Optical coherence tomography and low-contrast acuity

Shin C. Beh; Laura J. Balcer

doi:10.1017/CBO9781139649506.007

Chapter 6 - Optical coherence tomography and low-contrast acuity

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 May 2015

Shin C. Beh and

Edited by

Laura J. Balcer and

Peter A. Calabresi: Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore
Laura J. Balcer: Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York
Elliot M. Frohman: Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: Optical Coherence Tomography in Neurologic Diseases , pp. 61 - 75

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139649506.007 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Sakai, RE, Feller, DJ, Galetta, KM, et al. Vision in multiple sclerosis: the story, structure-function correlations,and models for neuroprotection. J Neuroophthalmol 2011; 31: 362–73CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Owsley, C. Contrast sensitivity. Ophthalmol Clin N Am 2003; 16: 171–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Richman, J, Spaeth, GL, Wirotsko, B. Contrast sensitivity basics and a critique of currently available tests. J Cataract Refract Surg 2013; 39: 1100–6CrossRef Google Scholar

Pelli, DG, Bex, P. Measuring contrast sensitivity. Vision Res 2013; 90: 10–4CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gouras, P. Identification of cone mechanisms in monkey ganglion cells. J Physiol 1968; 199: 533–47CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Levanthal, AG, Roedick, RW, Dreher, B. Retinal ganglion cell classes in the Old World monkey: morphology and central projections. Science 1981; 213: 1139–42Google Scholar

Shapley, R, Perry, VH. Cat and monkey retinal ganglion cells and their visual function roles. Trends Neurosci 1986; 9: 235CrossRef Google Scholar

Dreher, B, Fukada, Y, Roedick, RW. Identification, classification and anatomical segregation of cells with X-like and Y-like properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of old-world primates. J Neurophysiol 1976; 258: 433–52Google Scholar PubMed

Hubel, DH, Wiesel, TN. Laminar and columnar distribution of geniculo-cortical fibers in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 1972; 146: 421–50CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hendrickson, AE, Wilson, JR, Ogren, MP. The neuroanatomical organization of pathways between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex in Old World and New World primates. J Comp Neurol 1978; 182: 123–36Google Scholar PubMed

Blasdel, GG, Lund, JS. Termination of afferent axons in macaque striate cortex. J Neurosci 1983; 3: 1389–413CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hubel, DH, Wiesel, TN. Effects of varying stimulus size and color on single lateral geniculate cells in Rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1966; 55: 1345–6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kaplan, E, Shapley, RM. X and Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque monkeys. J Physiol 1982; 330: 125–43CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Derrington, AM, Lennie, P. Spatial and temporal contrast sensitivities of neurons in lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque. J Physiol 1984; 357: 219–40CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Livingstone, MS, Hubel, DH. Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. J Neurosci 1987; 7: 3416–68CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, BB, Martin, PR, Valberg, A. Sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells to chromatic and luminance flicker. J Physiol 1989; 414: 223–43Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, BB, Pokorny, J, Smith, VC, et al. Luminance and chromatic modulation sensitivity of macaque ganglion cells and human observers. J Opt Soc Am A 1990; 7: 2223–36CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Laycock, R, Crewther, SG, Crewther, DP. A role for the ‘magnocellular advantage’ in visual impairments in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007; 31: 363–76CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McKendrick, AM, Sampson, GP, Walland, MJ, Badcock, DR. Contrast sensitivity changes due to glaucoma and normal aging: low-spatial frequency losses in both magnocellular and parvocellular pathways. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48: 2115–22CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Risacher, SL, Wudunn, D, Pepin, SM, et al. Visual contrast sensitivity in Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and older adults with cognitive complaints. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34: 1133–44CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Anderson, AJ, Johnson, CA. Frequency-doubling technology perimetry. Opthalmol Clin North Am 2003; 16: 213–25Google Scholar PubMed

De Monasterio, FM, Gouras, P. Functional properties of ganglion cells of the rhesus monkey retina. J Physiol 1975; 251: 167–95Google Scholar PubMed

Wiesel, TN, Hubel, DH. Spatial and chromatic interactions in the lateral geniculate body of the rhesus monkey. J Neurophysiol 1966; 29: 1115–56CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hicks, TP, Lee, BB, Vidyasagar, TR. The responses of cells in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus to sinusoidal gratings. J Physiol 1983; 337: 183–200CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hendry, SH, Yoshioka, T. A neurochemically distinct third channel in the macaque dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Science 1994; 264: 575–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Johnson, JK, Casagrande, VA. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins within the parallel visual pathways of a primate (Galago crassicaudatus). J Comp Neurol 1995; 356: 238–60CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hendry, SH, Casagrande, VA. A common pattern for a third visual channel in the primate LGN. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1996; 22: 1605Google Scholar

Goodchild, AK, Martin, PR. The distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex of a New World monkey, the marmoset, Callithrix jacchus. Vis Neurosci 1998; 15: 625–42CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Xu, X, Ichida, JM, Allison, JD, et al. A comparison of koniocellular, magnocellular, and parvocellular receptive field properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). J Physiol 2001; 531: 203–18CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pelli, DG, Robson, JG, Wilkins, AJ. Designing a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity. Clin Vision Sci 1988; 2: 187–99Google Scholar

Leat, SJ, Woo, GC. The validity of current clinical tests of contrast sensitivity and their ability to predict reading speed in low vision. Eye 1997; 11: 893–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Balcer, LJ, Baier, ML, Pelak, VA, et al. New low-contrast vision charts: reliability and test characteristics in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2000; 6: 163–71CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bodis-Wollner, I, Diamond, SP. The measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity in cases of blurred vision associated with cerebral lesions. Brain 1976; 99: 695–710CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Regan, D, Silver, R, Murray, TJ. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis – hidden visual loss: an auxiliary diagnostic test. Brain 1977; 100: 563–79CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kupersmith, MJ, Seiple, WH, Nelson, JI, Carr, RE. Contrast sensitivity loss in multiple sclerosis. Selectivity by eye, orientation, and spatial frequency measured with the evoked potential. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984; 25: 632–9Google Scholar PubMed

Nordmann, JP, Saraux, H, Roullet, E. Contrast sensitivity in multiple sclerosis: a study in 35 patients with and without optic neuritis. Ophthalmologica 1987; 195: 199–204CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Regan, D, Neima, D. Low-contrast letter charts as a test of visual function. Ophthalmology 1983; 90: 1192–200CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Regan, D, Neima, D. Low-contrast letter charts in early diabetic retinopathy, ocular hypertension, glaucoma, and Parkinson’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1984; 68: 885–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Baier, ML, Cutter, GR, Rudick, RA, et al. Low-contrast letter acuity testing captures visual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2005; 64: 992–5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bailey, IL, Lovie, JE. New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1976; 53: 740–5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ferris, FL, Kassoff, A, Bresnick, GH, et al. New visual acuity charts for clinical research. Am J Ophthalmol 1982; 94: 91–6Google Scholar PubMed

Ferris, FL, Bailey, I. Standardizing the measurement of visual acuity for clinical research studies: guideline from the Eye Care Technology Forum. Ophthalmology 1996; 103: 181–2CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Balcer, LJ, Galetta, SL, Calabresi, PA, et al. Natalizumab reduces visual loss in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2007; 68: 1299–304CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Talman, LS, Bisker, ER, Sackel, DJ, et al. Longitudinal study of vision and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010; 67: 749–60CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rubin, GS, Roche, KB, Prasada-Rao, P, Fried, LP. Visual impairment and disability in older adults. Optom Vis Sci 1994; 71: 750–60CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Szylick, JS, Seiple, W, Fishman, GA, et al. Perceived and actual performance of daily tasks: relationship to visual function tests in individuals with retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology 2001; 108: 65–75Google Scholar

Rubin, GS, Legge, GE. Psychophysics of reading. VI – The role of contrast in low vision. Vision Res 1989; 29: 79–91CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Whittaker, SG, Lovie-Kitchin, J. Visual requirements for reading. Optom Vis Sci 1993; 70: 54–65CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Crossland, MD, Rubin, GS. Text accessibility by people with reduced contrast sensitivity. Optom Vis Sci 2012; 89: 1276–81CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Marron, JA, Bailey, IL. Visual factors and orientation-mobility performance. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1982; 59: 413–26CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Startzell, JK, Owens, DA, Mulfinger, LM, Cavanagh, PR. Stair negotiation in older people: a review. J Am Geriatr Soc; 48: 567–80CrossRef Google Scholar

Freeman, EE, Munoz, B, Turano, KA, West, SK. Measures of visual function and their association with driving modification in older adults. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47: 514–20Google Scholar PubMed

Owsley, C, Sekuler, R, Boldt, C. Aging and low-contrast vision: face perception. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1981; 21: 362–5Google Scholar PubMed

Owsley, C, Sloane, ME. Contrast sensitivity, acuity, and the perception of “real world” targets. Br J Ophthalmol 1987; 71: 791–6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McCulloch, DL, Loffler, G, Colguhoun, K, et al. The effects of visual degradation on face discrimination. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011; 31: 240–8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Elliott, DB, Hurst, MA, Weatherhill, J. Comparing clinical tests of visual function with the patient’s perceived visual disability. Eye 1990; 4: 712–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lord, S, Dayhew, J. Visual factors for falls in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49: 508–15CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

French, D, Campbell, R, Spehar, A, et al. Drugs and falls in community dwelling older people: a national veterans study. Clin Therapeutics 2006; 28: 619–30CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Leat, SJ, Legge, GE, Bullimore, MA. What is low vision? A re-evaluation of definitions. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 198–211CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mowry, EM, Loquidice, MJ, Daniels, AB, et al. Vision related quality of life in multiple scleorsis: correlation with new measures of low and high contrast letter acuity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80: 767–72CrossRef Google Scholar

Elliot, DB, Whitaker, D. How useful are contrast sensitivity charts in optometric practice? Case reports. Optom Vis Sci 1992; 69: 378–85Google Scholar

Pineles, SL, Birch, EE, Talman, LS, et al. One eye or two: a comparison of binocular and monocular low-contrast acuity testing in multiple sclerosis. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 152: 133–40CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Newman, NJ, Wolfe, JM, Steward, MI, Lessell, S. Binocular visual function in patients with a history of monocular optic neuritis. Clin Vision Sci 1991; 6: 95–107Google Scholar

Gillespie-Gallery, H, Konstantakopoulou, E, Harlow, JA, Barbur, JL. Capturing age-related changes in functional contrast sensitivity with decreasing light levels in monocular and binocular vision. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 6093–103CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pineles, SL, Velez, FG, Isenberg, SJ, et al. Functional burden of strabismus: decreased binocular summation and binocular inhibition. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 131: 1413–19CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gallo, A, Esposito, F, Sacco, R, et al. Visual resting-state network in relapsing-remitting MS with and without previous optic neuritis. Neurology 2012; 79: 1458–65CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Collins, JW, Carney, LG. Visual performance in high myopia. Curr Eye Res 1990; 9: 217–23CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hess, R, Woo, G. Vision through cataracts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978; 17: 428–35Google Scholar PubMed

Abrahamsson, M, Sjostrand, J. Impairment of contrast sensitivity function (CSF) as a measure of disability glare. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986; 27: 1131–6Google Scholar PubMed

Gil, MA, Varon, C, Rosello, N, et al. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, subjective quality of vision, and quality of life with 4 different multifocal IOLs. Eur J Ophthalmol 2012; 22: 175–87CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Freedman, RD, Thibos, LN. Contrast sensitivity in humans with abnormal visual experience. J Physiol 1975; 247: 687–710CrossRef Google Scholar

Rogers, SA, Khan-Lim, D, Manners, RM. Does upper lid blepharoplasty improve contrast sensitivity? Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2012; 28: 163–5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Coe, CD, Bower, KS, Brooks, DB, et al. Effect of blast trauma and corneal foreign bodies on visual performance. Optom Vis Sci 2010; 87: 604–11CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sjostrand, J, Frisen, L. Contrast sensitivity in macular disease: a preliminary report. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 197;55: 507–14CrossRef Google Scholar

Kleiner, RC, Enger, C, Alexander, MF, Fine, SL. Contrast sensitivity in age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 1988; 106: 55–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Owsley, C, Sloane, ME, Skalka, HW, et al. A comparison of the Regan Low-Contrast Letter Charts and contrast sensitivity testing in older patients. Clin Vis Sci 1990; 5: 325–34Google Scholar

Rolando, M, Lester, M, Macri, A, Calabria, G. Low spatial-contrast sensitivity in dry eyes. Cornea 1993; 17: 376–9Google Scholar

Kappel, PJ, Monnet, D, Yu, F, et al. Contrast sensitivity among patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 147: 351–6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lindberg, CR, Fishman, GA, Anderson, RJ, Vasquez, V. Contrast sensitivity in retinitis pigmentosa. Br J Ophthalmol 1981; 65: 855–8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Yioti, GC, Kalogeropoulos, CD, Aspiotis, MB, Stefaniotou, MI. Contrast sensitivity and color vision in eyes with retinitis pigmentosa and good visual acuity: correlations with SD-OCT findings. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2012; 43: S44–S53CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Midena, E, Segato, T, Bottin, G, et al. The effect on the macular function of laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1992; 230: 162–5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Greenstein, VC, Chen, H, Hood, DC, et al. Retinal function in diabetic macular edema after focal laser photocoagulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000; 41: 3655–64Google Scholar PubMed

Stamper, RL. The effect of glaucoma on central visual function. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1984; 82: 792–826Google Scholar PubMed

Johnson, CA. Psychophysical measurement of glaucomatous damage. Surv Ophthalmol 2001; 45: S313–S318CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gandolfi, SA. Improvement in spatial contrast sensitivity threshold after surgical reduction of intraocular pressure in unilateral high-tension glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 197–201CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Skrandies, W, Gottlob, I. Alterations of visual contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s disease. Hum Neurobiol 1986; 5: 255–9Google Scholar PubMed

Kupersmith, MJ, Shakin, E, Siegel, IM, et al. Visual system abnormalities in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 1982; 39: 284–6CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Peppe, A, Stanzione, P, Pierelli, F, et al. Low contrast stimuli enhance PERG sensitivity to the visual dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 82: 453–7CrossRef Google Scholar

Langheinric, T, Tebartz van Elst, L, Lagreze, WA, et al. Visual contrast response functions in Parkinson’s disease: evidence from electroretinograms, visually evoked potentials and psychophysics. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: 66–74CrossRef Google Scholar

Cronin-Golomb, A, Corkin, S, Rizzo, JF, et al. Visual dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: relation to normal aging. Ann Neurol 1991; 29: 41–52CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gilmore, GC, Levy, JA. Spatial contrast sensitivity in Alzheimer’s disease: a comparison of two methods. Optom Vis Sci 1991; 68: 790–4Google Scholar PubMed

Sadun, AA, Borchert, M, DeVita, E, et al. Assessment of visual impairments in Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1987; 104: 113–20CrossRef Google Scholar

Barboni, MT, Nagy, BV, de Araujo Moura, AL, et al. ON and OFF electroretinography and contrast sensitivity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54: 3195–204CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ribeiro, MJ, Violante, IR, Bernardino, I, et al. Abnormal achromatic and chromatic contrast sensitivity in neurofibromatosis type 1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 287–93CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Braunitzer, G, Rokszin, A, Kobor, J, Benedek, G. Is the development of visual contrast sensitivity impaired in children with migraine? An exploratory study. Cephalalgia 2010; 30: 991–5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Shepherd, AJ, Beaumont, HM, Hine, TJ. Motion processing deficits in migraine are related to contrast sensitivity. Cephalalgia 2012; 32: 554–70CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wall, M. Contrast sensitivity testing in pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology 1986; 93: 4–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Verplanck, M, Kaufman, DI, Parson, T, et al. Electrophysiology versus psychophysics in the detection of visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. Neurology 1988; 38: 1789–92CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Buncie, JR, Tytla, ME. Contrast sensitivity in shunted hydrocephalus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1989; 30: 407Google Scholar

Wall, M, Conway, MD, House, PH, et al. Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of spatial resolution and Humphrey automated perimetry in pseudotumor cerebri patients and normal subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1991; 32: 3306–12Google Scholar PubMed

Lynch, DR, Farmer, JM, Rochestie, D, Balcer, LJ. Contrast letter acuity as a measure of visual dysfunction in patients with Friedreich ataxia. J Neuroophthalmol 2002; 22: 270–4CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bodis-Wollner, I. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in patients with cerebral lesions. Science 1972; 178: 769–71CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Halasz, I, Levy-Gigi, E, Kelemen, O, et al. Neuropsychological functions and visual contrast sensitivity in schizophrenia: the potential impact of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Front Psychol 2013; 4: 136CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bubl, E, Kern, E, Ebert, D, et al. Seeing gray when feeling blue? Depression can be measured in the eye of the diseased. Biol Psychiatry 2010; 68: 205–8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bubl, E, Ebert, D, Kern, E, et al. Effect of antidepressive therapy on retinal contrast processing in depressive disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2012; 201: 151–8CrossRef Google Scholar

Santaella, RM, Fraunfelder, FW. Ocular adverse effects associated with systemic medications: recognition and management. Drugs 2007; 67: 75–93CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sorri, I, Kalviainen, R, Mantyjarvi, M. Color vision and contrast sensitivity in epilepsy patients treated with initial tiagabine monotherapy. Epilepsy Res 2005; 67: 101–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Boeckelmann, I, Pfister, EA. Influence of occupational exposure to organic solvent mixtures on contrast sensitivity in printers. J Occup Environ Med 2003; 45: 25–33CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gong, Y, Kishi, R, Kasai, S, et al. Visual dysfunction in workers exposed to a mixture of organic solvents. Neurotoxicology 2003; 24: 703–10CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Costa, TL, Barboni, MT, Moura, AL, et al. Long-term occupational exposure to organic solvents affects color vision, contrast sensitivity, and visual fields. PLoS One 2012; 7: e42961CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Owsley, C. Aging and vision. Vision Res 2011; 51: 1610–22CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mateus, C, Lemos, R, Silva, MF, et al. Aging of low and high level vision: from chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity to local and 3D object motion perception. PLoS One 2013; 8: e55348CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Jackson, GR, Owsley, C. Visual dysfunction, neurodegenerative diseases, and aging. Neurol Clin 2003; 21: 709–28CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Curcio, CA, Milican, CL, Allen, KA, et al. Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993; 34: 3278–96Google Scholar PubMed

Zhang, J, Wang, X, Wang, Y, et al. Spatial and temporal sensitivity degradation of primary visual cortical cells in senescent rhesus monkeys. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28: 201–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Yang, Y, Liang, Z, Liang, Z, et al. Aging affects contrast response functions and adaptation of middle temporal visual area neurons in rhesus monkeys. Neuroscience 2008; 156: 748–57CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Adams, CW, Bullimore, MA, Wall, M, et al. Normal aging effects for frequency doubling technology perimetry. Optom Vis Sci 1999; 76: 582–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Anderson, AJ, Johnson, CA, Fingeret, M, et al. Characteristics of the normal database for the Humphrey Matrix Perimeter. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46: 1540–8CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Harnois, C, Di Paolo, T. Decreased dopamine in the retinas of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 2473–5Google Scholar PubMed

Nightingale, S, Mitchell, KW, Howe, JW. Visual evoked cortical potentials and pattern electroretinograms in Parkinson’s disease and control subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49: 1280–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gottlob, I, Scneider, E, Heider, W, et al. Alteration of visual evoked potentials and electroretinograms in Parkinson’s disease. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987; 66: 349–57CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Reader, TA, Quesney, LF. Dopamine in the visual cortex of the cat. Experimentia 1986; 42: 1242–4CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Parkinson, D. Evidence for a dopaminergic innervations of cat primary visual cortex. Neuroscience 1989; 30: 171–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Papadopoulos, GC, Parnavelas, JG. Distribution and synaptic organization of dopaminergic axons in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the rat. J Comp Neurol 1990; 294: 356–61Google Scholar PubMed

Regan, D, Maxner, C. Orientation-selective visual loss in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1987; 110: 415–32CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bulens, C, Meerwaldt, JD, Van der Wildt, GJ. Effect of stimulus orientation on contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1988; 38: 76–81CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Katz, B, Rimmer, S, Iragui, V, et al. Abnormal pattern electroretinogram in Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 221–5CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Trick, GL, Barris, MC, Bickler-Bluth, M. Abnormal pattern electroretinogram in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Ann Neurol 1989; 26: 226–31CrossRef Google Scholar

Koronyo, Y, Salumbides, BC, Black, KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui, M. Alzeheimer’s disease in the retina: imaging retinal Aβ plaques for early diagnosis and therapy assessment. Neurodegener Dis 2012; 10: 1–9CrossRef Google Scholar

Armstrong, RA. Visual field defects in Alzheimer’s disease patients may reflect differential pathology in the primary visual cortex. Optom Vis Sci 1996; 73: 677–82CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hof, PR, Morrison, JH. Quantitative analysis of a vulnerable subset of pyramidal neurons in Alzheimer’s disease: II. Primary and secondary visual cortex. J Comp Neurol 1990; 301: 55–64CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Leudba, G, Saini, K. Pathology of subcortical visual centres in relation to cortical degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1995; 21: 410–22Google Scholar

McKee, AC, Au, R, Cabral, HJ, et al. Visual association pathology in preclinical Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006; 65: 621–30CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mielke, R, Kessler, J, Fink, G, et al. Dysfunction of visual cortex contributes to disturbed processing of visual information in Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Neurosci 1995; 82: 1–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Blanks, JC, Hinton, DR, Sadun, AA, Miller, CA. Retinal ganglion cell degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res 1989; 501: 364–72CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Curcio, CA, Drucker, DN. Retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer’s disease and aging. Ann Neurol 1993; 33: 248–57CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hinton, DR, Sadun, AA, Blanks, HC, Miller, CA. Optic-nerve degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 485–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Paquet, C, Boissonnot, M, Roger, F, et al. Abnormal retinal thickness in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2007; 420: 97–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Parisi, V, Restuccia, R, Fattapposta, F, et al. Morphological and functional retinal impairment in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112: 1860–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sadun, AA, Bassi, CJ. Optic nerve damage in Alzheimer’s disease. Ophthalmology 1990; 97: 9–17CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tsai, CS, Ritch, R, Schwartz, B, et al. Optic nerve head and nerve fiber layer in Alzheimer’s disease. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109: 199–204CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Valenti, DA. Neuroimaging of retinal nerve fiber layer in AD using optical coherence tomography. Neurology 2007; 69: 1060CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Valenti, DA. Alzheimer’s disease: visual system review. Optometry 2010; 81: 12–21CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

McDonald, WI, Barnes. The ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis. 1. Abnormalities of the afferent visual system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992; 55: 747–52CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Leibowitz, U, Alter, M. Optic nerve involvement and diplopia as initial manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurosci 1994; 2: 180–8Google Scholar

Balcer, LJ. Optic Neuritis. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1273–80CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ulrich, J, Groebke-Lorenz, W. The optic nerve in multiple sclerosis. A morphological study with retrospective clinic-pathological correlations. Neuro-ophthalmology 1983; 3: 149–59CrossRef Google Scholar

Lumsden, CE. The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis. In: Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW, editors. Handbook of Clinical Neurology New York: Elsevier 1970. p. 161–216Google Scholar

Kurtzke, JF. Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Neurology 1983; 33: 1444–52CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rudick, R, Antel, J, Confavreux, C, et al. Recommendations from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society Clinical Outcomes Assessment Task Force. Ann Neurol 1997; 42: 379–82CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Miller, DM, Rudick, RA, Cutter, G, et al. Clinical significance of the multiple sclerosis functional composite: relationship to patient-reported quality of life. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 1319–24CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rudick, RA, Cutter, G, Reingold, S. The multiple sclerosis functional composite: a new clinical outcome measure for multiple sclerosis trials. Mult Scler 2002; 8: 359–65CrossRef Google Scholar

Balcer, LJ, Baier, ML, Cohen, JA, et al. Contrast letter acuity as a visual component for the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite. Neurology 2003; 61: 1367–73CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fisher, JB, Jacobs, DA, Markowitz, CE, et al. Relation of visual function to retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 324–32CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bock, M, Brandt, AU, Kuchenbecker, J, et al. Impairment of contrast visual acuity as a functional correlate of retinal nerve fibre layer thinning and total macular volume reduction in multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol 2012; 96: 62–7CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zimmern, RL, Campbell, FW, Wilkinson, IMS. Subtle disturbances of vision after optic neuritis elicited by studying contrast sensitivity. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 407–12CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Regan, D, Raymond, J, Ginsburg, AP, Murray, TJ. Contrast sensitivity, visual acuity and the discrimination of Snellen letters in multiple sclerosis. Brain 1981; 104: 333–50CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Patterson, VH, Foster, DH, Heron, J, Mason, RJ. Multiple sclerosis. Luminance threshold and measurements of temporal characteristics of vision. Arch Neurol 1981; 38: 687–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kupersmith, MJ, Nelson, JI, Seiple, WH, Carr, RE, Weiss, PA. The 20/20 eye in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1983; 33: 1015–20CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pace, R, Woo, GC. Contrasta sensitivity function for vision testing in suspected demyelinating disease. Lancet 1984; 8373: 405–6Google Scholar

Ashworth, B, Aspinall, PA, Mitchell, JD. Visual function in multiple sclerosis. Doc Ophthalmology 1989; 73: 209–24Google Scholar PubMed

Honan, WP, Heron, JR, Foster, DH, et al. Visual loss in multiple sclerosis and its relation to previous optic neuritis, disease duration and clinical classification. Brain 1990; 113: 975–87CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Russell, MHA, Murray, IJ, Metcalfe, RA, Kulikowski, JJ. The visual defect in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Brain 1991; 114: 2419–35CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Leys, MJ, Candaele, CM, De Rouck, AF, Odom, JV. Detection of hidden visual loss in multiple sclerosis. A comparison of pattern-reversal visual evoked potentials and contrast sensitivity. Doc Opthalmol 1991; 77: 255–64CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Trobe, JD, Beck, RW, Moke, PS, Cleary, PA. Contrast sensitivity and other vision tests in the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 121: 547–53CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Beck, RW, Gal, RL, Bhatti, MT, et al. Optic Neuritis Study Group. Visual function more than 10 years after optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137: 77–83Google Scholar

Wender, M. Value of Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart for evaluation of visual system in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2007; 41: 141–3Google Scholar PubMed

Wu, GF, Schwartz, ED, Lei, T, et al. Relation of vision to global and regional brain MRI in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2007; 69: 2128–35CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Optic Neuritis Study Group. Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis: a final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Ophthalmology 2008; 115: 1079–82Google Scholar

Keltner, JL, Johnson, CA, Cello, KE, et al. Optic Neuritis Study Group. Visual field profile of optic neuritis: a final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial from baseline through 15 years. Arch Ophthalmol 2010; 128: 330–7CrossRef Google Scholar

Graves, J, Galetta, SL, Palmer, J, et al. Alemtuzumab improves contrast sensitivity in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013; 19: 1302–9CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Reich, DS, Smith, SA, Gordon-Lipkin, EM, et al. Damage to the optic radiation in multiple sclerosis is associated with retinal injury and visual disability. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 998–1006CrossRef Google Scholar

Walter, SD, Ishikawa, H, Galetta, KM, Sakai, RE, Feller, DJ, Wilson, JA, Maguire, MG, Galetta, SL, Frohman, E, Calabresi, PA, Schuman, JS, Balcer, LJ. Ganglion cell loss in relation to visual disability in multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmology 119: 1250–57CrossRef Google Scholar

Burkholder, BM, Osborne, B, Loguidice, MJ, Bisker, E, Frohman, TC, Conger, A, Ratchford, JN, Warner, C, Markowitz, CE, Jacobs, DA, Galetta, SL, Cutter, GR, Maguire, MG, Calabresi, PA, Balcer, LJ, Frohman, EM. Macular volume determined by optical coherence tomography as a measure of neuronal loss in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol 2009; 66: 1366–72CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Book contents

Chapter 6 - Optical coherence tomography and low-contrast acuity

Summary

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive