Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T15:06:07.790Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

GATHERING AND SOWING ACROSS THE CENTRAL MAYA LOWLANDS: A REVIEW OF PLANT USE BY PRECERAMIC PEOPLES AND THE EARLY TO MIDDLE PRECLASSIC MAYA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2021

Clarissa Cagnato Open the ORCID record for Clarissa Cagnato [Opens in a new window]
Clarissa Cagnato*
Affiliation:
UMR 8096, Archéologie des Amériques, Université Paris 1 - Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
*
E-mail correspondence to: ccagnato@wustl.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The recovery of macro- and microbotanicals, along with the study of chemical residues, allows us to shed light on a number of anthropological issues concerning ancient populations. This article reviews the data available to date on the plants used by preceramic peoples during the Archaic period and by the Early to Middle Preclassic Maya across the central Maya lowlands. Archaeobotanical data suggest that early preceramic populations took advantage of their ecologically rich natural environment by gathering a range of wild foods and by cultivating domesticates such as maize, manioc, and chili peppers, a pattern that seemingly continued into the Early to Middle Preclassic, as the Maya settled into village life and left more visible traces of modifications to their natural environment in the form of canals and terraces. This region is of particular interest with regard to the development of sociopolitical complexity, as mobile hunter-gatherers used domesticates during the millennia that preceded the onset of sedentary life. These early populations set the stage for patterns of plant use that endured through time, but also across space in the Maya region.

Type
Special Section: The Preceramic and Early Ceramic Periods in Belize and the Central Maya Lowlands
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , Fall 2021 , pp. 486 - 501
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Arnold, Philip J., III 2009 Settlement and Subsistence among the Early Formative Gulf Olmec. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:397–411.10.1016/j.jaa.2009.08.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arranz-Otaegui, Amaia, Carretero, Lara González, Roe, Joe, and Richter, Tobias 2018 “Founder Crops” v. Wild Plants: Assessing the Plant-Based Diet of the Last Hunter-Gatherers in Southwest Asia. Quaternary Science Reviews 186:263–283.10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.02.011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atran, Scott, Chase, Arlen F., Fedick, Scott L., Knapp, Gregory, McKillop, Heather, Marcus, Joyce, Schwartz, Norman B., and Webb, Malcolm C. 1993 Itza Maya Tropical Agro-Forestry [with comments and replies]. Current Anthropology 34:633–700.10.1086/204212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Babot, Maria del Pilar 2003 Starch Grain Damage as an Indicator of Food Processing. In Phytolith and Starch Research in the Australian-Pacific-Asian Regions: The State of the Art, Vol. 19, edited by Hart, Diane M. and Wallis, Lynley A., pp. 69–81. Pandanus Press, Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
Baer, Philippe, and Merrifield, William R. 1972 Los lacandones de México: Dos estudios. Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Mexico City.Google Scholar
Bailey, Robert C., Head, Genevieve, Jenike, Mark, Owen, Bruce, Rechtman, Robert, and Zechenter, Elzbieta 1989 Hunting and Gathering in Tropical Rain Forest: Is It Possible? American Anthropologist 91:59–82.10.1525/aa.1989.91.1.02a00040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker, Graeme, Lloyd-Smith, Lindsay, Barton, Huw, Cole, Franca, Hunt, Chris, Piper, Philip J., Rabett, Ryan, Paz, Victor, and Szabό, Katherine 2011 Foraging-Farming Transitions at the Niah Caves, Sarawak, Borneo. Antiquity 85:492–509.10.1017/S0003598X00067909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, Tim, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Guderjan, Thomas, and Krause, Samantha 2015 The Floating Gardens of Chan Cahal: Soils, Water, and Human Interactions. Catena 132:151–164.10.1016/j.catena.2014.12.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Dunning, Nicholas, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Cook, Duncan E., and Lohse, Jon 2006 Impacts of the Ancient Maya on Soils and Soil Erosion in the Central Maya Lowlands. Catena 65:166–178.10.1016/j.catena.2005.11.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, Timothy, Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Krause, Samantha, Guderjan, Tom, Valdez, Fred, Fernandez-Diaz, Juan Carlos, Eshleman, Sara, and Doyle, Colin 2019 Ancient Maya Wetland Fields Revealed under Tropical Forest Canopy from Laser Scanning and Multiproxy Evidence. PNAS 116:21469–21477.10.1073/pnas.1910553116CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beaubien, Harriet F. 1993 From Codex to Calabash: Recovery of a Painted Organic Artifact from the Archaeological Site of Cerén, El Salvador. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 32:153–164.10.1179/019713693806176517CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blake, Michael, Clark, John E., Voorhies, Barbara, Love, Michael W., and Chisholm, Brian S. 1992 Prehistoric Subsistence in the Soconusco Region. Current Anthropology 33:83–94.10.1086/204038CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bleasdale, Madeleine, Wotzka, Hans-Peter, Eichhorn, Barbara, Mercader, Julio, Styring, Amy, Zech, Jana, Soto, María, Inwood, Jamie, Clarke, Siobhán, Marzo, Sara, Fiedler, Bianca, Linseele, Veerle, Boivin, Nicole, and Roberts, Patrick 2020 Isotopic and Microbotanical Insights into Iron Age Agricultural Reliance in the Central African Rainforest. Communications Biology 3:1–10.10.1038/s42003-020-01324-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogucki, Peter 2000 How Agriculture Came to North-Central Europe. In Europe's First Farmers, edited by Douglas-Price, T., pp. 197–218. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.10.1017/CBO9780511607851.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowles, Samuel 2011 Cultivation of Cereals by the First Farmers Was Not More Productive than Foraging. PNAS 108:4760–4765.10.1073/pnas.1010733108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braidwood, Robert J., Sauer, Jonathan D., Helbaek, Hans, Mangelsdorf, Paul C., Cutler, Hugh C., Coon, Carleton S., Linton, Ralph, Steward, Julian, and Leo Oppenheim, A. 1953 Symposium: Did Man Once Live by Beer Alone? American Anthropologist 55:515–526.10.1525/aa.1953.55.4.02a00050CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenner, Mark, Rosenmeier, Michael F., Hodell, David A., and Curtis, Jason H. 2002 Paleolimnology of the Maya Lowlands: Long-Term Perspectives on Interactions among Climate, Environment, and Humans. Ancient Mesoamerica 13:141–157.10.1017/S0956536102131063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2016 A Paleoethnobotanical Study of Two Classic Maya Sites, El Perú-Waka' and La Corona. Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis.Google Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2017 Sweet, Weedy and Wild: Macrobotanical Remains from a Late Classic (8th Century a.d.) Feasting Deposit Discovered at La Corona, an Ancient Maya Settlement. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 27:241–252.10.1007/s00334-017-0614-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2018a Resultados del análisis de granos de almidón en manos y metates del Proyecto Arqueológico Ceibal-Petexbatún. Report submitted to the Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Guatemala City.Google Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2018b Shedding Light on the Nightshades (Solanaceae) Used by the Ancient Maya: A Review of Existing Data, and New Archeobotanical (Macro- and Microbotanical) Evidence from Archeological Sites in Guatemala. Economic Botany 72:180–195.10.1007/s12231-018-9412-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2019a Prehistoric and Traditional Agriculture in Lowland Mesoamerica. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa 2019b Hervir y moler: Descifrando técnicas de elaboración de alimentos a través del análisis microscópico de los granos de almidón recolectados en contextos arqueológicos mesoamericanos. Itinerarios 29:9–33.10.7311/ITINERARIOS.29.2019.01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa, and Ponce, Jocelyne M. 2017 Ancient Maya Manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Consumption: Starch Grain Evidence from Late to Terminal Classic (8th–9th Century c.e.) Occupation at La Corona, Northwestern Petén, Guatemala. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 16:276–286.Google Scholar
Cagnato, Clarissa, Goepfert, Nicolas, Elliott, Michelle, Verano, John, Prieto, Gabriel, and Dufour, Elise 2021 Eat and Die: The Last Meal of Sacrificed Chimú Camelids at Huanchaquito-Las Llamas, Peru, as Revealed by Starch Grain Analysis. Latin American Antiquity 32:595–611.10.1017/laq.2021.19CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Canuto, Marcello A., Estrada-Belli, Francisco, Garrison, Thomas G., Houston, Stephen D., Acuña, Mary Jane, Kováč, Milan, Marken, Damien, Nondédéo, Philippe, Auld-Thomas, Luke, Castanet, Cyril, Chatelain, David, Chiriboga, Carlos R., Drapela, Tomas, Lieskovsky, Tibor, Velasquez, Antolin, Fernandez-Dias, Juan C., and Shrestha, Ramesh 2018 Ancient Lowland Maya Complexity as Revealed by Airborne Laser Scanning of Northern Guatemala. Science 361(6409).10.1126/science.aau0137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castellanos, Jeanette E., and Foias, Antonia E. 2017 The Earliest Maya Farmers of Peten: New Evidence from Buenavista-Nuevo San José, Central Peten Lakes Region, Guatemala. Journal of Anthropology 2017:8109137.10.1155/2017/8109137CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castillo, Cristina Cobo, Fuller, Dorian Q., Piper, Philip J., Bellwood, Peter, and Oxenhamc, Marc 2018 Hunter-Gatherer Specialization in the Late Neolithic of Southern Vietnam: The Case of Rach Nui. Quaternary International 489:63–79.10.1016/j.quaint.2016.11.034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, Arlen F., Chase, Diane Z., Fisher, Christopher T., Leisz, Stephen J., and Weishampel, John F. 2012 Geospatial Revolution and Remote Sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican Archaeology. PNAS 109:12916–12921.10.1073/pnas.1205198109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chatters, James C., Kennett, Douglas J., Asmerom, Yemane, Kemp, Brian M., Polyak, Victor, Blank, Alberto Nava, Beddows, Patricia A., Reinhardt, Eduard, Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin, Bolnick, Deborah A., Malhi, Ripan S., Culleton, Brendan J., Erreguerena, Pilar Luna, Rissolo, Dominique, Morell-Hart, Shanti, and Stafford, Thomas W. Jr. 2014 Late Pleistocene Human Skeleton and mtDNA Link Paleoamericans and Modern Native Americans. Science 344(6185):750–754.10.1126/science.1252619CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chávez-Pesqueira, Mariana, and Núñez-Farfán, Juan 2017 Domestication and Genetics of Papaya: A Review. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 5:155.10.3389/fevo.2017.00155CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheetham, David 2010 Corn, Colanders, and Cooking: Early Maize Processing in the Maya Lowlands and Its Implications. In Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, edited by Staller, John and Carrasco, Michael, pp. 345–368. Springer, New York.10.1007/978-1-4419-0471-3_14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Childe, V. Gordon 1934 New Light on the Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory. Kegan Paul/Trench/Trubner, London.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D., and Flannery, Kent V. 1967 Early Cultures and Human Ecology in South Coastal Guatemala. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 3. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Coe, Sophie D. 1994 America's First Cuisines. Texas University Press, Austin.10.7560/711556CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colinvaux, Paul A., and Bush, Mark B. 1991 The Rain-Forest Ecosystem as a Resource for Hunting and Gathering. American Anthropologist 93:153–160.10.1525/aa.1991.93.1.02a00100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowther, Alison, Prendergast, Mary E., Fuller, Dorian Q., and Boivin, Nicole 2018 Subsistence Mosaics, Forager–Farmer Interactions, and the Transition to Food Production in Eastern Africa. Quaternary International 489:101–120.10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curtis, Jason H., Brenner, Mark, Hodell, David A., Balser, Richard A., Islebe, Gerald A., and Hooghiemstra, Henry 1998 A Multi-Proxy Study of Holocene Environmental Change in the Maya Lowlands of Peten, Guatemala. Journal of Paleolimnology 19:139–159.10.1023/A:1007968508262CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidovich, Uri, Porat, Naomi, Gadot, Yuval, Avni, Yoav, and Lipschits, Oded 2012 Archaeological Investigations and OSL Dating of Terraces at Ramat Rahel, Israel. Journal of Field Archaeology 37:192–208.10.1179/0093469012Z.00000000019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickau, Ruth 2010 Microbotanical and Macrobotanical Evidence of Plant Use and the Transition to Agriculture in Panama. In Integrating Zooarchaeology and Paleoethnobotany, edited by VanDerwarker, Amber and Peres, Tanya, pp. 99–134. Springer, New York.10.1007/978-1-4419-0935-0_6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas, Beach, Timothy, Farrell, Pat, and Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl 1998 Prehispanic Agrosystems and Adaptive Regions in the Maya Lowlands. Culture and Agriculture 20:87–101.10.1525/cag.1998.20.2-3.87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Nicholas P., Beach, Timothy, Sierra, Liwy Grasiozo, Jones, John G., Lentz, David L., Luzzadder-Beach, Sheryl, Scarborough, Vernon L., and Smyth, Michael P. 2013 A Tale of Two Collapses: Environmental Variability and Cultural Disruption in the Maya Lowlands. Diálogo Andino-Revista de Historia, Geografía y Cultura Andina 41:171–183.Google Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Pierce, Daniel E., and Awe, Jaime J. 2019a Preclassic Ceramic Economy in Belize: Neutron Activation Analysis at Cahal Pech. Antiquity 93:1266–1283.10.15184/aqy.2019.93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ebert, Claire E., Hoggarth, Julie A., Awe, Jaime J., Culleton, Brendan J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2019b The Role of Diet in Resilience and Vulnerability to Climate Change among Early Agricultural Communities in the Maya Lowlands. Current Anthropology 60:589–601.10.1086/704530CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eerkens, Jelmer W., Tushingham, Shannon, Brownstein, Korey J., Garibay, Ramona, Perez, Katherine, Murga, Engel, Kaijankoski, Phil, Rosenthal, Jeffrey S., and Gang, David R. 2018 Dental Calculus as a Source of Ancient Alkaloids: Detection of Nicotine by LC-MS in Calculus Samples from the Americas. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 18:509–515.Google Scholar
Emery, Kitty F., Wright, Lori E., and Schwarcz, Henry 2000 Isotopic Analysis of Ancient Deer Bone: Biotic Stability in Collapse Period Maya Land-Use. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:537–550.10.1006/jasc.1999.0491CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fausto, Carlos, and Neves, Eduardo G. 2018 Was There Ever a Neolithic in the Neotropics? Plant Familiarisation and Biodiversity in the Amazon. Antiquity 92(366):1604–1618.10.15184/aqy.2018.157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedick, Scott L. 2003 In Search of the Maya Forest. In In Search of the Rain Forest, edited by Slater, Candace, pp. 133–166. Duke University Press, Durham.10.1215/9780822385271-005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedick, Scott L. 2020 Maya Cornucopia: Indigenous Food Plants of the Maya Lowlands. In The Real Business of Ancient Maya Economies, edited by Masson, Marilyn A., Freidel, David A., and Demarest, Arthur A., pp. 224–237. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent V., and Marcus, Joyce 1994 Early Formative Pottery of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology 27; Prehistory and Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca 10. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.10.3998/mpub.11396059CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, Anabel, and Nigh, Ronald 2015 The Maya Forest Garden: Eight Millennia of Sustainable Cultivation of the Tropical Woodlands. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Fritz, Gayle J. 2007 Keepers of Louisiana's Levees: Early Mound Builders and Forest Managers. In Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by Denham, Timothy P., Iriarte, José, and Vrydaghs, Luc, pp. 189–209. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Fritz, Gayle J., and Nesbitt, Mark 2014 Laboratory Analysis and Identification of Plant Macroremains. In Method and Theory in Paleoethnobotany, edited by Marston, John M., Guedes, Jade D'Alpoim, and Warinner, Christina, pp. 115–146. University Press of Colorado, Boulder.Google Scholar
Garber, James F., Kathryn Brown, M., and Hartman, Christopher J. 2002 The Early/Middle Formative Kanocha Phase (1200–850 B.C.) at Blackman Eddy, Belize. Report for FAMSI. Electronic document, http://www.famsi.org/reports/00090/index.html.Google Scholar
Gómez-Pompa, Arturo 1987 On Maya Silviculture. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 3(1):1–17.10.2307/4617029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González, Arturo H., Terrazas, Alejandro, Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang, Benavente, Martha E., Avilés, Jerónimo, Rojas, Carmen, Padilla, José Manuel, Velásquez, Adriana, Acevez, Eugenio, and Frey, Eberhard 2013 The First Human Settlers on the Yucatan Peninsula: Evidence from Drowned Caves in the State of Quintana Roo (South Mexico). In Paleoamerican Odyssey, edited by Graf, Kelly E., Ketron, Caroline V., and Waters, Michael R., pp. 323–337. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Gott, Beth, Barton, Huw, Samuel, Delwen, and Torrence, Robin 2006 Biology of Starch. In Ancient Starch Research, edited by Torrence, Robin and Barton, Huw, pp. 35–46. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Greaves, Russell D., and Kramer, Karen L. 2014 Hunter-Gatherer Use of Wild Plants and Domesticates: Archaeological Implications for Mixed Economies Before Agricultural Intensification. Journal of Archaeological Science 41:263–271.10.1016/j.jas.2013.08.014CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hageman, Jon B., and Goldstein, David J. 2009 An Integrated Assessment of Archaeobotanical Recovery Methods in the Neotropical Rainforest of Northern Belize: Flotation and Dry Screening. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:2841–2852.10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hageman, Jon B., and Lohse, Jon C. 2003 Heterarchy: Corporate Groups, and Late Classic Resource Management in Northern Belize. In Heterarchy, Political Economy, and the Ancient Maya: The Three Rivers Region of the East-Central Yucatan Peninsula, edited by Scarborough, Vernon L., Valdez, Fred, and Dunning, Nicholas, pp. 109–121. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hamilakis, Yannis 1999 Food Technologies/Technologies of the Body: The Social Context of Wine and Oil Production and Consumption in Bronze Age Crete. World Archaeology 31:38–54.10.1080/00438243.1999.9980431CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammond, Norman (editor) 1991 Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, and Miksicek, Charles H. 1981 Ecology and Economy of a Formative Maya Site at Cuello, Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 8:259–269.Google Scholar
Hardy, Karen, Blakeney, Tony, Copeland, Les, Kirkham, Jennifer, Wrangham, Richard, and Collins, Matthew 2009 Starch Granules, Dental Calculus and New Perspectives on Ancient Diet. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:248–255.10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlan, Jack R. 1971 Agricultural Origins: Centers and Noncenters. Science 174(4008):468–474.10.1126/science.174.4008.468CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, David R. 2007 Agriculture, Cultivation and Domestication: Exploring the Conceptual Framework of Early Food Production. In Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by Denham, Timothy P., Iriarte, José, and Vrydaghs, Luc, pp. 16–35. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Harris, David R., and Fuller, Dorian Q. 2014 Agriculture: Definition and Overview. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, edited by Smith, Claire, pp. 104–113. Springer, New York.10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastorf, Christine A. 2017 The Social Archaeology of Food: Thinking about Eating from Prehistory to the Present. Cambridge University Press, New York.10.1017/9781316597590CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hather, Jon G., and Hammond, Norman 1994 Ancient Maya Subsistence Diversity: Root and Tuber Remains from Cuello, Belize. Antiquity 68:330–335.10.1017/S0003598X00046639CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haug, Gerald H., Hughen, Konrad A., Sigman, Daniel M., Peterson, Larry C., and Röhl, Ursula 2001 Southward Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone through the Holocene. Science 293(5533):1304–1308.10.1126/science.1059725CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Headland, Thomas N. 1987 The Wild Yam Question: How Well Could Independent Hunter-Gatherers Live in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem? Human Ecology 15:463–491.10.1007/BF00888000CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Healy, Paul F., Lambert, John D. H., Arnason, John T., and Hebda, Richard J. 1983 Caracol, Belize: Evidence of Ancient Maya Agricultural Terraces. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:397–410.Google Scholar
Henry, Amanda G., Brooks, Alison S., and Piperno, Dolores R. 2011 Microfossils in Calculus Demonstrate Consumption of Plants and Cooked Foods in Neanderthal Diets (Shanidar III, Iraq; Spy I and II, Belgium). PNAS 108:486–491.10.1073/pnas.1016868108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horrocks, Mark, Irwin, Geoff, Jones, Martin, and Sutton, Doug 2004 Starch Grains and Xylem Cells of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) and Bracken (Pteridium esculentum) in Archaeological Deposits from Northern New Zealand. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:251–258.10.1016/S0305-4403(03)00018-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutson, Scott R., and Davies, Gavin 2015 How Material Culture Acted on the Ancient Maya of Yucatan, Mexico. Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 26:10–26.10.1111/apaa.12065CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inomata, Takeshi, Triadan, Daniela, Vázquez López, Verónica A., Fernandez-Diaz, Juan Carlos, Omori, Takayuki, Méndez Bauer, María Belén, Hernández, Melina García, Beach, Timothy, Cagnato, Clarissa, Aoyama, Kazuo, and Nasu, Hiroo 2020 Monumental Architecture at Aguada Fénix and the Rise of Maya Civilization. Nature 582(7813):530–533.10.1038/s41586-020-2343-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Inomata, Takeshi, MacLellan, Jessica, Triadan, Daniela, Munson, Jessica, Burham, Melissa, Aoyama, Kazuo, Nasu, Hiroo, Pinzón, Flory, and Yonenobu, Hitoshi 2015 Development of Sedentary Communities in the Maya Lowlands: Coexisting Mobile Groups and Public Ceremonies at Ceibal, Guatemala. PNAS 112:4268–4273.10.1073/pnas.1501212112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iriarte, José 2007 New Perspectives on Plant Domestication and the Development of Agriculture in the New World. In Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by Denham, Timothy P., Iriarte, José, and Vrydaghs, Luc, pp. 167–188. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Iriarte, José, Holst, Irene, Marozzi, Oscar, Listopad, Claudia, Alonso, Eduardo, Rinderknecht, Andrés, and Montaña, Juan 2004 Evidence for Cultivar Adoption and Emerging Complexity during the Mid-Holocene in the La Plata Basin. Nature 432(7017):614.10.1038/nature02983CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, John G. 1991 Pollen Evidence of Prehistoric Forest Modification and Maya Cultivation in Belize. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station.Google Scholar
Jones, John G. 1994 Pollen Evidence for Early Settlement and Agriculture in Northern Belize. Palynology 18:205–211.10.1080/01916122.1994.9989445CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, John G., and Hallock, Ashley 2008 Analysis of Fossil Pollen from Actun Halal, Belize. In In Search of the Preceramic: 2006 Season Investigations at Actun Halal, Belize, edited by Lohse, Jon C., pp. 47–54. Institute of Archaeology, National Institute of Culture and History, Belmopan.Google Scholar
Katz, Solomon, and Voigt, Mary M. 1986 Bread and Beer: The Early Use of Cereals in the Human Diet. Expedition 28(2):23–34.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., Voorhies, Barbara, and Martorana, Dean 2006 An Ecological Model for the Origins of Maize-Based Food Production on the Pacific Coast of Southern Mexico. In Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture, edited by Kennett, Douglas J. and Winterhalder, Bruce, pp. 103–136. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., Thakar, Heather B., VanDerwarker, Amber M., Webster, David L., Culleton, Brendan J., Harper, Thomas K., Kistler, Logan, Scheffler, Timothy E., and Hirth, Kenneth 2017 High-Precision Chronology for Central American Maize Diversification from El Gigante Rockshelter, Honduras. PNAS 114:9026–9031.10.1073/pnas.1705052114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennett, Douglas J., Prufer, Keith M., Culleton, Brendan J., George, Richard J., Robinson, Mark, Trask, Willa R., Buckley, Gina M., Moes, Emily, Kate, Emily J., Harper, Thomas K., O'Donnell, Lexi, Ray, Erin E., Hill, Ethan C., Alsgaard, Asia, Merriman, Christopher, Meredith, Clayton, Edgar, Heather J. H., Awe, Jaime J., and Gutierrez, Said M. 2020 Early Isotopic Evidence for Maize as a Staple Grain in the Americas. Science Advances 6(23):eaba3245.10.1126/sciadv.aba3245CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Killion, Thomas W. 2013 Nonagricultural Cultivation and Social Complexity: The Olmec, their Ancestors, and Mexico's Southern Gulf Coast Lowlands. Current Anthropology 54:569–606.10.1086/673140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kistler, Logan, Montenegro, Álvaro, Smith, Bruce D., Gifford, John A., Green, Richard E., Newsom, Lee A., and Shapiro, Beth 2014 Transoceanic Drift and the Domestication of African Bottle Gourds in the Americas. PNAS 111:2937–2941.10.1073/pnas.1318678111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraft, Kraig H., Brown, Cecil H., Nabhan, Gary P., Luedeling, Eike, Luna Ruiz, José de Jesús, d'Eeckenbrugge, Geo Coppens, Hijmans, Robert J., and Gepts, Paul 2014 Multiple Lines of Evidence for the Origin of Domesticated Chili Pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico. PNAS 111:6165–6170.10.1073/pnas.1308933111CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubiak-Martens, Lucy 2016 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Starchy Food in Mesolithic Europe: The Importance of Roots and Tubers in Mesolithic Diet. In Wild Harvest: Plants in the Hominin and Pre-Agrarian Human Worlds, edited by Hardy, Karen and Kubiak-Martens, Lucy, pp. 113–134. Oxbow Books, Oxford.10.2307/j.ctvh1dmjj.12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kubiak-Martens, Lucyna 2002 New Evidence for the Use of Root Foods in Pre-Agrarian Subsistence Recovered from the Late Mesolithic Site at Halsskov, Denmark. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 11:23–32.10.1007/s003340200003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kwak, Myounghai, Kami, James A., and Gepts, Paul 2009 The Putative Mesoamerican Domestication Center of Phaseolus vulgaris Is Located in the Lerma-Santiago Basin of Mexico. Crop Science 49:554–563.10.2135/cropsci2008.07.0421CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langlie, BrieAnna S. 2016 Farming through the Auca Runa: Agricultural Strategies and Terraces during the Late Intermediate Period, Altiplano, Peru. Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis.Google Scholar
Langlie, BrieAnna S., Mueller, Natalie G., Spengler, Robert N., and Fritz, Gayle J. 2014 Agricultural Origins from the Ground Up: Archaeological Approaches to Plant Domestication. American Journal of Botany 101:1601–1617.10.3732/ajb.1400145CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leipe, Christian, Sergusheva, Elena A., Müller, Stefanie, Spengler, Robert N. III, Goslar, Tomasz, Kato, Hirofumi, Wagner, Mayke, Weber, Andrzej W., and Tarasov, Pavel E. 2017 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) in the Okhotsk Culture (5th–10th Century a.d.) of Northern Japan and the Role of Cultivated Plants in Hunter-Gatherer Economies. PloS ONE 12(3):e0174397.10.1371/journal.pone.0174397CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lentz, David L. 1991 Maya Diets of the Rich and Poor: Paleoethnobotanical Evidence from Copan. Latin American Antiquity 2:269–287.10.2307/972172CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lentz, David L., Beaudry-Corbett, Marilyn P., De Aguilar, Maria Luisa Reyna, and Kaplan, Lawrence 1996 Foodstuffs, Forests, Fields, and Shelter: A Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of Vessel Contents from the Ceren Site, El Salvador. Latin American Antiquity 7:247–262.10.2307/971577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lentz, David L., Dunning, Nicholas P., Scarborough, Vernon L., Magee, Kevin S., Thompson, Kim M., Weaver, Eric, Carr, Christopher, Terry, Richard E., Islebe, Gerald, Tankersley, Kenneth B., Sierra, Liwy Grazioso, Jones, John G., Buttles, Palma, Valdez, Fred, and Ramos Hernandez, Carmen E. 2014 Forests, Fields, and the Edge of Sustainability at the Ancient Maya City of Tikal. PNAS 111:18513–18518.10.1073/pnas.1408631111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lentz, David L., Woods, Sally, Hood, Angela, and Murph, Marcus 2012 Agroforestry and Agricultural Production of the Ancient Maya at the Chan Site. In Chan: An Ancient Maya Farming Community in Belize, edited by Robin, Cynthia, pp. 89–112. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Lesure, Richard G. 1998 Vessel Form and Function in an Early Formative Ceramic Assemblage from Coastal Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology 25:19–36.Google Scholar
Liu, Li, Kealhofer, Lisa, Chen, Xingcan, and Ji, Ping 2014 A Broad-Spectrum Subsistence Economy in Neolithic Inner Mongolia, China: Evidence from Grinding Stones. Holocene 24:726–742.10.1177/0959683614526938CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lohse, Jon C. 2010 Archaic Origins of the Lowland Maya. Latin American Antiquity 21:312–352.10.7183/1045-6635.21.3.312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marquardt, William R 2004 Calusa. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 14: Southeast, edited by Fogelson, Raymond D., pp. 204–212. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Mason, Sarah L. R., Hather, Jon G., and Hillman, Gordon C. 2002 The Archaeobotany of European Hunter-Gatherers: Some Preliminary Investigations. In Hunter-Gatherer Archaeobotany: Perspectives from the Northern Temperate Zone, edited by Mason, Sarah L. R. and Hather, Jon G., pp. 188–196. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London.Google Scholar
Matsuoka, Yoshihiro, Vigouroux, Yves, Goodman, Major M., Sanchez, Jesus, Buckler, Edward, and Doebley, John 2002 A Single Domestication for Maize Shown by Multilocus Microsatellite Genotyping. PNAS 99:6080–6084.10.1073/pnas.052125199CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mickleburgh, Hayley L., and Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R. 2012 New Insights into the Consumption of Maize and Other Food Plants in the Pre-Columbian Caribbean from Starch Grains Trapped in Human Dental Calculus. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:2468–2478.10.1016/j.jas.2012.02.020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miksicek, Charles H 1983 Macrofloral Remains of the Pulltrouser Area: Settlements and Fields. In Pulltrouser Swamp, edited by Paul D., Harrison, pp. 94–104. University of Texas Press, Austin.10.7560/750678-008CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miksicek, Charles H., Wing, Elizabeth S., and Scudder, Sylvia J. 1991 The Ecology and Economy of Cuello. In Cuello: An Early Maya Community in Belize, edited by Hammond, Norman, pp. 70–84. Cambridge University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Miller, Allison, and Schaal, Barbara 2005 Domestication of a Mesoamerican Cultivated Fruit Tree, Spondias purpurea. PNAS 102:12801–12806.10.1073/pnas.0505447102CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morehart, Christopher T. 2011 Food, Fire and Fragrance: A Paleoethnobotanical Perspective on Classic Maya Cave Rituals. BAR International Series 2186. Archaeopress, Oxford.10.30861/9781407307411CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morell-Hart, Shanti 2019 Techniques for Integrating Macrobotanical and Microbotanical Datasets: Examples from Pre-Hispanic Northwestern Honduras. Journal of Field Archaeology 44:234–249.10.1080/00934690.2019.1591917CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morell-Hart, Shanti 2020 Plant Foodstuffs of the Ancient Maya: Agents and Matter, Medium and Message. In Her Cup for Sweet Cacao: Food in Ancient Maya Society, edited by Ardren, Traci, pp. 124–160. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Morse, McKenzie L. 2009 Pollen from Laguna Verde, Blue Creek, Belize: Implications for Paleoecology, Paleoethnobotany, Agriculture, and Human Settlement. Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology Department, Texas A&M University, College Station.Google Scholar
Mueller, Andreas D., Islebe, Gerald A., Hillesheim, Michael B., Grzesik, Dustin A., Anselmetti, Flavio S., Ariztegui, Daniel, Brenner, Mark, Curtis, Jason H., Hodell, David A., and Venz, Kathryn A. 2009 Climate Drying and Associated Forest Decline in the Lowlands of Northern Guatemala During the Late Holocene. Quaternary Research 71:133–141.10.1016/j.yqres.2008.10.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearsall, Deborah M. 2015 Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures, 3rd ed. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Pearsall, Deborah M. 2019 Case Studies in Paleoethnobotany. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Pearsall, Deborah M., Chandler-Ezell, Karol, and Zeidler, James A. 2004 Maize in Ancient Ecuador: Results of Residue Analysis of Stone Tools from the Real Alto Site. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:423–442.10.1016/j.jas.2003.09.010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, Linda, and Flannery, Kent V. 2007 Precolumbian Use of Chili Peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. PNAS 104:11905–11909.10.1073/pnas.0704936104CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, Charles M. 2000 Precolumbian Silviculture and Indigenous Management of Neotropical Forests. In Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas, edited by Lentz, David L., pp. 203–223. Columbia University Press, New York.10.7312/lent11156-011CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R. 2006 Phytoliths: A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists. AltaMira Press, Lanham.Google Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R. 2011 The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments. Current Anthropology 52(S4): 453–470.10.1086/659998CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R., and Smith, Bruce D. 2012 The Origins of Food Production in Mesoamerica. In The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Nichols, Deborah L. and Pool, Christopher A., pp. 151–164. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R., and Pearsall, Deborah M. 1998 The Origin of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Piperno, Dolores R., and Dillehay, Tom D. 2008 Starch Grains on Human Teeth Reveal Early Broad Crop Diet in Northern Peru. PNAS 105:19622–19627.10.1073/pnas.0808752105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piperno, Dolores R., Ranere, Anthony J., Holst, Irene, and Hansell, Patricia 2000 Starch Grains Reveal Early Root Crop Horticulture in the Panamanian Tropical Forest. Nature 407(6806):894–897.10.1038/35038055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piperno, Dolores R., Ranere, Anthony J., Holst, Irene, Iriarte, José, and Dickau, Ruth 2009 Starch Grain and Phytolith Evidence for Early Ninth Millennium BP Maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico. PNAS 106:5019–5024.10.1073/pnas.0812525106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pohl, Mary D., and Bloom, Paul 1996 Prehistoric Maya Farming in the Wetlands of Northern Belize: More Data from Albion Island and Beyond. In The Managed Mosaic, edited by Feddick, Scott L., pp. 145–164. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Pohl, Mary D., and Miksicek, Charles H. 1985 The Development and Impact of Ancient Maya Agriculture: Section A: Cultivation Techniques and Crops. In Prehistoric Lowland Maya Environment and Subsistence Economy, edited by Pohl, Mary D., pp. 10–20. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pohl, Mary D., Pope, Kevin O., Jones, John G., Jacob, John S., Piperno, Dolores R., Lentz, David L., Gifford, John A., Danforth, Marie E., and Kathryn Josserand, J. 1996 Early Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Latin American Antiquity 7:355–372.10.2307/972264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, Virginia S. 1988 Selecting Quantitative Measurements in Paleoethnobotany. In Current Paleoethnobotany: Analytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remains, edited by Hastorf, Christine A. and Popper, Virginia S., pp. 53–71. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Powis, Terry G. 2004 The Role of Pottery and Food Consumption among Late Preclassic Maya Commoners at Lamanai, Belize. In Ancient Maya Commoners, edited by Lohse, Jon C. and Valdez, Fred, pp. 49–72. University of Texas Press, Austin.10.7560/705715-004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powis, Terry G., Valdez, Fred, Hester, Thomas R., Jeffrey Hurst, W., and Tarka, Stanley M. 2002 Spouted Vessels and Cacao Use among the Preclassic Maya. Latin American Antiquity 13:85–106.10.2307/971742CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powis, Terry G., Stanchly, Norbert, White, Christine D., Healy, Paul F., Awe, Jaime J., and Longstaffe, Fred 1999 A Reconstruction of Middle Preclassic Maya Subsistence Economy at Cahal Pech, Belize. Antiquity 73:364–376.10.1017/S0003598X00088311CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prufer, Keith M. 2018 Preceramic Cultural History in Southern Belize and Its Environmental Context. Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 15:241–251.Google Scholar
Ranere, Anthony J., Piperno, Dolores R., Holst, Irene, Dickau, Ruth, and Iriarte, José 2009 The Cultural and Chronological Context of Early Holocene Maize and Squash Domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico. PNAS 106:5014–5018.10.1073/pnas.0812590106CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reina, Ruben E., and Hill, Robert M. 1978 The Traditional Pottery of Guatemala. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Rice, Prudence M. 2012 Ceramic Technology and Production. In The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Nichols, Deborah L. and Pool, Christopher A., pp. 607–615. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Roosevelt, Anna C. 1980 Parmana: Prehistoric Maize and Manioc Subsistence Along the Amazon and Orinoco. Studies in Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.10.1016/B978-0-12-595350-4.50010-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2006 Sedentism and Food Production in Early Complex Societies of the Soconusco. Mexico. World Archaeology 38:330–355.10.1080/00438240600694115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M. 2015 A Mosaic of Adaptation: The Archaeological Record for Mesoamerica's Archaic Period. Journal of Archaeological Research 23:115–162.10.1007/s10814-014-9080-xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., VanDerwarker, Amber M., Culleton, Brendan J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2015 Is It Agriculture Yet? Intensified Maize-Use at 1000 cal b.c. in the Soconusco and Mesoamerica. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 40:89–108.10.1016/j.jaa.2015.06.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenswig, Robert M., Pearsall, Deborah M., Masson, Marilyn A., Culleton, Brendan J., and Kennett, Douglas J. 2014 Archaic Period Settlement and Subsistence in the Maya Lowlands: New Starch Grain and Lithic Data from Freshwater Creek, Belize. Journal of Archaeological Science 41:308–321.10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarry, C. Margaret 1986 Change in Plant Procurement and Production During the Emergence of the Moundville Chiefdom. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Scheel-Ybert, Rita 2001 Man and Vegetation in Southeastern Brazil During the Late Holocene. Journal of Archaeological Science 28:471–480.10.1006/jasc.2000.0577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, Glenn H. Jr., Clement, Charles R., Lima, Helena Pinto, Santos, Gilton Mendes dos, de Paula Moraes, Claide, and Neves, Eduardo Góes 2020 Ancient and Traditional Agriculture in South America: Tropical Lowlands. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.597.Google Scholar
Simms, Stephanie R. 2014 Prehispanic Maya Foodways: Archaeological and Microbotanical Evidence from Escalera al Cielo, Yucatan, Mexico. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology Department, Boston University, Boston.Google Scholar
Slotten, Venicia, Lentz, David, and Sheets, Payson 2020 Landscape Management and Polyculture in the Ancient Gardens and Fields at Joya de Cerén, El Salvador. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 59:101191.10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101191CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smalley, John, and Blake, Michael 2003 Sweet Beginnings: Stalk Sugar and the Domestication of Maize. Current Anthropology 44:675–703.10.1086/377664CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Bruce D. 2001 Low-Level Food Production. Journal of Archaeological Research 9:1–43.10.1023/A:1009436110049CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Bruce D. 2011 General Patterns of Niche Construction and the Management of “Wild” Plant and Animal Resources by Small-Scale Pre-Industrial Societies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366(1566):836–848.10.1098/rstb.2010.0253CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Svizzero, Serge 2017 Persistent Controversies about the Neolithic Revolution. Journal of Historical Archaeology & Anthropological Sciences 1(2):13.10.15406/jhaas.2017.01.00013CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Therin, Michael, Fullagar, Richard, and Torrence, Robin 1999 Starch in Sediments: A New Approach to the Study of Subsistence and Land Use in Papua New Guinea. In Change in Subsistence Systems, edited by Gosden, Chris and Hather, Jon, pp. 438–462. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. 1907 A Comparative Study of the Mayas and Lacandones. Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Turner, Billie L., II 1974 Prehistoric Intensive Agriculture in the Mayan Lowlands. Science 185:118–124.10.1126/science.185.4146.118CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, Billie L. II, and Harrison, Peter D. 1983 Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture, and Settlement in Northern Belize. University of Texas Press, Austin.10.7560/750678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Twiss, Katheryn C. 2007 We Are What We Eat. In The Archaeology of Food and Identity, edited by Twiss, Katheryn C., pp. 1–15. Occasional Paper (Center for Archaeological Investigations) 34. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Tykot, Robert H., Van der Merwe, Nikolaas J., and Hammond, Norman 1996 Stable Isotope Analysis of Bone Collagen, Bone Apatite, and Tooth Enamel in the Reconstruction of Human Diet: A Case Study from Cuello, Belize. In Archaeological Chemistry: Organic, Inorganic, and Biochemical Analysis, edited by Orna, Mary Virginia, pp. 355–365. ACS Symposium Series 625. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.10.1021/bk-1996-0625.ch025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ugent, Donald, Pozorski, Shelia, and Pozorski, Thomas 1986 Archaeological Manioc (Manihot) from Coastal Peru. Economic Botany 40:78–102.10.1007/BF02858949CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merwe, Van der, Nikolaas, J., Tykot, Robert H., Hammond, Norman, and Oakberg, Kim 2002 Diet and Animal Husbandry of the Preclassic Maya at Cuello, Belize: Isotopic and Zooarchaeological Evidence. In Biogeochemical Approaches to Paleodietary Analysis, edited by Ambrose, Stanley H. and Anne Katzenberg, M., pp. 23–38. Springer, Boston.10.1007/0-306-47194-9_2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M. 2006 Farming, Hunting, and Fishing in the Olmec World. University of Texas Press, Austin.10.7560/709805CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VanDerwarker, Amber M., and Kruger, Robert P. 2012 Regional Variation in the Importance and Uses of Maize in the Early and Middle Formative Olmec Heartland: New Archaeobotanical Data from the San Carlos Homestead, Southern Veracruz. Latin American Antiquity 23:509–532.10.7183/1045-6635.23.4.509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vaughn, Hague H., Deevey, Edward S. Jr, and Garrett-Jones, Samuel E. 1985 Pollen Stratigraphy of Two Cores from the Peten Lake District, with an Appendix on Two Deep-Water Cores. In Prehistoric Lowland Maya Environment and Subsistence Economy, edited by Pohl, Mary, pp. 73–89. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Vavilov, Nikolai I. 1951 The Origin, Variation, Immunity, and Breeding of Cultivated Plants. Translated from the Russian by Chester, K. Starr. Chronica Botanica, Waltham.10.1097/00010694-195112000-00018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrydaghs, Luc, and Denham, Timothy P. 2007 Rethinking Agriculture: Introductory Thoughts. In Rethinking Agriculture: Archaeological and Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives, edited by Denham, Timothy P., Iriarte, José, and Vrydaghs, Luc, pp. 1–15. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek.Google Scholar
Wahl, David, Byrne, Roger, Schreiner, Thomas, and Hansen, Richard 2006 Holocene Vegetation Change in the Northern Peten and Its Implications for Maya Prehistory. Quaternary Research 65:380–389.10.1016/j.yqres.2005.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, Jiajing, Liu, Li, Ball, Terry, Yu, Linjie, Li, Yuanqing, and Xing, Fulai 2016 Revealing a 5,000-Y-Old Beer Recipe in China. PNAS 113:6444–6448.10.1073/pnas.1601465113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wendel, Martha M. 2019 Wetland Fields in the Maya Lowlands: Archaeobotanical Evidence from Birds of Paradise, Belize. Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropology Department, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati.Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce, and Kennett, Douglas J. 2006 Behavioral Ecology and the Transition from Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture. In Behavioral Ecology and the Transition to Agriculture, edited by Kennett, Douglas J. and Winterhalder, Bruce, pp. 1–21. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Wisdom, Charles 1940 The Chorti Indians of Guatemala. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Wiseman, F. 1990 Late Holocene Record of Agricultural Activity in the Maya Lowlands. In Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture: Excavations on Albion Island, Northern Belize,edited by Pohl, M., pp. 312–322. Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Westview Press, Boulder.Google Scholar
Wiseman, Frederick M. 1983 Analysis of Pollen from the Fields at Pulltrouser Swamp. In Pulltrouser Swamp: Ancient Maya Habitat, Agriculture, and Settlement in Northern Belize, edited by Turner, Billie L. II and Harrison, Peter D., pp. 105–119. University of Texas Press, Austin.10.7560/750678-009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyatt, Andrew 2012 Agricultural Practices at Chan: Farming and Political Economy in an Ancient Maya Community. In Chan: An Ancient Maya Farming Community, edited by Brown, Cynthia, pp. 71–88. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Zizumbo-Villarreal, Daniel, Flores-Silva, Alondra, and Marín, Patricia Colunga-García 2012 The Archaic Diet in Mesoamerica: Incentive for Milpa Development and Species Domestication. Economic Botany 66:328–343.10.1007/s12231-012-9212-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar