Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T07:36:59.392Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of pericardiotomy on exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in the horse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2007

JA Textor ,
NG Ducharme ,
RD Gleed ,
RP Hackett ,
HN Erb ,
L Mitchell  and
LV Soderholm
JA Textor*
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
NG Ducharme
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
RD Gleed
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
RP Hackett
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
HN Erb
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
L Mitchell
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
LV Soderholm
Affiliation:
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
*
*jamietextor@gmail.com
Get access

Abstract

The role of cardiac function or dysfunction in the pathogenesis of exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension and haemorrhage in horses has been minimally investigated. We hypothesize that pericardiotomy would enhance diastolic function and attenuate pulmonary vascular pressures in maximally exercising horses. Our objective was to evaluate diastolic function and cardiopulmonary pressures before and after pericardiotomy, at rest and at maximal exercise. Study design was both self- and externally controlled. Five horses underwent pericardiotomy after a baseline exercise test. They subsequently performed the same exercise protocol at 1 week and 13 weeks post-operatively. An external, unoperated control group of five horses performed the same experimental protocol. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PWP), right ventricular pressure, heart rate (HR) and oesophageal pressure were measured continuously at rest and at maximal exercise; maximum rates of ventricular pressure decrease (−dP/dtmax), relaxation half-time (t1/2), time constant of isovolumic relaxation (τ) and pulmonary capillary pressures (PcapP) were derived. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Wilcoxon's signed-rank and rank-sum tests, with significance set at P<0.05. No significant differences were found in any variable after pericardiotomy was performed or between the experimental and external control groups. We conclude that during a 13-week study period, pericardiotomy does not alter pulmonary or ventricular pressures or rate of ventricular relaxation in the resting or maximally exercising horse. Results indicate that, in past and future studies requiring an open pericardium in normal horses, the cardiopulmonary parameters measured here are not affected by reduced pericardial pressure.

Keywords

horsepulmonary hypertensionEIPHpericardiumdiastolic function
Type
Research Article
Information
Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , February 2006 , pp. 45 - 51
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1West, JB and Mathieu-Costello, O (1994). Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a mechanism for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 26: 441–447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Jones, JH, Smith, BL, Birks, EK, Pascoe, JR and Hughes, TR (1992). Left atrial and pulmonary artery pressures in exercising horses. Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal 6: A2020.Google Scholar
3Hoit, BD, Dalton, N, Bhargava, V and Shabetai, R (1991). Pericardial influences on right-and left-ventricular filling dynamics. Circulation Research 68: 197–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Hoit, BD, Shao, YF, Gabel, M and Walsh, RA (1993). Influence of pericardium on left atrial compliance and pulmonary venous flow. American Journal of Physiology 264: H1781–H1787.Google ScholarPubMed
5Shapira, OM, Connelley, GP, Aldea, GS and Shemin, RJ (1995). Pulmonary venous flow in constrictive pericarditis. Clinical Cardiology 18: 231–233.Google Scholar
6Glantz, SA, Misbach, GA, Moores, WY, Mathey, DG, Lekven, J, Stowe, DF, Parmley, WW and Tyberg, JV (1978). The pericardium substantially affects the left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relationship in the dog. Circulation Research 42: 433–441.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Belenkie, I, Sas, R, Mitchell, J, Smith, ER and Tyberg, JV (2004). Opening the pericardium during pulmonary artery constriction improves cardiac function. Journal of Applied Physiology 96: 917–922.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Ducharme, NG, Hackett, RP, Gleed, RD, Ainsworth, DM, Erb, HN, Mitchell, LM and Soderholm, LV (1999). Pulmonary capillary pressure in horses undergoing alteration of pleural pressure by imposition of various upper airway resistive loads. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 27–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Evans, DL and Rose, RJ (1987). Maximum oxygen uptake in racehorses: changes with training state and prediction from submaximal cardiorespiratory measurements. In: Gillespie, JR & Robinson, NE (eds), Equine Exercise Physiology, Vol. 2. Davis, CA: ICEEP Publications, pp. 52–67.Google Scholar
10Sinha, AK, Gleed, RD, Hakim, TS, Dobson, A and Shannon, KJ (1996). Pulmonary capillary pressure during exercise in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 80: 1792–1798.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Weigle, GE, Langsetmo, I, Gallagher, RR, Dyer, RA, Erickson, HH and Fedde, MR (2000). Analysis of right ventricular function in the exercising horse: use of the fourier transform. Equine Veterinary Journal 32: 101–108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12Weiss, JL, Frederiksen, JW and Weisfeldt, ML (1976). Hemodynamic determinants of the time-course of fall in canine left ventricular pressure. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 58: 751–760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Constable, P, Muir, W and Sisson, D (1999). Clinical assessment of left ventricular relaxation. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 13: 5–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Hakim, TS, Maarek, JMI and Chang, HK (1989). Estimation of pulmonary capillary-pressure in intact dog lungs using the arterial-occlusion technique. American Review of Respiratory Disease 140: 217–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Jackson, AC and Vinegar, A (1979). A technique for measuring frequency response of pressure, volume, and flow transducers. Journal of Applied Physiology 47: 462–467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Meyer, TS, Fedde, MR, Gaughan, EM, Langsetmo, I and Erickson, HH (1998). Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. Equine Veterinary Journal 30: 284–288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Langsettmo, I, Fedde, MR, Meyer, TS and Erickson, HH (2000). Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 32: 379–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18Erickson, BK, Erickson, HH and Coffman, JR (1990). Pulmonary artery, aortic, and oesophageal pressure changes during high intensity exercise in the horse: a possible relation to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine Veterinary Journal 9: 47–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Birks, EK, Mathieu-Costello, O, Fu, ZX, Tyler, WS and West, JB (1997). Very high pressures are required to cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of Applied Physiology 82: 1584–1592.Google Scholar
20Pascoe, JR, Hiraga, A, Hobo, S, Birks, EK, Yarbrough, TB, Takahashi, T, Hada, T, Aida, H, Steffey, EP and Jones, JH (1999). Cardiac output measurements using sonomicrometer crystals on the left ventricle at rest and exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 148–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21Thomas, DP, Fregin, GF, Gerber, NH and Ailes, NB (1983). Effects of training on cardiorespiratory function in the horse. American Journal of Physiology 245: R160–R165.Google Scholar
22Durando, MM, Reef, VB and Birks, EK (2002). Right ventricular pressure dynamics during exercise: relationship to stress echocardiography. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 472–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23Hackett, RP, Ducharme, NG, Gleed, RD, Mitchell, L, Soderholm, LV, Erickson, BK and Erb, HN (2003). Do Thoroughbred and Standardbred horses have similar increases in pulmonary vascular pressures during exertion? Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 291–296.Google ScholarPubMed
24Birks, EK, Shuler, KM, Soma, LR, Martin, BB, Marconato, L, Del Piero, F, Teleis, DC, Shar, D, Hessinger, AE and Uboh, CE (2002). EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 375–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Yellin, EL, Nikolic, S and Frater, RW (1990). Left ventricular filling dynamics and diastolic function. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 32: 247–271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Kindig, CA, McDonough, P, Finley, MR, Behnke, BJ, Richardson, TE, Marlin, DJ, Erickson, HH and Poole, DC (2001). NO inhalation reduces pulmonary arterial pressure but not hemorrhage in maximally exercising horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 91: 2674–2678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27Pelletier, N, Robinson, NE, Kaiser, L and Derksen, FJ (1998). Regional differences in endothelial function in horse lungs: possible role in blood flow distribution? Journal of Applied Physiology 85: 537–542.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Suga, H (1974). Importance of atrial compliance in cardiac performance. Circulation Research 35: 39–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29Crawford, MH, Badke, FR and Amon, KW (1983). Effect of the undisturbed pericardium on left ventricular size and performance during acute volume loading. American Heart Journal 105: 267–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Hammond, HK, White, FC, Bhargava, V and Shabetai, R (1992). Heart size and maximal cardiac output are limited by the pericardium. American Journal of Physiology 263: H1675–H1681.Google Scholar
31Barbier, P, Solomon, S, Schiller, NB and Glantz, SA (2000). Determinants of forward pulmonary vein flow. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 35(7): 1947–1959.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Ha, JW, Chung, N, Jang, Y, Kang, WC, Kang, SM, Rim, SJ, Shim, WH, Cho, SY and Kim, SS (2000). Is the left atrial v. wave the determinant of peak pulmonary artery pressure in patients with pure mitral stenosis? American Journal of Cardiology 85: 986–991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Fitchett, DH (1995). Time-varying loading of the pulmonary circulation–a model to describe hemodynamic observations in the stiff left atrial syndrome. Canadian Journal of Cardiology 11: 23–29.Google ScholarPubMed