Snowmelt modelling is of potential value in flood forecasting, reservoir management, and understanding stream acidification. It involves meteorological extrapolation, snowmelt calculation, meltwater routing, and snowpack depletion. A simple conceptual model using air temperature can reproduce the general pattern of daily streamflow in basins of >100 km2 but is prone to parameter instability. At a point scale and with the benefit of automatic weather station data the energy balance approach is superior to temperature index methods, but the roughness length parameter is again unstable in time and space. Even in a small (0·4 km2) basin this approach has to be coupled with an adequate flow routing model. Current research is comparing alternative models and data inputs in an intermediate-sized basin.
