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The neuropsychology of mental retardation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2009

Margaret B. Pulsifer
Margaret B. Pulsifer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
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Abstract

This critical review examines mental retardation (MR) from a neuropsychological perspective. Competing definitions of MR are discussed and the prevalence is estimated. Descriptions are given of idiopathic MR and the five major identifiable prenatal causes of MR: fetal alcohol syndrome, Down's syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Angelman syndrome. Similarities and differences among syndromes are examined. Cognitive deficits common to all disorders were in attention, short-term memory, and sequential information processing, whereas language and visuospatial abilities were varied. Neuroanatomical abnormalities common to all disorders were in the hippocampus and cerebellum; individual disorders typically showed a unique pattern of other neurological abnormalities. Both knowledge of individual MR-related disorders and comparative research between disorders are important for researchers and clinicians. Further research is called for in both areas. (JINS, 1996, 2, 159–176.)

Keywords

Mental retardationBrain-behavior relationshipNeuropsychology
Type
Critical Review
Information
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , March 1996 , pp. 159 - 176
Copyright
Copyright © The International Neuropsychological Society 1996

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