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Actors of maritime trade in the British Atlantic: from the ‘sea dogs’ to a trading empire

from Les acteurs de la dynamique maritime

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2017

Sheryllynne Haggerty
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
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Summary

ABSTRACT. The author argues for the major role of individual actors and the importance of peripheral and illegal activities in the British expansion and commercial domination in the Atlantic. The pioneers were the ‘sea dogs’ under the protection of the Crown and funded predominantly by London merchants; they exercised their talents as predators on Spanish vessels. Chartered companies, with which the London merchants were also strongly connected, were important in the seventeenth-century development of Atlantic expansion, and especially in North America. However, their monopolies were often illusory, and individual merchants from the outports soon dominated in trade by developing their networks. Out of the reach of the state, merchants situated outside Britain and on the periphery took advantage to either work around or violate Britain's maritime regulations. By the later eighteenth century, sophisticated mercantile networks were in place around the Atlantic, which allowed many British merchants to survive even major political and economic disasters.

RÉSUMÉ. L'auteur argumente le rôle majeur des acteurs individuels et l'importance des activités périphériques et illégales dans l'expansion et la domination commerciale britannique dans l'Atlantique. Les pionniers étaient les « sea dogs » protégés par la Couronne et financés principalement par des marchands de Londres; ils exerçaient leurs talents de prédateurs sur les vaisseaux espagnols. Les compagnies d'affrètement, avec lesquelles les marchands de Londres étaient également fortement liés, furent importantes au XVIIe siècle dans le développement de l'expansion de l'Atlantique et surtout en Amérique du Nord. Cependant, leurs monopoles étaient souvent illusoires et les marchands individuels des petits ports isolés dominèrent bientôt le commerce en développant leurs propres réseaux. Hors de la portée de l'état, les commerçants situés en dehors de la Grande-Bretagne et en périphérie ont profité de soit contourner soit violer les règlements maritimes britanniques. à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, des réseaux marchands sophistiqués étaient en place autour de l'Atlantique, ce qui a permis à de nombreux marchands britanniques de survivre même face à des catastrophes politiques et économiques majeures.

There is no doubt that the first British empire was Atlantic, maritime and commercial. However, compared to the other European states, England (Great Britain after 1707) was late on the scene in the early-modern Atlantic.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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