Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T09:16:03.510Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Does the consumption of amylase-containing gruels impact on the energy intake and growth of Congolese infants?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2007

M Moursi ,
F Mbemba  and
S Trèche
M Moursi
Affiliation:
‘Nutrition, Alimentation, Sociétés’ Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR106, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
F Mbemba
Affiliation:
University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Republic of theCongo
S Trèche*
Affiliation:
‘Nutrition, Alimentation, Sociétés’ Research Unit, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR106, BP 64501, F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
*
*Corresponding author: Email serge.treche@mpl.ird.fr.
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Objective:

To assess the effect of the incorporation of amylase in maize-based flours prepared as gruels on the energy intake and growth of Congolese infants.

Design:

A randomised controlled trial. At 18 weeks of age, infants were randomised into either an intervention group, where they were provided with a maize/soya-based flour that contained amylase, or a control group, where they were provided with a similar flour that did not contain amylase.

Setting:

Urban borough of Poto-Poto in Brazzaville, The Congo.

Subjects:

Eighty infants (40 in each group) were randomised into intervention and control groups. Three infants in the intervention group and two controls subsequently dropped out.

Results:

At 24 weeks, the addition of amylase resulted in a significant increase in energy intake (in kJ kg-1 day-1) from gruels (P=0.02) without affecting breast milk consumption. In contrast, total energy intake (in kJ kg-1 day-1) did not differ significantly between groups (P=0.08). After adjustment for morbidity and previous growth, infants in the intervention group showed better growth in length during the trial (+0.22 cm month-1; P=0.04), especially between 24 and 31 weeks of age (+0.51 cm month-1; P>0.01). There were no differences in weight velocity between groups.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study suggest that the consumption of amylase-treated gruels allows an increase in energy intake from these gruels without affecting breast milk consumption but has no impact on total daily energy intake. However, if started after 6 months, it could be effective in preventing faltering of infant linear growth.

Keywords

AmylasesEnergy densityComplementary feedingBreast-feedingEnergy intakeInfant growth
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 6 , Issue 3 , June 2003 , pp. 249 - 257
Copyright
Copyright © CAB International 2003

