Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T19:28:53.338Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Les arguments de Zénon d’après le Parménide de Platon

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2014

MATHIEU MARION
MATHIEU MARION*
Affiliation:
Université du Québec à Montréal
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

After presenting the rules of Eleatic antilogic, i.e., dialectic, I argue that Zeno was a practitioner, and, on the basis of key passages from Plato’s Parmenides (127e-128e and 135d-136c), that his paradoxes of divisibility and movement were not reductio ad absurdum, but simple derivation of impossibilities (adunaton) meant to ridicule Parmenides’ adversaries. Thus, Zeno did not try to prove that there is no motion, but simply derived this consequence from premises held by his opponents. I argue further that these paradoxes were devised, in accordance with Eleatic antilogic, following a scheme that included hypotheses and their contradictories, within which the subject is to be treated both “in relation to itself,” and “in relation to other things”.

Après avoir présenté les règles de l’antilogique (ou dialectique) éléatique, je soutiens que Zénon pratiquait celle-ci et, à partir de l’étude de passages du Parménide de Platon (127e-128e et 135d-136c), que ses paradoxes sur la divisibilité et le mouvement ne sont pas des réfutations par l’absurde, mais plutôt de simples dérivations d’impossibilités (adunaton) employées pour ridiculiser les adversaires de Parménide. Zénon ne cherchait donc pas à prouver l’inexistence du mouvement, mais simplement à l’inférer des prémisses de ses adversaires. Je montre en outre que ces paradoxes sont conçus, conformément à la tradition de l’antilogique éléatique, à partir d’hypothèses et de leurs contradictoires, où le sujet est traité par «rapport à lui-même» et «en relation avec les autres choses».

Type
Articles
Information
Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review / Revue canadienne de philosophie , Volume 53 , Issue 3: Special Issue. Plato’s Parmenides, Origins and Aporias of a Dialogue on the One / Numéro spécial. Le Parménide de Platon, les origines et les impasses d’un dialogue sur l’un , September 2014 , pp. 393 - 434
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Philosophical Association 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références bibliographiques

Allen, R. E.1983 Plato’s Parmenides. Translation and Analysis, Minneapolis (MN), University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Ausland, Hayden W.2002 «Forensic Characteristics of Socratic Argumentation», dans Gary Alan Scott, dir., Does Socrates Have a Method? Rethinking the Elenchus in Plato’s Dialogues and Beyond, University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, p. 36–60.Google Scholar
Barnes, Jonathan 1982 The Presocratic Philosophers, Londres, Routledge.Google Scholar
Barnes, Jonathan 1991 «Philosophie et dialectique», dans Mohammed Allal Sinaceur, dir., Penser avec Aristote, Toulouse, Érès, p. 107–116.Google Scholar
Benson, Hugh H.1987 «The Problem of the Elenchus Reconsidered», Ancient Philosophy, vol. 7, p. 67–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Hugh H.1995 «The Dissolution of the Problem of the Elenchus», Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, vol. 13, p. 45–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berti, Enrico 1980 «Aristote et la méthode dialectique du Parménide de Platon», Revue internationale de philosophie, vol. 34, p. 341–358.Google Scholar
Brandom, Robert 1983 «Asserting», Noûs, vol. 17, p. 637–650.Google Scholar
Brandom, Robert 1994 Making It Explicit. Reasoning, Representing & Discursive Commitment, Cambridge (MA), Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brisson, Luc 1984 «Les réponses du jeune Aristote dans la seconde partie du Parménide de Platon. Essai de clarification», Revue, Informatique et Statistique dans les Sciences Humaines, vol.20, fasc. 1-4, p. 59–79.Google Scholar
Brisson, Luc 2011 Platon. Parménide. Traduction inédite, introduction et notes par Luc Brisson, édition revue et mise à jour, Paris, GF Flammarion.Google Scholar
Brisson, Luc, dir. 2008 Platon. Œuvres Complètes, Paris, Flammarion.Google Scholar
Brochard, Victor 1954 «Les arguments de Zénon d’Élée contre le mouvement», dansÉtudes de philosophie ancienne et de philosophie moderne, Paris, Vrin, p. 3–22.Google Scholar
Brunschwig, Jacques 1967 Aristote. Topiques. Tome I. Livres I-IV. Texte établi et traduit par Jacques Brunschwig, Paris, Les Belles Lettres.Google Scholar
Burnet, John 1930 Early Greek Philosophy, 4e éd., Londres, Adam & Charles Black.Google Scholar
Castagnoli, Luca 2010 Ancient Self-Refutation. The Logic and History of the Self-Refutation Argument from Democritus to Augustine, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Castelnérac, Benoît 2013 «Gorgias et les joutes dialectiques : l’argument ontologique dans le traité Sur le non-être de Gorgias (première partie)», Phoenix, vol. 67, p. 263–283.Google Scholar
Castelnérac, Benoît 2014 «Le Parménide de Platon et le Parménide de l’histoire», Dialogue, vol. 53, p. 435–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castelnérac, Benoît et Marion, Mathieu 2009 «Arguing for Inconsistency: Dialectical Games in the Academy», dans Giuseppe Primiero et Shahid Rahman, dir., Acts of Knowledge: History, Philosophy and Logic, Londres, College Publications, p. 37–76.Google Scholar
Castelnérac, Benoît et Marion, Mathieu, 2013 «Antilogic», Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, vol. 8.Google Scholar
Caveing, Maurice 2009 Zénon et le continu. Étude historique et critique des Fragments et témoignages [1982], Paris, Vrin.Google Scholar
Corcoran, John 1973 «A Mathematical Model of Aristotle’s Syllogistic», Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, vol. 55, p. 191–219.Google Scholar
Corcoran, John 1974a «Aristotle’s Natural Deduction System», dans John Corcoran, dir., Ancient Logic and Its Modern Interpretations, Dordrecht, D. Reidel, p. 85–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corcoran, John 1974b «Aristotelian Syllogisms: Valid Arguments or True Universalized Conditionals?», Mind, New Series, vol. 83, p. 278–281.Google Scholar
Cornford, F. M.1939 Plato and Parmenides. Parmenide’s Way of Truth and Plato’s Parmenides translated with an Introduction and a running Commentary, Londres, Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Crubellier, Michel 2014 Aristote. Premiers analytiques. Traduction, introduction, notes, commentaire et bibliographie par Michel Crubellier, Paris, GF Flammarion.Google Scholar
Crubellier, Michel et Laks, André, dir. 2009 Aristotle: Metaphysics Beta. Symposium Aristotelicum, Oxford, Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, Donald 2001 «A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge», dans Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 137–153.Google Scholar
Davidson, Donald 2005 «Plato’s Philosopher», dans Truth, Language, and History, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 223–240.Google Scholar
Delcomminette, Sylvain 2010 «La méthode du Parménide est-elle la dialectique?», dans Brancacci, Aldo, Murr, Dimitri El et Taormina, Daniela P., dir., Aglaia. Autour de Platon. Mélanges offerts à Monique Dixsaut, Paris, Vrin, p. 345–358.Google Scholar
Dillon, John 1986 «Proclus and the Forty Logoi of Zeno», Illinois Classical Studies, vol. 11, p. 35–41.Google Scholar
Dixsaut, Monique 2001 Métamorphoses de la dialectique dans les dialogues de Platon, Paris, Vrin.Google Scholar
Dodds, E. R.1928 «The Parmenides of Plato and the Origin of the Neoplatonic “One”», The Classical Quarterly, vol. 22, p. 129–142.Google Scholar
Dorion, Louis-André 1995 Aristote. Les réfutations sophistiques. Introduction, traduction et commentaires par Louis-André Dorion, Paris/Sainte-Foy, Vrin/Presses de l’Université de Laval.Google Scholar
Dumont, Jean-Paul 1988 Les écoles présocratiques, Paris, Gallimard.Google Scholar
Dummett, M. A. E.1981 Frege. Philosophy of Language, 2e éd., Londres, Duckworth.Google Scholar
Evans, J. D. G.1977 Aristotle’s Concept of Dialectic, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fränkel, Herman 1942 «Zeno of Elea’s Attacks on Plurality», American Journal of Philology, vol. 63, p. 1–25 et p. 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furth, Montgomery 1968 «Elements of Eleatic Ontologic», Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 6, p. 111–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geach, P. T.1972 Logic Matters, Oxford, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gill, Mary Louise et Ryan, Paul 1996 Plato. Parmenides, Indianapolis (IN), Hackett.Google Scholar
Gourinat, Jean-Baptiste 2000 La dialectique des stoïciens, Paris, Vrin.Google Scholar
Gourinat, Jean-Baptiste 2001 «La dialectique des hypothèses contraires dans le Parménide de Platon», Fattal, dans Michel, dir., La philosophie de Platon, Paris, L’Harmattan, p. 233–261.Google Scholar
Gulley, Norman 1968 The Philosophy of Socrates, Londres, MacMillan.Google Scholar
Heath, Sir Thomas 1921 A History of Greek Mathematics, vol. 1, Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hintikka, Jaakko 1987 «The Fallacy of Fallacies», Argumentation, vol. 1, p. 211–238.Google Scholar
Hintikka, Jaakko 1993 «Socratic Questioning, Logic and Rhetoric», Revue internationale de philosophie, vol. 47, p. 5–30.Google Scholar
Hintikka, Jaakko 2007 Socratic Epistemology. Explorations of Knowledge-Seeking by Questioning, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, T. H.1988 Aristotle’s First Principles, Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kerferd, G. B.1981 The Sophistic Movement, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kirk, G. S. et Raven, J. E. 1957 The Presocratic Philosophers, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kirk, G. S., Raven, J. E. et Schofield, M. 1983 The Presocratic Philosophers, 2e éd., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lear, Jonathan 1980 Aristotle and Logical Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lear, Jonathan 1981 «A Note on Zeno’s Arrow», Phronesis, vol. 26, p. 91–104.Google Scholar
Lecomte, Alain 2011 Meaning, Logic and Ludics, Londres, Imperial College Press.Google Scholar
Lecomte, Alain 2013 «Ludics, Dialogue and Inferentialism», Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication, vol. 8.Google Scholar
Lecomte, Alain et Quatrini, Myriam 2011 «Figures of Dialogue: A View from Ludics», Synthese, vol. 183, p. 59–85.Google Scholar
Lee, H. D. P.1936 Zeno of Elea. A Text with Translations and Notes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, David 1983 «Scorekeeping in a Language Game», dans Philosophical Papers. Volume 1, Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 233–249.Google Scholar
Lorenzen, Paul et Lorenz, Kuno 1978 Dialogische Logik, Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Google Scholar
Łukasiewicz, Jan 1957 Aristotle’s Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic, 2e éd., Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L.1964 «Self-Refutation: A Formal Analysis», Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 14, p. 193–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magidor, Ofra 2008 «Another Note on Zeno’s Arrow», Phronesis, vol. 53, p. 359–372.Google Scholar
Marion, Mathieu 2013a «Republic and the Elenchus», dans Luc Brisson et Noburu Notomi, dir., Dialogues on Plato’s Politeia (Republic). Selected Papers from the of the Ninth Symposium Platonicum, Sankt Augustin, Academia Verlag, p. 283–287.Google Scholar
Marion, Mathieu 2013b «Some Remarks on Syllogistic, Dialectic, and the History of Logic», Al Mukhatabat, vol. 8.Google Scholar
Marion, Mathieu et Rückert, Helgeà paraître«Aristotle on Universal Quantification. A Study from the Perspective of Game Semantics».Google Scholar
McPherran, Mark L.2007 «Socratic Epagōgē and Socratic Induction», Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 45, p. 347–364.Google Scholar
Meinwald, Constance C.1991 Plato’s Parmenides, New York (NY), Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, M. H. Jr.1986 Plato’s Parmenides: The Conversion of the Soul, Princeton (NJ), Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moraux, Paul 1968 «La joute dialectique d’après le huitième livre des Topiques», dans Gwilym Ellis Lane Owen, dir., Aristotle on Dialectic, Oxford, Clarendon Press, p. 277–311.Google Scholar
Nehamas, Alexander 1990 «Eristic, Antilogic, Sophistic, Dialectic: Plato’s Demarcation of Philosophy from Sophistry», History of Philosophy Quarterly, vol. 7, p. 3–16.Google Scholar
Natali, Carlo 1986 «Aristote et les méthodes d’enseignement de Gorgias (S. E. 34, 183b36-184a8)», dans Barbara Cassin, dir., Positions de la sophisitique, Paris, Vrin, p. 105–116.Google Scholar
Owen, G. E. L.1986 «Zeno and the Mathematicians», dans Logic, Science and Dialectic. Collected Papers in Greek Philosophy, Londres, Duckworth, p. 45–61.Google Scholar
Palmer, John 1999 Plato’s Reception of Parmenides, Oxford, Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, John 2008 «Zeno of Elea», dans Zalta, Edward N., dir., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zeno-elea (édition printemps 2012).Google Scholar
Palmer, John 2009 Parmenides and Presocratic Philosophy, Oxford, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, Sandra 1996 «Plato’s Parmenides: A Principle of Interpretation and Seven Arguments», Journal of the History of Philosophy, vol. 34, p. 167–192.Google Scholar
Peterson, Sandra 2000 «The Language Game in Plato’s Parmenides», Ancient Philosophy, vol. 20, p. 19–51.Google Scholar
Rickless, Samuel C.2007 Plato’s Forms in Transition: A Reading of the Parmenides, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, Richard 1953 Plato’s Earlier Dialectic, 2e éd., Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Ryle, Gilbert 1966 Plato’s Progress, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Samb, Djibril 1985 «Brachylogie et macrologie dans les dialogues de Platon», Revue philosophique de la France et de l’étranger, vol. 175, p. 257–66.Google Scholar
Santas, Gerasimos 1979 Socrates: Philosophy in Plato’s Early Dialogues, Londres, Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Sayre, Kenneth M.1978 «Plato’s Parmenides: Why the Eight Hypotheses are not Contradictory», Phronesis, vol. 23, p. 133–150.Google Scholar
Smiley, Timothy J.1973 «What is a Syllogism?», Journal of Philosophical Logic, vol. 2, p. 136–154.Google Scholar
Smith, Robin 1999 «Dialectic and Method in Aristotle», dans May Sim, dir., From Puzzles to Principles? Essays on Aristotle’s Dialectic, Lanham (MD), Lexington Books, p. 39–55.Google Scholar
Solmsen, Friedrich 1971 «The Tradition about Zeno of Elea Re-examined», Phronesis, vol. 16, p. 116–141.Google Scholar
Tannery, Paul 1885 «Le concept scientifique du continu. Zénon d’Élée et Cantor», Revue philosophique de la France et de l’étranger, vol. 20, p. 385–410.Google Scholar
Tricot, Jules 1964 Aristote. La Métaphysique. Nouvelle édition refondue avec commentaire par Jules Tricot, Paris, Vrin.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Gregory 1966 «A Note on Zeno’s Arrow», Phronesis, vol. 11, p. 3–18.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Gregory 1967 «Zeno of Elea», dans Paul Edwards, dir., The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 8, New York (NY) et Londres, MacMillan, p. 369–379.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Gregory 1975 «Plato’s Testimony Concerning Zeno of Elea», Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 95, p. 136–161.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Gregory 1991 Socrates Ironist and Moral Philosopher, Ithaca (NY), Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Vlastos, Gregory 1994 Socratic Studies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
von Fritz, Kurt 1974 «Zeno of Elea in Plato’s Parmenides», dans John L. Heller, dir., Serta Turyniana. Studies in Greek Literature and Paleography in Honor of Alexander Turyn, Urbana (IL), University of Illinois Press, p. 329–341.Google Scholar
Whitaker, C. W. A.1996 Aristotle’s De Interpretatione. Contradiction and Dialectic, Oxford, Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Wilpert, Paul 1956/7 «Aristoteles und die Dialektik», Kant-Studien, vol. 48, p. 247–257.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 2004 Recherches philosophiques, Paris, Gallimard.Google Scholar