Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Part 1 Introduction
- Part 2 Lie-detection techniques
- 2 Discerning lies from truths: behavioural cues to deception and the indirect pathway of intuition
- 3 Statement Validity Analysis and the ‘detection of the truth’
- 4 Reality monitoring and detection of deception
- 5 The psychophysiological detection of deception
- Part 3 Special issues facing a lie-catcher
- Part 4 Enhancing lie-detection accuracy
- Part 5 Conclusions
- Index
- References
4 - Reality monitoring and detection of deception
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 September 2009
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of figures
- List of tables
- List of contributors
- Part 1 Introduction
- Part 2 Lie-detection techniques
- 2 Discerning lies from truths: behavioural cues to deception and the indirect pathway of intuition
- 3 Statement Validity Analysis and the ‘detection of the truth’
- 4 Reality monitoring and detection of deception
- 5 The psychophysiological detection of deception
- Part 3 Special issues facing a lie-catcher
- Part 4 Enhancing lie-detection accuracy
- Part 5 Conclusions
- Index
- References
Summary
Research on eyewitness testimony has primarily focused on memory errors. In this chapter, the focus is not on eye-witness errors but on the application of Johnson and Raye's (1981) reality monitoring (RM) model to detection of deception. The central question is whether or not it is possible to discriminate truthful from deceptive statements on the basis of content aspects outlined by the RM theory. This approach is akin to Statement Validity Analysis, in particular the Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) component, which also has focused on qualitative differences between truthful and deceptive accounts (for reviews, see Ruby and Brigham, 1997; Sporer, 1983, 1997a, 1997b; Steller and Köhnken, 1989; Vrij, 2000, in press).
Reality monitoring approach
In a seminal paper, Johnson and Raye (1981) asked how people go about discriminating memories of externally derived (perceptual) experiences from memories of internally derived experiences. This process has been termed reality monitoring (RM). In a deception situation, a communicator constructs an event either from scratch or on the basis of similar experiences, thus reporting on a new current event, not a memory of a past event. According to RM theory, people rely on qualitative characteristics of memories to decide whether a memory is based on an actual experience or not. It is assumed that externally derived memories contain more references to sensory information (visual details, colours, sounds, odours, touch, taste), contextual information (about space and time), emotions and feelings, and semantic information.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Detection of Deception in Forensic Contexts , pp. 64 - 102Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2004
References
Alonso-Quecuty, M. (1992). Deception detection and reality monitoring: A new answer to an old question? In F. Loesel, D. Bender, and T. Bliesener (eds.), Psychology and law: International perspectives (pp. 228–332). Berlin: Walter de GruyterCrossRef
Alonso-Quecuty, M. (1993). Psicología forense experimental: El efecto de la demora en la toma de declaración y el grado de elaboración de la misma sobre los testimonios verdaderos y falsos [Experimental forensic psychology: The effect of delay and preparation of a statement upon truthful and deceptive testimonies]. In M. García (ed.), Psicología social aplicada en los procesos jurídicos y políticos (pp. 81–8). Sevilla: Eudema
Alonso-Quecuty, M. (1996). Detecting fact from fallacy in child and adult witness accounts. In G. Davies, S. Lloyd-Bostock, M. McMurran, and C. Wilson (eds.), Psychology, law and criminal justice. International developments in research and practice (pp. 74–80). Berlin: Walter de GruyterCrossRef
, and (1997). Tócala otra vez Sam: Repitiendo las mentiras [Play it again Sam: Retelling a lie]. Estudios de Psicología, 57, 29–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alonso-Quecuty, M. L., Hernández-Fernaud, E., and Campos, L. (1997). Child witnesses: Lying about something heard. In S. Redondo, V. Garrio, J. Pérez, and R. Barbaret (eds.), Advances in psychology and law: International contributions (pp. 129–35). Berlin: Walter de GruyterCrossRef
Anderson, S. J., and Conway, M. A. (1997). Representation of autobiographical memories. In M. A. Conway, (ed.), Cognitive models of memory (pp. 217–46). Hove: Psychology Press
Arntzen, F. (1970/1993). Psychologie der Zeugenaussage. Systematik der Glaubwuerdigkeitsmerkmale [Psychology of eyewitness testimony. System of credibility criteria] (1st/3rd edn). Munich: C. H. Beck
, , and (1999). Evaluer la sincérité d'un témoin grâce à trois techniques d'analyse, verbales et non verbale [Evaluating a witness's sincerity with three verbal and nonverbal techniques]. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée, 49, 115–21Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? In D. C. Rubin (ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 25–49). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef
Brewer, W. F. (1996). What is recollective memory? In D. C. Rubin (ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 19–66). New York: Cambridge University PressCrossRef
(1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 752–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, M. A. (1990). Autobiographical memory: An introduction. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press
DePaulo, B. M., and Friedman, H. S. (1998). Nonverbal communication. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, and G. Lindzey (eds.), Handbook of social psychology, 4th edn, Vol. II (pp. 3–40). New York: Random House
, , , , , and (2003). Cues to deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 74–112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1992). Measuring recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 275–7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1989a). Luegendetektion aus alltagspsychologischer Sicht [Lie detection based on commonsense]. Psychologische Rundschau, 40, 127–40Google Scholar
Fiedler, K. (1989b). Suggestion and credibility: Lie detection based on content-related cues. In V. A. Gheorghiu, P. Netter, H. J. Eysenck, and R. Rosenthal (eds.), Suggestion and suggestibility: Theory and research (pp. 323–35). Berlin: Springer
Fisher, R. P., and Geiselman, R. E. (1992). Memory enhancing techniques for investigative interviewing: The Cognitive Interview. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas
Fiske, S. T., and Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill
Fivush, R., and Shukat, J. R. (1995). Content, consistency, and coherence of early autobiographical recall. In M. S. Zaragoza, J. R. Graham, G. C. N. Hall, R. Hirschman, and Y. S. BenPorath (eds.), Memory and testimony in the child witness (pp. 5–23). London: Sage
Gilbert, D. T. (1995). Attribution and interpersonal perception. In A. Tesser (ed.), Advanced social psychology (pp. 99–147). Boston: McGraw-Hill
Granhag, P. A., Stroemwall, L., and Olsson, C. (2001, June). Fact or fiction? Adults' ability to assess children's veracity. Paper presented at the 11th European Conference on Psychology and Law in Lisbon, Portugal
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and semantics, Vol. III: Speech acts (pp. 41–58). New York: Seminar Press
, and (1989). Reality monitoring judgments of other people's memories. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27, 2, 107–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1998). Interpersonal reality monitoring: Judging the sources of other people's memories. Social Cognition, 16, 199–224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1988). Phenomenal characteristics of memories for perceived and imagined autobiographical events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 371–6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1998). Judgements of other people's memory reports: Differences in reports as a function of imagery vividness. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 159–713.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1974). An exploration of deception as a communication construct. Human Communication Research, 1, 15–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köhnken, G. (1990). Glaubwuerdigkeit [Credibility]. Munich: Psychologie Verlags Union
Kuepper, B., and Sporer, S. L. (1995). Beurteileruebereinstimmung bei Glaubwuerdigkeitsmerkmalen: Eine empirische Studie [Interrater agreement for credibility criteria: An empirical study]. In G. Bierbrauer, W. Gottwald, and B. Birnbreier-Stahlberger (eds.), Verfahrensgerechtigkeit – Rechtspsychologische Forschungsbeitraege für die Justizpraxis (pp. 187–213). Cologne: Otto Schmidt Verlag
and (1992). The effect of training in Criteria-Based Content Analysis on the ability to detect deception in adults. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 663–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, S. F. (1998). What is it like to remember? On phenomenal qualities of memory. In C. P. Thompson, D. J. Herrmann, D. Bruce, J. D. Read, D. G. Payne, and M. P. Toglia (eds.), Autobiographical memory: Theoretical and applied perspectives (pp. 163–90). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Lindsay, D. S. (2002). Children's source monitoring. In H. L. Westcott, G. M. Davies, and R. H. C. Bull (eds), Children's testimony (pp. 83–98). Chichester, England: WileyCrossRef
, and (1990). Response bias: Characteristics of detection theory, threshold theory, and ‘nonparametric’ indexes. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 401–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacMillan, N. A., (1991). Detection theory: A user's guide. New York: Cambridge University Press
(1973). Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. British Journal of Psychology, 64, 17–24CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (in press). The detection of deception with the reality monitoring approach: A review of the empirical evidence. Psychology, Crime, and Law
, and (1996). Qualitative characteristics of vivid memories attributed to real and imagined experiences. American Journal of Psychology, 109, 59–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNicol, D. (1972). A primer of signal detection theory. London: George Allen, and Unwin
, and (2002). ‘He's guilty!’. Investigator bias in judgments of truth and deception. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 469–80CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pezdek, K., and Taylor, J. (2000). In D. F. Bjorklund (ed.), False-memory creation in children and adults. Theory, research, and implication (pp. 69–91). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
, and (2000). The influence of cognitive load on self-presentation: Can cognitive busyness help as well as harm social performance?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 1092–108CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2002). Luegst Du? Glaubwuerdigkeitsbeurteilung im Alltag [Are you lying to me? Credibility assessment in everyday life]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 33, 169–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1983). Individual differences and cues to deception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 899–915CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1997). The usefulness of the Criteria-Based Content Analysis technique in distinguishing between truthful and fabricated allegations. A critical review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 3, 705–37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1999). Assessing the truthfulness of witness statements made by children (aged 7–8, 10–11, and 13–14) employing scales derived from Johnson and Raye's model of Reality Monitoring. Expert Evidence, 6, 273–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1992). Interpersonal processes involving impression regulation and management. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, 133–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schooler, J. W., Clark, C., and Loftus, E. F. (1988). Knowing when memory is real. In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, and R. N. Sykes (eds.), Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues, Vol. I, S. (pp. 83–8). Chichester: Wiley
, , and (1986). Qualities of the unreal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 12, 171–81Google ScholarPubMed
, and (1991). The linguistic category model, its bases, applications and range. European Review of Social Psychology, 2, 1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1988). The cognitive functions of linguistic categories in describing persons: Social cognition and language. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 558–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983, August). Content criteria of credibility: The German approach to eyewitness testimony. Paper presented in G. S. Goodman (Chair), The child witness: Psychological and legal issues. Symposium presented at the 91st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association in Anaheim, CaliforniaGoogle Scholar
(1997a). The less traveled road to truth: Verbal cues in deception detection in accounts of fabricated and self-experienced events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 373–973.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sporer, S. L. (1997b). Realitaetsueberwachungskriterien und forensische Glaubwuerdigkeitskriterien im Vergleich: Validitaetueberpruefung anhand selbst erlebter und erfundener Geschichten [Comparing reality monitoring criteria and forensic credibility criteria: Validity experiments with self-experienced and invented accounts]. In L. Greuel, T. Fabian, and M. Stadler (eds.), Psychologie der Zeugenaussage (pp. 71–85). Munich: Psychologie Verlags Union
Sporer, S. L. (1998, March). Detecting deception with the Aberdeen Report Judgement Scales (ARJS): Theoretical development, reliability and validity. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the American Psychology–Law Society in Redondo Beach, CA
Sporer, S. L., and Bursch, S. E. (1996, April). Detection of deception by verbal means: Before and after training. Paper presented at the 38. Tagung experimentell arbeitender Psychologen in Eichstaett, Germany
Sporer, S. L., and Hamilton, S. C. (1996, June). Should I believe this? Reality monitoring of invented and self-experienced events from early and late teenage years. Poster presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute in Port de Bourgenay, France
Sporer, S. L., and Kuepper, B. (1994, September). Fantasie und Wirklichkeit – Erinnerungsqualitaeten von wahren und erfundenen Geschichten [Fantasy and reality – memory qualities of true and invented stories]. Paper presented at the 39th Congress of the German Psychological Association in Hamburg
, and (1995). Realitaetsueberwachung und die Beurteilung des Wahrheitsgehaltes von Erzaehlungen: Eine experimentelle Studie [Reality monitoring and the judgment of credibility of stories: An experimental investigation]. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 26, 173–93Google Scholar
, and . (2004). Fantasie und Wirklichkeit – Erinnerungsqualitaeten von wahren und erfundenen Geschichten. [Fantasy and reality – memory qualities of true and invented stories]. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 1, 212, 135–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sporer, S. L., Bursch, S. E., Schreiber, N., Weiss, P. E., Hoefer, E., Sievers, K., and Köhnken, G. (2000). Detecting deception with the Aberdeen Report Judgement Scales (ARJS): Inter-rater reliability. In A. Czerederecka, T. Jaskiewicz-Obydzinska, and J. Wojcikiewicz (eds.), Forensic psychology and law. Traditional questions and new ideas (pp. 197–204). Krakow: Institute of Forensic Research Publishers
Sporer, S. L., Kuepper, B., and Bursch, S. E. (1995, April). Hilft Wissen ueber Realitaetsueberwachung, um zwischen wahren und erfundenen Geschichten zu unterscheiden? [Does knowledge about reality monitoring help to discriminate between true and invented stories?] Paper presented at the 37th Meeting of Experimental Psychologists in Bochum, Germany
Sporer, S. L., Stucke, T. S., and Semweber, M. C. (2000). Individual differences in self-monitoring and content-oriented detection of deception. Paper presented at the 10th European Conference of Psychology and Law in Limassol, Cyprus
Steller, M., and Köhnken, G. (1989). Criteria-based statement analysis. Credibility assessment of children's statements in sexual abuse cases. In D. C. Raskin (ed.), Psychological methods for investigation and evidence (pp. 217–45). New York: Springer
, , and (1992). Realkennzeichen in Kinderaussagen: Empirische Grundlage der Kriterienorientierten Aussageanalyse [Reality criteria in children's statements: The empirical basis of criteria-oriented statement analysis]. Zeitschrift für Experimentelle und Angewandte Psychologie, 39, 151–70Google Scholar
Strömwall, L. A., Bengtsson, L., Leander, L., and Granhag, P. A. (in press). Assessing children's statements: The impact of a repeated experience on CBCA and RM ratings. Applied Cognitive Psychology
Undeutsch, U. (1967). Beurteilung der Glaubhaftigkeit von Aussagen [Evaluation of the credibility of statements]. In U. Undeutsch (ed.), Handbuch der Psychologie: Vol. 11. Forensische Psychologie (pp. 26–181). Goettingen: Hogrefe
Undeutsch, U. (1982). Statement reality analysis. In A. Trankell (ed.), Reconstructing the past: The role of psychologists in criminal trials (pp. 27–56). Deventer, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic
Vrij, A. (2000). Detecting lies and deceit. The psychology of lying and the implications for professional practice. Chichester: John Wiley
, and (1999). Individual differences in persistence in lying and experiences while deceiving. Communication Research Reports, 3, 299–308Google Scholar
, , and (1997). Individual differences in hand movements during deception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21, 87–102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (in press). Detecting deceit via analyses of verbal and nonverbal behavior in children and adults. Human Communication Research
, , and (2001). Stereotypical verbal and nonverbal responses while deceiving others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 899–909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000). Detecting deceit via analysis of verbal and nonverbal behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24, 239–63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallbott, H. G. (1998). Die ‘Leakage’-Hypothese – Zum aktuellen Forschungsstand [The ‘leakage’ hypothesis – its current research status]. In A. Spitznagel (ed.), Geheimnis und Geheimhaltung (pp. 197–216). Göttingen: Hogrefe
- 91
- Cited by