, Halawa, MH, Smith, ME. Intravascular synovial sarcoma. J Clin Pathol 1998;51:172173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karn, CM, Socinski, MA, Fletcher, JA, Corson, JM, Craighead, JE. Cardiac synovial sarcoma with translocation (X;18) associated with asbestosis exposure. Cancer 1994;73:7478.Google Scholar
Zhang, PJ, Brooks, JS, Goldblum, JR, et al. Primary cardiac sarcomas: a clinicopathologic analysis of a series with follow-up information in 17 patients and emphasis on long-term survival. Hum Pathol 2008;39:13851395.Google Scholar
Billings, SD, Meisner, FL, Cummings, OW, Tejada, E. Synovial sarcoma of the upper digestive tract: a report of two cases with demonstration of the X;18 translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Mod Pathol 2000;13:6876.Google Scholar
Makhlouf, HR, Ahrens, W, Agarwal, B, et al. Synovial sarcoma of the stomach: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:275281.Google Scholar
Schreiber-Facklam, H, Bode-Lesniewska, B, Frigerio, S, Flury, R. Primary monophasic synovial sarcoma of the duodenum with SYT/SSX2 types of translocation. Hum Pathol 2007;38:946949.Google Scholar
Argani, P, Faria, PA, Epstein, JI, et al. Primary renal synovial sarcoma: molecular and morphologic delineation of an entity previously included among embryonal sarcomas of the kidney. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:10871096.Google Scholar
Iwasaki, H, Ishiguro, M, Ohjimi, Y, et al. Synovial sarcoma of the prostate with t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2). Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:220226.Google Scholar
Fritsch, M, Epstein, JI, Perlman, EJ, Watts, JC, Argani, P. Molecularly confirmed primary prostatic synovial sarcoma. Hum Pathol 2000;31:246250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Secondary Sources

Mirra, JM, Wang, S, Bhuta, S. Synovial sarcoma with squamous differentiation of its mesenchymal glandular elements: a case report with light-microscopic, ultramicroscopic, and immunologic correlation. Am J Surg Pathol 1984;8:791796.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, DH. Monophasic synovial sarcoma: a histologic entity? Histopathology 1977;1:151157.Google Scholar
Evans, HL. Synovial sarcoma: a study of 23 biphasic and 17 probable monophasic examples. Pathol Annu 1980;15:309313.Google Scholar
Krall, RA, Kostianovsky, M, Patchefsky, AS. Synovial sarcoma: a clinical, pathological and ultrastructural study of 26 cases supporting the recognition of a monophasic variant. Am J Surg Pathol 1981;5:137151.Google Scholar
Varela-Duran, J, Enzinger, FM. Calcifying synovial sarcoma. Cancer 1982;50:345352.Google Scholar
Milchgrub, S, Ghandur-Mnaymneh, L, Dorfman, HD, Albores-Saavedra, J. Synovial sarcoma with extensive osteoid and bone formation. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:357363.Google Scholar
van de Rijn, M, Barr, FG, Xiong, QB, et al. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma: an analysis of clinical, pathologic, and molecular genetic features. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:106112.Google Scholar
Vergara-Lluri, ME, Stohr, BA, Puligandla, B, Brenholz, P, Horvai, AE. A novel sarcoma with dual differentiation: clinicopathologic and molecular characterization of a combined synovial sarcoma and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:10931098.Google Scholar
Oda, Y, Hashimoto, H, Tsuneyoshi, M, Takeshita, S. Survival in synovial sarcoma: a multivariate study of prognostic factors with special emphasis on the comparison between early death and long-term survival. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:3544.Google Scholar
Kawai, A, Woodruff, J, Healey, JH, et al. SYT-SSX gene fusion as a determinant of morphology and prognosis in synovial sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1998;338:153160.Google Scholar
Ladanyi, M, Antonescu, CR, Leung, DH, et al. Impact of SYT-SSX fusion type on the clinical behavior of synovial sarcoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study of 243 patients. Cancer Res 2002;62:135140.Google Scholar
Ordonez, NG, Mahfouz, SM, Mackay, B. Synovial sarcoma: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Hum Pathol 1990;21:733749.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M. Keratin subsets in spindle cell sarcomas: keratins are widespread but synovial sarcoma contains a distinctive keratin polypeptide pattern and desmoplakins. Am J Pathol 1991;138:505513.Google Scholar
Lopes, JM, Bjerkehagen, B, Holm, R, et al. Immunohistochemical profile of synovial sarcoma with emphasis on the epithelial-type differentiation: a study of 49 primary tumors, recurrences and metastases. Pathol Res Pract 1994;190:168177.Google Scholar
Folpe, AL, Gown, AM. Poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma: immunohistochemical distinction from primitive neuroectodermal tumors and high-grade malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:673682.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Limon, J, Niezabitowski, A, Lasota, J. Patterns in keratin polypeptides in 110 biphasic, monophasic and poorly differentiated synovial sarcomas. Virchows Arch 2000;438:275283.Google Scholar
Sato, H, Hasegawa, T, Abe, Y, Sakai, H, Hirohashi, S. Expression of E-cadherin in bone and soft tissue sarcomas: a possible role in epithelial differentiation. Hum Pathol 1999;30:13441349.Google Scholar
Laskin, WB, Miettinen, M. Epithelial-type and neural-type cadherin expression in malignant noncarcinomatous neoplasms with epithelioid features that involve the soft tissues. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002;126:425431.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Limon, J, Niezabitowski, A, Lasota, J. Calretinin expression in synovial sarcoma: analysis of similarities and differences from malignant mesothelioma. Am J Surg Pathol 2001;25:610617.Google Scholar
Terry, J, Saito, T, Subramanian, S, et al. TLE1 as a diagnostic immunohistochemical marker for synovial sarcoma emerging from gene expression profiling studies. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:240246.Google Scholar
Guillou, L, Wadden, C, Kraus, MD, Dei Tos, AP, Fletcher, CDM. S-100 protein reactivity in synovial sarcomas: a potentially frequent diagnostic pitfall: immunohistochemical analysis of 100 cases. Appl Immunohistochem 1996;4:167175.Google Scholar
Stevenson, AJ, Chatten, J, Bertoni, F, Miettinen, M. CD99 (p30/32 -MIC2) neuroectodermal/Ewing sarcoma antigen as an immunohistochemical marker: review of more than 600 tumors and the literature experience. Appl Immunohistochem 1994;2:231240.Google Scholar
Suster, S, Fisher, C, Moran, CA. Expression of bcl2 oncoprotein in benign and malignant spindle cell tumors of soft tissue, skin, serosal surfaces, and gastrointestinal tract. Am J Surg Pathol 1998;22:863872.Google Scholar
Lai, JP, Robbins, PF, Raffeld, M, et al. NY-ESO-1 expression in synovial sarcoma and other mesenchymal tumors: significance for NY-ESO-1-based targeted therapy and differential diagnosis. Mod Pathol 2012;25:854858.Google Scholar
Mularz, K, Harazin-Lechowska, A, Ambicka, A, et al. Specificity and sensitivity of INI-1 labeling in epithelioid sarcoma. Loss of INI1 expression as a frequent immunohistochemical event in synovial sarcoma. Pol J Pathol 2012;63:179183.Google Scholar
Arnold, MA, Arnold, CA, Li, G, et al. A unique pattern of INI1 immunohistochemistry distinguishes synovial sarcoma from its histologic mimics. Hum Pathol 2013;44:881887.Google Scholar
Limon, J, Mrozek, K, Mandahl, N, et al. Cytogenetics of synovial sarcoma: presentation of ten new cases and review of the literature. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1991;3:338345.Google Scholar
Dal Cin, P, Rao, U, Jani-Sait, S, Karakousis, C, Sandberg, AA. Chromosomes in the diagnosis of soft tissue tumors: I. Synovial sarcoma. Mod Pathol 1992;5:5762.Google Scholar
Clark, J, Rocques, PJ, Crew, AJ, et al. Identification of novel genes, SYT and SSX, involved in the t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) translocation found in human synovial sarcoma. Nat Genet 1994;7:502508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Leeuw, B, Balemans, M, Olde Weghuis, D, Geurts van Kessel, A. Identification of two alternative fusion genes, SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2, in t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2)-positive synovial sarcomas. Hum Mol Genet 1995;4:10971099.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crew, J, Clark, J, Fisher, C, et al. Fusion of SYT to two genes, SSX1 and SSX2, encoding proteins with homology to the Kruppel-associated box in human synovial sarcoma. EMBO J 1995;14: 23332340.Google Scholar
Renwick, PJ, Reeves, BR, Dal Cin, P, et al. Two categories of synovial sarcoma defined by divergent chromosome translocation breakpoints in Xp11.2, with implications for the histologic sub-classification of synovial sarcoma. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1995;70:5863.Google Scholar
dos Santos, NR, de Bruijn, DRH, van Kessel, AG. Molecular mechanisms underlying human synovial sarcoma development. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001;30:114.Google Scholar
Skytting, B, Nilsson, G, Brodin, B, et al. A novel fusion gene, SYT-SSX4, in synovial sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:974975.Google Scholar
Gure, AO, Türeci, Ö, Sahin, U, et al. SSX: a multigene family with several members transcribed in normal testis and human cancer. Int J Cancer 1997;72:965971.Google Scholar
de Leeuw, B, Suijkerbujik, RF, Olde Weghuis, D, et al. Distinct Xp11.2 breakpoint regions in synovial sarcoma revealed by metaphase and interphase FISH: relationship to histologic subtypes. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1994;73:8994.Google Scholar
Poteat, HT, Corson, JM, Fletcher, JA. Detection of chromosome 18 rearrangement in synovial sarcoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1995;84:7681.Google Scholar
Nagao, K, Ito, H, Yoshida, H. Chromosomal translocation t(X;18) in human synovial sarcomas analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using paraffin-embedded tissue. Am J Pathol 1996;148:601609.Google Scholar
Shipley, J, Crew, J, Birdsall, S, et al. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic aid for synovial sarcoma. Am J Pathol 1996;148:559567.Google Scholar
Zilmer, M. Use of nonbreakpoint DNA probes to detect the t(X;18) in interphase cells from synovial sarcoma: implications for detection of diagnostic tumor translocations. Am J Pathol 1998;152:11711177.Google Scholar
Birdsall, S, Osin, P, Ly, YJ, Fisher, C, Shipley, J. Synovial sarcoma specific translocation associated with both epithelial and spindle cell components. Int J Cancer 1999;82:605608.Google Scholar
Lu, YJ, Birdsall, S, Summersgill, B, et al. Dual colour fluorescence in situ hybridization to paraffin-embedded samples to deduce the presence of the der(x)t(x;18)(p11.2;q11.2) and involvement of either the SSX1 or SSX2 gene: a diagnostic and prognostic aid for synovial sarcoma. J Pathol 1999;187:490496.Google Scholar
Fligman, I, Leonardo, F, Jhanwar, SC, et al. Molecular diagnosis of synovial sarcoma and characterization of a variant SYT-SSX2 fusion transcript. Am J Pathol 1995;147:15921599.Google Scholar
Argani, P, Zakowski, MF, Klimstra, DS, Rosai, J, Ladanyi, M. Detection of the SYT-SSX chimeric RNA of synovial sarcoma in paraffin-embedded tissue and its application in problematic cases. Mod Pathol 1997;11:6571.Google Scholar
Lasota, J, Jasinski, M, Debiec-Rychter, M, Limon, J, Miettinen, M. Detection of the SYT-SSX fusion transcripts in formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue: a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification assay useful in the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma. Mod Pathol 1998;11:626633.Google Scholar
Tsuji, S, Hashimoto, H. Detection of SYT-SSX fusion transcripts in synovial sarcoma by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using archival paraffin-embedded tissues. Am J Pathol 1998;153:18071812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nilsson, G, Skytting, B, Xie, Y, et al. The SYT-SSX1 variant of synovial sarcoma is associated with a high rate of tumor cell proliferation and poor clinical outcome. Cancer Res 1999;59:31803184.Google Scholar
van de Rijn, M, Barr, FG, Collins, MH, Xiong, QB, Fisher, C. Absence of SYT-SSX fusion products in soft tissue tumors other than synovial sarcoma. Am J Clin Pathol 1999;112:4349.Google Scholar
Ladanyi, M, Woodruff, JM, Scheithauer, BW, et al. Letter to editor. Re: O’Sullivan MJ, Kyriakos M, Zhu X, Wick MR, Swanson PE, Dehner LP, Humphrey PA, Pfeifer JD: Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with t(X;18): a pathologic and molecular genetic study. Mod Pathol 2000;13:1336–46. Mod Pathol 2001;14:733–737.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, MJ, Kyriakos, M, Zhu, X, et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with t(X;18): a pathologic and molecular genetic study. Mod Pathol 2000;13:13361346.Google Scholar
Mandahl, N, Limon, J, Mertens, F, et al. Nonrandom secondary chromosome aberrations in synovial sarcomas with t(X;18). Int J Oncol 1995;7:495499.Google Scholar
Szymanska, J, Serra, M, Skytting, B, et al. Genetic imbalances in 67 synovial sarcomas evaluated by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1998;23:213219.Google Scholar
Enzinger, FM. Epithelioid sarcoma: a sarcoma simulating a granuloma or a carcinoma. Cancer 1970;26:10291041.Google Scholar
Guillou, L, Wadden, C, Coindre, J-M, Krausz, T, Fletcher, CDM. “Proximal-type” epithelioid sarcoma, a distinctive aggressive neoplasm showing rhabdoid features: clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of a series. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:130146.Google Scholar
Prat, J, Woodruff, JM, Marcove, RC. Epithelioid sarcoma: an analysis of 22 cases indicating the prognostic significance of vascular invasion and regional lymph node metastasis. Cancer 1978;41:14721487.Google Scholar
Chase, DR, Enzinger, FM. Epithelioid sarcoma: diagnosis, prognostic indicators, and treatment. Am J Surg Pathol 1985;9:241263.Google Scholar
Steinberg, BD, Gelberman, RH, Mankin, HJ, Rosenberg, AE. Epithelioid sarcoma in the upper extremity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992;74:2835.Google Scholar
Evans, HL, Baer, SC. Epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic and prognostic study of 26 cases. Semin Diagn Pathol 1993;10:286291.Google Scholar
Kodet, R, Smelhaus, V, Newton, WA, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma in childhood: an immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and clinicopathologic study of 11 cases under 15 years of age and review of the literature. Pediatr Pathol 1994;14:433451.Google Scholar
Halling, AC, Wollen, PC, Pritchard, DJ, Vlasak, R, Nascimento, AG. Epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic review of 55 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:636642.Google Scholar
Ross, HM, Lewis, JJ, Woodruff, JM, Brennan, MF. Epithelioid sarcoma: clinical behavior and prognostic factors of survival. Ann Surg Oncol 1997;4:491495.Google Scholar
Spillane, AJ, Thomas, JM, Fisher, C. Epithelioid sarcoma: the clinicopathological complexities of this rare soft tissue sarcoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:218225.Google Scholar
Callister, MD, Bello, MT, Pisters, PWT, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma: results of conservative surgery and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;51:384391.Google Scholar
Casanova, M, Ferrari, A, Collini, P, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma in children and adolescents: a report from the Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee. Cancer 2006;106:708717.Google Scholar
von Hochstetter, AR, Meyer, VE, Grant, JW, Honegger, HP, Schreiber, A. Epithelioid sarcoma mimicking angiosarcoma: the value of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1991;418:271278.Google Scholar
Mirra, JM, Kessler, S, Bhuta, S, Eckardt, J. The fibroma-like variant of epithelioid sarcoma: a fibrohistiocytic/myoid cell lesion often confused with benign and malignant spindle cell tumors. Cancer 1992;69:13821395.Google Scholar
Chase, DR, Weiss, SW, Enzinger, FM, Langloss, JM. Keratin in epithelioid sarcoma: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Surg Pathol 1984;8:435441.Google Scholar
Mukai, M, Torikata, C, Iri, H, et al. Cellular differentiation of epithelioid sarcoma: an electron microscopic, enzyme histochemical, and immunohistochemical study. Am J Pathol 1985;119:4456.Google ScholarPubMed
Daimaru, Y, Hashimoto, H, Tsuneoshi, M, Enjoji, M. Epithelial profile of epithelioid sarcoma: an immunohistochemical analysis of eight cases. Cancer 1987;59:131141.Google Scholar
Manivel, JC, Wick, MR, Dehner, LP, Sibley, RK. Epithelioid sarcoma: an immunohistochemical study. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;87:319326.Google Scholar
Meis, JM, Mackay, B, Ordonez, NG. Epithelioid sarcoma: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Surg Pathol 1988;1:1331.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Fanburg-Smith, JC, Virolainen, M, Shmookler, BM, Fetsch, JF. Epithelioid sarcomas: an immunohistochemical analysis of 112 classical and variant cases and a discussion of the differential diagnosis. Hum Pathol 1999;30:934942.Google Scholar
Laskin, WB, Miettinen, M. Epithelioid sarcoma: new insights based on extensive immunohistochemical analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003;127:11611168.Google Scholar
Gerharz, CD, Moll, R, Meister, P, Knuth, A, Gabbert, H. Cytoskeletal heterogeneity of an epithelioid sarcoma with expression of vimentin, cytokeratins, and neurofilaments. Am J Surg Pathol 1990;14:274283.Google Scholar
Hagström, J, Mesimäki, K, Apajalahti, S, et al. A rare case of oral epithelioid sarcoma of the gingiva. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2011;111 (4):e25e28.Google Scholar
Kosemehmetoglu, K, Kaygusuz, G, Bahrami, A, et al. Intra-articular epithelioid sarcoma showing mixed classic and proximal-type features: report of 2 cases, with immunohistochemical and molecular cytogenetic INI-1 study. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;14(6):891897.Google Scholar
Gerharz, CD, Moll, R, Ramp, U, Mellin, W, Gabbert, HE. Multidirectional differentiation in a newly established human epithelioid sarcoma cell line (GRU-1) with co-expression of vimentin, cytokeratin and neurofilament proteins. Int J Cancer 1990;45:143152.Google Scholar
Sirgi, KE, Wick, MR, Swanson, PE. B72.3 and CD34 immunoreactivity in malignant epithelioid soft tissue tumors: adjuncts in the recognition of endothelial neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 1993;17:179185.Google Scholar
Smith, MEF, Brown, JI, Fisher, C. Epithelioid sarcoma: presence of vascular-endothelial cadherin and lack of epithelial cadherin. Histopathology 1998;33:425431.Google Scholar
Hornick, JL, Dal Cin, P, Fletcher, CD. Loss of INI1 expression is characteristic of both conventional and proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:542550.Google Scholar
Hollmann, TJ, Hornick, JL. INI1-deficient tumors: diagnostic features and molecular genetics. Am J Surg Pathol 2011;35:e47e63.Google Scholar
Agaimy, A, Rau, TT, Hartmann, A, Stoehr, R. SMARCB1 (INI1)-negative rhabdoid carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract: clinicopathologic and molecular study of a highly aggressive variant with literature review. Am J Surg Pathol 2014;38:910920.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Wang, Z, Sarlomo-Rikala, M, et al. ERG expression in epithelioid sarcoma: a diagnostic pitfall. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;37:15801585.Google Scholar
Stockman, DL, Hornick, JL, Deavers, MT, et al. ERG and FLI1 protein expression in epithelioid sarcoma. Mod Pathol 2014;27:496501.Google Scholar
Wick, MR, Manivel, JC. Epithelioid sarcoma and isolated necrobiotic granuloma: a comparative immunocytochemical study. J Cutan Pathol 1986;13:253260.Google Scholar
Lin, L, Skacel, M, Sigel, JE, et al. Epithelioid sarcoma: an immunohisto-chemical analysis evaluating the utility of cytokeratin 5/6 in distinguishing superficial epithelioid sarcoma from spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2003;30:114117.Google Scholar
Prayson, RA, Chahlavi, A. Metastatic epithelioid sarcoma to the brain: palisaded necrosis mimicking glioblastoma multiforme. Ann Diagn Pathol 2002;6:272280.Google Scholar
Quezado, MM, Middleton, LP, Bryant, B, et al. Allelic loss on chromosome 22q in epithelioid sarcomas. Hum Pathol 1998;29:604608.Google Scholar
Sullivan, LM, Folpe, AL, Pawel, BR, Judkins, AR, Biegel, JA. Epithelioid sarcoma is associated with a high percentage of SMARCB1 deletions. Mod Pathol 2013;26:385392.Google Scholar
Le Loarer, F, Zhang, L, Fletcher, CD, et al. Consistent SMARCB1 homozygous deletions in epithelioid sarcoma and in a subset of myoepithelial carcinomas can be reliably detected by FISH in archival material. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2014;53:475486.Google Scholar
Hasegawa, T, Matsuno, Y, Shimoda, T, et al. Proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Mod Pathol 2001;14:655663.Google Scholar
Modena, P, Lualdi, E, Facchninetti, F, et al. SMARCB1/INI1 tumor suppressor gene is frequently inactivated in epithelioid sarcomas. Cancer Res 2005;65:40124019.Google Scholar
Rakheja, D, Wilson, KS, Meehan, J, Schultz, RA, Gomez, AM. “Proximal-type” and classic epithelioid sarcomas represent a clinicopathologic continuum: a case report. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2005;8:105114.Google Scholar
Hirsch, P, Helwig, EB. Chondroid syringoma: mixed tumor of skin, salivary gland type. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:835847.Google Scholar
Stout, AP, Gorman, G. Mixed tumors of the skin of the salivary gland type. Cancer 1959;12:537543.Google Scholar
Kunikane, H, Ishikura, H, Yamaguchi, J, et al. Chondroid syringoma (mixed tumor of the skin): a clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. Acta Pathol Jpn 1987;37:615625.Google Scholar
Hassab-El-Naby, HM, Tam, S, White, WL, Ackerman, AB. Mixed tumors of the skin: a histological and immunohistochemical study. Am J Dermatopathol 1989;11:413428.Google Scholar
Kilpatrick, SE, Hitchcock, MG, Kraus, MD, Calonje, E, Fletcher, CD. Mixed tumors and myoepitheliomas of soft tissue: a clinicopathologic study of 19 cases with a unifying concept. Am J Surg Pathol 1997;21:1322.Google Scholar
Michal, M, Miettinen, M. Myoepitheliomas of skin and soft tissues. Virchows Arch 1999;434:393400.Google Scholar
Hornick, JL, Fletcher, CD. Myoepithelial tumors of soft tissue: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 101 cases with evaluation of prognostic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27:11831196.Google Scholar
Mentzel, T, Requena, L, Kaddu, S, et al. Cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases suggesting a continuous spectrum ranging from benign mixed tumor of the skin to cutaneous myoepithelioma and myoepithelial carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2003;30:294302.Google Scholar
Hornick, JL, Fletcher, CD. Cutaneous myoepithelioma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 14 cases. Hum Pathol 2004;35:1424.Google Scholar
Ishimura, E, Iwamoto, H, Kobashi, Y, Yamabe, H, Ichijima, K. Malignant chondroid syringoma: report of a case with widespread metastasis and review of pertinent literature. Cancer 1983;52:19661973.Google Scholar
Ferreiro, JA, Nascimento, AG. Hyaline-cell rich chondroid syringoma: a tumor mimicking malignancy. Am J Surg Pathol 1995;19:912917.Google Scholar
Headington, JT. Mixed tumor of the skin: eccrine and apocrine type. Arch Dermatol 1961;84:989996.Google Scholar
Brandal, P, Panagopoulos, I, Bjerkehagen, B, et al. Detection of a t(1;22)(q23;q12) translocation leading to an EWSR1-PBX1 fusion gene in myoepithelioma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008;47:558564.Google Scholar
Antonescu, CR, Zhang, L, Chang, NE, et al. EWSR1-POU5F1 fusion in soft tissue myoepithelial tumors: a molecular analysis of sixty-six cases, including soft tissue, bone, and visceral lesions, showing common involvement of the EWSR1 gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010;49:11141124.Google Scholar
Flucke, U, Mentzel, T, Verdijk, MA, et al. EWSR1-ATF1 chimeric transcript in a myoepithelial tumor of soft tissue: a case report. Hum Pathol 2012;43:764768.Google Scholar
Puls, F, Arbajian, E, Magnusson, L, et al. Myoepithelioma of bone with a novel FUS-POU5F1 fusion gene. Histopathology 2014;65:917922.Google Scholar
Antonescu, CR, Zhang, L, Shao, SY, et al. Frequent PLAG1 gene rearrangements in skin and soft tissue myoepithelioma with ductal differentiation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2013;52:675682.Google Scholar
Dabska, M. Parachordoma: a new clinical entity. Cancer 1977;40:15861592.Google Scholar
Fisher, C, Miettinen, M. Parachordoma: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of four cases of an unusual soft tissue neoplasm. Ann Diagn Pathol 1997;1:310.Google Scholar
Folpe, AL, Agoff, SN, Willis, J, Weiss, SW. Parachordoma is immunohistochemically and cytogenetically distinct from axial chordoma and extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1999;23:10591067.Google Scholar
Tirabosco, R, Mangham, DC, Rosenberg, AE, et al. Brachyury expression in extra-axial skeletal and soft tissue chordomas: a marker that distinguishes chordoma from mixed tumor/myoepithelioma/parachordoma in soft tissue. Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32:572580.Google Scholar
Lauer, SR, Edgar, MA, Gardner, JM, Sebastian, A, Weiss, SW. Soft tissue chordomas: a clinicopathologic analysis of 11 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2013;37:719726.Google Scholar
Miettinen, M, Wang, ZF, Lasota, J, et al. Nuclear brachyury expression is consistent in chordoma, common in germ cell tumors and small cell carcinomas and rare in other carcinomas and sarcomas. An immunohistochemical study of 5229 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2015;39:13051312.Google Scholar
Gleason, BC, Fletcher, CD. Myoepithelial carcinoma of soft tissue in children: an aggressive neoplasm analyzed in a series of 29 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2007;31:18131824.Google Scholar
Johnson, BL, Helwig, EB. Eccrine acrospiroma: a clinicopathologic study. Cancer 1969;23:641657.Google Scholar
Winkelmann, RK, Wolff, K. Solid-cystic hidradenoma. Arch Dermatol 1968;97:651661.Google Scholar
Wiley, EL, Milchgrub, S, Freeman, RG, Kim, ES. Sweat gland adenomas: immunohistochemical study with emphasis on myoepithelial differentiation. J Cutan Pathol 1993;20:337343.Google Scholar
Demirkesen, C, Hoede, N, Moll, R. Epithelial markers and differentiation in adnexal neoplasms of the skin: an immunohistochemical study including individual cytokeratins. J Cutan Pathol 1995;22:518535.Google Scholar
Kersting, DW, Helwig, EB. Eccrine spiradenoma. AMA Arch Dermatol 1956;73:199227.Google Scholar
Kao, GF, Laskin, WB, Weiss, SW. Eccrine spiradenoma occurring in infancy mimicking mesenchymal tumor. J Cutan Pathol 1990;17:214219.Google Scholar
Mambo, NC. Eccrine spiradenoma: clinical and pathologic study of 49 tumors. J Cutan Pathol 1983;10:312320.Google Scholar
Evans, HL, Daniel, WP, Smith, JL, Winkelmann, RK. Carcinoma arising in eccrine spiradenoma. Cancer 1979;43:18811884.Google Scholar
Wick, MR, Swanson, PE, Kaye, VN, Pittelkow, MR. Sweat gland carcinoma ex eccrine spiradenoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1987;9:9098.Google Scholar
Argenyi, ZB, Nguyen, AV, Balogh, K, Sears, JK, Whitaker, DC. Malignant eccrine spiradenoma: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Dermatopathol 1992;14:381390.Google Scholar
Granter, SR, Seeger, K, Calonje, E, Busam, K, McKee, PH. Malignant eccrine spiradenoma (spiradenocarcinoma): a clinicopathologic study of 12 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2000;22:97103.Google Scholar
McKee, PH, Fletcher, CDM, Stavrinos, P, Pambakian, H. Carcinosarcoma arising in eccrine spiradenoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of two cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1990;12:335343.Google Scholar
Van Den Oord, JJ, De Wolf-Peeters, C. Perivascular spaces in eccrine spiradenoma: a clue to its histological diagnosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1995;17:266270.Google Scholar
Watanabe, S, Hirose, M, Sato, S, Takahashi, H. Immunohistochemical analysis of cytokeratin expression in eccrine spiradenoma: similarities to the transitional portions between secretory segments and coiled ducts of eccrine glands. Br J Dermatol 1994;131:799807.Google Scholar
Al-Nafussi, A, Blessing, K, Rahilly, M. Non-epithelial cellular components in eccrine spiradenoma: a histological and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Histopathology 1991;18:155160.Google Scholar
Crain, RC, Helwig, EB. Dermal cylindroma (dermal eccrine cylindroma). Am J Clin Pathol 1961;35:504515.Google Scholar
Takahashi, M, Rapley, E, Biggs, PJ, et al. Linkage and LOH studies in 19 cylindromatosis families show no evidence of genetic heterogeneity and define the CYLD locus on chromosome 16q12-q13. Hum Genet 2000;106:5865.Google Scholar
Lee, DA, Grossman, ME, Scheinerman, P, Celebi, JT. Genetics of skin appendage neoplasms and related syndromes. J Med Genet 2005;42:811819.Google Scholar
Massoumi, R, Paus, R. Cylindromatosis and the CYLD gene: new lessons on the molecular principles of epithelial growth control. Bioessays 2007;29:12031214.Google Scholar
Kao, GF, Helwig, EB, Graham, JH. Aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma: a clinicopathological study of 57 patients, with histochemical, immunopathological, and ultrastructural observations. J Cutan Pathol 1987;14:129146.Google Scholar
Duke, WH, Sherrod, TT, Lupton, GP. Aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma (aggressive digital papillary adenoma and adenocarcinoma revisited). Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:775784.Google Scholar
Suchak, R, Wang, WL, Prieto, VG, et al. Cutaneous digital papillary adenocarcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 31 cases of a rare neoplasm with new observations. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:18831891.Google Scholar
Chambers, PW, Schwinn, CP. Chordoma: a clinicopathologic study of metastasis. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;72:765776.Google Scholar
Su, WPD, Louback, JB, Gagne, EJ, Scheithauer, BW. Chordoma cutis: a report of nineteen patients with cutaneous involvement of chordoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:6366.Google Scholar
Suster, S, Moran, C. Chordomas of the mediastinum: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of six cases presenting as posterior mediastinal masses. Hum Pathol 1995;26:13541362.Google Scholar
O’Hara, BJ, Paetau, A, Miettinen, M. Keratin subsets and monoclonal antibody HBME-1 in chordoma: immunohistochemical differential diagnosis between tumors simulating chordoma. Hum Pathol 1998;29:119126.Google Scholar
Vujovic, S, Henderson, S, Presneau, N, et al. Brachyury, a crucial regulator of notochordal development, is a novel biomarker for chordomas. J Pathol 2006;209:157165.Google Scholar
Pillay, N, Plagnol, V, Tarpey, PS, et al. A common single-nucleotide variant in T is strongly associated with chordoma. Nat Genet 2012;44:11851187.Google Scholar
Yang, XR, Ng, D, Alcorta, DA, et al. T (brachyury) gene duplication confers major susceptibility to familial chordoma. Nat Genet 2009;41:11761178.Google Scholar
Rosai, J, Limas, C, Husband, EM. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: a distinctive benign lesion of lower neck. Am J Surg Pathol 1984;8:501513.Google Scholar
Fetsch, JF, Laskin, WB, Michal, M, et al. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of 21 cases with data supporting reclassification as a branchial anlage mixed tumor. Am J Surg Pathol 2004;28:13601370.Google Scholar
Fetsch, JF, Weiss, SW. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and histogenetic considerations in four new cases. Hum Pathol 1990;21:662668.Google Scholar
Chan, JK, Rosai, J. Tumors of the neck showing thymic or related branchial pouch differentiation: a unifying concept. Hum Pathol 1991;22:349367.Google Scholar
Michal, M, Zamecnik, M, Gogora, M, Mukensnabl, P, Neubauer, L. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of ectopic hamartomatous thymoma. Histopathology 1996;29:549555.Google Scholar
Fukunaga, M. Ectopic hamartomatous thymoma: a case report with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. APMIS 2002;110:565570.Google Scholar
Keeney, GL, Unni, KK, Beabout, JW, Pritchard, DJ. Adamantinoma of long bones: a clinicopathologic study of 85 cases. Cancer 1989;64:730737.Google Scholar
Jundt, G, Remberger, K, Roessner, A, Schulz, A, Bohndorf, K. Adamantinoma of long bones: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases. Pathol Res Pract 1995;191:112120.Google Scholar
Mills, SE, Rosai, J. Adamantinoma of the pretibial soft tissue: clinicopathologic features, differential diagnosis, and possible relationship to intraosseous disease. Am J Clin Pathol 1985;83:108114.Google Scholar
Rosai, J, Pinkus, GS. Immunohistochemical demonstration of epithelial differentiation in adamantinoma of the tibia. Am J Surg Pathol 1982;6(5):427434.Google Scholar
Benassi, MS, Campanacci, L, Gamberi, G, et al. Cytokeratin expression and distribution in adamantinoma of the long bones and osteofibrous dysplasia of tibia and fibula: an immunohistochemical study correlated to histogenesis. Histopathology 1994;25(1):7176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, BC, Gortzak, Y, Bell, RS, et al. p63 expression in adamantinoma. Virchows Arch 2011;459(1):109113.Google Scholar
Izquierdo, FM, Ramos, LR, Sánchez-Herráez, S, et al. Dedifferentiated classic adamantinoma of the tibia: a report of a case with eventual complete revertant mesenchymal phenotype. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:13881392.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×