References

1Dewey, KG, Peerson, MJ, Heinig, MJ, Nommsen, LA, Lömmeral, B, Lopez de Romana, G, et al. Growth patterns of breast-fed infants in affluent (United States) and poor (Peru) communities: implications for timing of complementary feeding. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992; 56: 1012–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Cohen, RJ, Brown, KH, Canahuati, J, Rivera, LL, Dewey, KG. Determinants of growth from birth to 12 months among breast-fed Honduran infants in relation to age of introduction of complementary foods. Pediatrics 1995; 96: 504–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3World Health Organization (WHO). Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Developing Countries – A Review of Current Scientific Knowledge. WHO/NUT/98.1. Geneva: WHO, 1998.Google Scholar
4Brown, KH. Complementary feeding in developing countries: factors affecting energy intake. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 1997; 56: 139–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Mosha, AC, Svanberg, U. The acceptance and intake of bulk-reduced weaning foods: the Luganga village study. Food Nutr. Bull. 1988; 10: 50–3.Google Scholar
6Lukmanji, Z, Ljungqvist, BG, Hedqvist, F, Elisonguo, C. Child feeding patterns in Tanzania with reference to feeding frequency and dietary bulk. In: Alnwick, D, Moses, S, Schmidt, OG, eds. Improving Young Child Feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa: Household Level Food Technology. Ottawa: IDRC, 1988; 341–53.Google Scholar
7Sanchez-Grinãn, MI, Peerson, JM, Brown, KH. Effect of dietary energy on total ad-libitum energy consumption by recovering malnourished children. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992; 46: 197–204.Google ScholarPubMed
8Rahman, MM, Islam, MA, Mahalanabis, D, Biswas, E, Majid, N, Wahed, MA. Intake from an energy dense porridge liquefied by amylase of germinated wheat: a controlled trial in severely malnourished children during convalescence from diarrhoea. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 48: 46–53.Google Scholar
9Stephenson, D, Gardner, JM, Walker, SP, Ashworth, A. Weaning-food viscosity and energy density: their effects on ad libitum consumption and energy intakes in Jamaican children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 60: 465–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Brown, KH, Sanchez-Griñan, M, Perz, F, Peerson, JM, Ganoza, L, Stern, JS. Effects of dietary energy density and feeding frequency on total daily energy intakes of recovering malnourished children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995; 62: 13–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Darling, JC, Kitundu, JA, Kingamkono, RR, Msengi, AE, Mduma, B, Sullivan, KR, et al. Improved energy intakes using amylase-digested weaning foods in Tanzanian children with acute diarrhea. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 1995; 21: 73–81.Google ScholarPubMed
12Mitra, AK, Rahman, MM, Mahalanabis, D, Patra, FC, Wahed, MA. Evaluation of an energy-dense meal liquefied with amylase of germinated wheat in children with acute watery diarrhoea: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Nutr. Res. 1995; 15: 939–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13Donnen, P, Dramaix, M, Brasseur, D, Bitwe Mihanda, R, Fazili, S, Trèche, S. High energy density gruels in the treatment of hospitalized children suffering from mainly protein malnutrition in Zaire. Food Nutr. Bull. 1996; 17: 145–53.Google Scholar
14Den Besten, L, Glatthaar, II, Ijsselmuiden, CB. Adding alpha-amylase to weaning food to increase dietary intake in children. A randomised controlled trial. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1998; 44: 4–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15Bennett, VA, Morales, E, Gonzalez, J, Peerson, JM, Lopez de Romana, G, Brown KH, . Effects of dietary viscosity and energy density on total daily energy consumption by young Peruvian children. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999; 70: 285–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Gopaldas, T, Mehta, P, Patil, A, Gandhi, H. Studies on reduction in viscosity of thick rice gruels with small quantities of an amylase-rich cereal malt. Food Nutr. Bull. 1986; 8: 68–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17John, C, Gopaldas, T. Reduction in the dietary bulk of soya-fortified bulgur wheat gruels with wheat-based amylase rich food. Food Nutr. Bull. 1988; 10: 50–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Gopaldas, T, Mehta, P, John, C. La réduction du volume des gruaux de sevrage traditionnels en Inde. In: Alnwick, D, Moses, S, Schmidt, OG, eds. Improving Young Child Feeding in Eastern and Southern Africa: Household Level Food Technology. Ottawa: IDRC, 1988; 375–85.Google Scholar
19Gopaldas, T, John, C. Evaluation of a controlled 6 months feeding trial on intake by infants and toddlers fed a high energy–low bulk gruel versus a high energy–high bulk gruel in addition to their habitual home diet. J. Trop. Pediatr. 1992; 38: 278–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Marquis, GS, Lopez, T, Peerson, JM, Brown, KH. Effect of dietary viscosity on energy intake by breast-fed and non-breast-fed children during and after acute diarrhoea. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993; 57: 218–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Delpeuch, F, Dop, MC. A review of young child feeding practices in Africa and the Middle East: need for improvement. In: Dop, MC, Benbouzid, D, Trèche, S, De Benoist, B, Verster, A, Delpeuch, F, eds. Complementary Feeding of Young Children in Africa and the Middle East. WHO/NHD/99.3, WHO/AFRO/NUT/99.4. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.Google Scholar
22Dop, MC, Norton, R, Mbemba, F, Trèche, S. Breast milk intakes and feeding practices in urban Congo [abstract]. Presented at the 7th International Conference of the International Society for Research in Human Milk and Lactation,La Trinidad, Tlaxcala, Mexico,24–26 July 1995.Google Scholar
23Martin-Prével, Y, Delpeuch, F, Traissac, P, Massamba, JP, Adoua-Oyila, G, Coudert, K, et al. Deterioration in the nutritional status of young children and their mothers in Brazzaville, Congo, following the 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc. Bull. World Health Org. 2000; 78: 108–18.Google ScholarPubMed
24Delpeuch, F, Martin-Prével, Y, Fouéré, T, Traissac, P, Mbemba, F, Ly, C, et al. . Complementary nutrition for the young child following the devaluation of the CFA franc (African Financial Community): 2 case studies in the Congo and Senegal urban environment. Bull. World Health Org. 1996; 74: 67–75.Google Scholar
25Victora, CG, Morris, SS, Barros, FC, Horta, BL, Weiderpass, E, Tomasi, E. Breast-feeding and growth in Brazilian infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998; 67: 452–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Souci, SW, Fachman, W, Kraut, H. Food Composition and Nutrition Tables, 5th ed. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publisher, CRC Press, 1994.Google Scholar
27Brown, KH, Black, RE, Robertson, AD, Akhtar, NA, Ahmed, G, Becker, S. Clinical and field studies of human lactation: methodological considerations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1982; 35: 745–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Scanlon, S, Alexander, MPH, Serdula, MK, Davis, MK, Bowman, BA. Assessment of infant feeding: the validity of measuring milk intake. Nutr. Rev. 2002; 60: 235–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Dewey, KG, Heinig, MJ, Nommser, LA, Lömmerdal, B. Adequacy of energy intake among breast-fed infants in the Darling study, relationship to growth velocity, morbidity and activity levels. J. Pediatr. 1991; 119: 538–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Cornu, A, Trèche, S, Massamba, JP, Massamba, J, Delpeuch, F. Weaning practices and nutritional interventions in Congo [in French]. Santé 1993; 3: 168–77.Google Scholar
31Thompson, FE, Byers, T. Dietary Assessment Resource Manual. J. Nutr. 1994; 124(Suppl. 11): S2245–317.Google ScholarPubMed
32Black, RE, Prentice, AM, Goldberg, GR. Measurement of total energy expenditure provide insights into the validity of dietary measurements of energy intake. J. Am. Diet. AsSoc. 1993; 93: 572–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Waterlow, JC. Causes and mechanisms of linear growth retardation (stunting). Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 48(Suppl. 1): S1–4.Google ScholarPubMed
34Lopez de Romaña, G, Brown, KH, Black, RE, Kanashiro, HC. Longitudinal studies of infectious diseases and physical growth of infants in Huascar, an underprivileged peri-urban community in Lima, Peru. Am. J. Epidemiol 1989; 129: 769–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Smith, TA, Lehmann, D, Coakley, C, Spooner, V, Alpers, MP. Relationships between growth and acute respiratory infections in children aged less than 5 y in a highland population of Papua New Guinea. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1991; 53: 963–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36Cohen, RJ, Brown, KH, Canahuati, J, Landa Rivera, L, Dewey, KG. Effects of age of introduction of complementary foods on infant breast milk intake, total energy intake, and growth: a randomised intervention study in Honduras. Lancet 1994; 344: 288–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37Dewey, KG, Cohen, RJ, Brown, KH, Landa Rivera, L. Age of introduction of complementary food and growth of term, low birth weight breastfed infants: a randomized intervention study in Honduras. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999; 69: 679–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Allen, LH. Nutritional influences on linear growth: a general review. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994; 48(Suppl. 1): S75–89.Google ScholarPubMed
39Golden, MHN. The role of individual nutrient deficiencies in growth retardation of children as exemplified by zinc and protein. In: Waterlow, JC, ed. Linear Growth Retardation in Less Developed Countries. New York: Raven Press, 1988; 143–64.Google Scholar
40Rivera, JA, Ruel, MT, Santizo, MC, Lönnerdal, B, Brown, KH. Zinc supplementation improves the growth of stunted rural Guatemalan infants. J. Nutr. 1998; 128: 556–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Rivera, JA, González-Cossío, T, Flores, M, Romero, M, Rivera, M, Téllez-Rojo, M, et al. Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2001; 74: 657–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1991.Google Scholar
43Butte, NF, Wong, WW, Hopkinson, JM, Heinz, CJ, Mehta, NR, Smith, EO'B. Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 y of life. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 72: 1558–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44Dewey, KG. Cross-cultural patterns of growth and nutritional status of breast-fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998; 67: 10–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Meeks Gardner, J, Walker, SP, Gavin, KA, Ashworth, A. Complementary foods in Jamaica: viscosity, energy density and feeding practices. Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5(2): 295–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar