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Methods of a study of terminal cleaning of patient rooms

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 February 2020

John D. Coppin
Affiliation:
Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans’ Healthcare System, Temple, Texas
Frank C. Villamaria
Affiliation:
Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans’ Healthcare System, Temple, Texas
Marjory D. Williams
Affiliation:
Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans’ Healthcare System, Temple, Texas Department of Nursing, Central Texas Veterans’ Health Care System, Temple, Texas
Laurel A. Copeland
Affiliation:
Veterans’ Affairs Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System, Leeds, Massachusetts
John E. Zeber
Affiliation:
Department of Research, Central Texas Veterans’ Healthcare System, Temple, Texas University of Massachusetts Amherst School of Public Health & Health Science, Amherst, Massachusetts
Chetan Jinadatha*
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, Central Texas Veterans’ Health Care System, Temple, Texas College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas
*
Author for correspondence: Chetan Jinadatha, E-mail: chetan.jinadatha@va.gov
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Abstract

Type
Letter to the Editor
Copyright
© 2019 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved.

To the Editor—It is encouraging to see that people have reviewed our article “Increased Time Spent on Terminal Cleaning of Patient Rooms May Not Improve Disinfection of High-Touch Surfaces.”Reference Coppin1 However, a related Letter to the Editor raises concerns that some may be misinterpreting both the thrust of our paper and our study methodology.Reference Hooker2

In our pragmatic report, we aimed to promote better cleaning by presenting research results that suggest that more than adequate time spent on terminal cleaning may not result in additionally lower bioburden on high-touch surfaces. We hope this information will cause practitioners to focus on other important factors such as proper training for environmental services staff (EVS), proper use of appropriate chemicals, and targeting high-touch surfaces that pose the greatest risk for transmission of pathogens to patients. We reiterated that adequate cleaning time is crucial, and we certainly do not advocate taking any shortcuts in the terminal cleaning process. Yet, as in many things, it is the quality of the process not the quantity that counts.

As to methodology, EVS were well-trained and experienced, and they voluntarily collaborated on the project. They were instructed to follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for application and contact time. We did not monitor EVS during room cleaning to avoid the Hawthorne effect and to obtain data on unmonitored cleaning.

The 5 high-touch surfaces chosen were the highest-touch surfaces according to published papers at the time of the study.Reference Huslage, Rutala, Sickbert-Bennett and Weber3 We omitted details on the culture process and instead referenced a prior paper.Reference Jinadatha, Villamaria and Ganachari-Mallappa4

Our analysis plan followed best practices for analyzing count data: use a generalized linear model with appropriate choice of family and link function, and avoid log transforming the data.Reference O’Hara and Kotze5 We used Bayesian models and reported uncertainty in our estimates, rather than rely on a p-value. Recent articles highlight the pitfalls of statistical significance, which can be particularly problematic in small observational studies without preregistration.Reference Amrhein, Greenland and McShane6 Major journals are now requiring some form of uncertainty interval rather than P values.Reference Harrington7 We also chose to include model estimates on the actual outcome scale. This makes interpretation easy for those familiar with the outcome (ABC counts from press plates) but not familiar with statistical terminology like incident rate ratios. Our goal was to apply the best methods of analysis and interpretation.

Finally, we provided a full financial support disclosure statement in our article. The salary support for this study was provided by the authors’ employers.

Acknowledgments

The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans’ Affairs. Xenex Healthcare Service did not participate in study design or in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data or in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.

Financial support

This study was supported by a merit review grant from the Department of Veterans’ Affairs to J.Z. (grant no. IIR 12-347), and laboratory activity was supported by a grant from Xenex Healthcare Services, with additional support from the Central Texas Veterans’ Health Care System (Temple, TX), Scott & White Healthcare (Temple, TX), and the jointly sponsored Center for Applied Health Research (Temple, TX).

Conflicts of interest

All authors declare no competing interests.

References

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Hooker, EA.Increased time spent on terminal cleaning of patient rooms may not improve disinfection of high-touch surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2019;40:1086.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huslage, K, Rutala, WA, Sickbert-Bennett, E, Weber, DJ.A quantitative approach to defining “high-touch” surfaces in hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:850853.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jinadatha, C, Villamaria, FC, Ganachari-Mallappa, N, et al.Can pulsed xenon ultraviolet light systems disinfect aerobic bacteria in the absence of manual disinfection? Am J Infect Control 2015;43:415417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Hara, RB, Kotze, DJ.Do not log-transform count data. Methods Ecol Evol 2010;1:118122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amrhein, V, Greenland, S, McShane, B.Retire statistical significance. Nature 2019; 567:305307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrington, D.et al.New guidelines for statistical reporting in the journal. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:285286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed