Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T18:44:07.400Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Is the arterial switch operation as good over the long term as we thought it would be?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 October 2006

Meryl S. Cohen  and
Gil Wernovsky
Meryl S. Cohen
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Gil Wernovsky
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Surgical intervention for hearts with transposition, defined as concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculo-arterial connections, has been one of the landmark achievements in the field of paediatric cardiac surgery. In the early 1950s, pioneer surgeons attempted to palliate patients with transposed arterial trunks with an early form of the arterial switch operation. As a result of initially dismal outcomes secondary to difficulties with coronary arterial transfer, the unprepared nature of the morphologically left ventricle, and primitive methods for cardiopulmonary bypass, the arterial switch was abandoned in favour of several procedures achieving correction at atrial and venous levels, culminating in the Mustard and Senning operations.1,2 These innovative procedures produced the earliest surviving children with transposition. Although the atrial switch procedures achieved widespread acceptance and success during the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s, the search for an operation to return the great arteries to their normal anatomic positions continued. This pursuit was stimulated primarily by the accumulating observations in mid-to-late term follow up studies of: an increasing frequency of important arrhythmic complications, including sinus nodal dysfunction, atrial arrhythmias, and sudden, unexplained death, by the development of late right ventricular dysfunction and significant tricuspid regurgitation in a ventricle potentially unsuited for a lifetime of systemic function by a small but important prevalence of obstruction of the systemic and/or pulmonary venous pathways, and by dissatisfaction with the operative mortality in the subgroup of infants complicated by additional presence of a large ventricular septal defect.3–6 As we have already discussed, a number of novel procedures to achieve anatomic correction had been described as early as 1954, but clinical success was not accomplished until 1975, when Jatene and co-workers7 astounded the world of paediatric cardiology with their initial description.

Keywords

Aortic regurgitationtranspositioncoronary arteriesneurodevelopment
Type
Long-term Outcomes
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 16 , Supplement S3: Controversies and Challenges of the Atrioventricular Junctions and Other Challenges Facing Paediatric Cardiovascular Practitioners and their Patients , September 2006 , pp. 117 - 124
Copyright
© 2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Mustard WT, Chute AL, Keith JD, Sirek A, Rowe RD, Vlad P. The surgical approach to transposition of the great vessels with extracorporeal circuit. Surgery 1954; 36: 39–51.Google Scholar
Senning A. Surgical correction of transposition of the great vessels. Surgery 1959; 45: 966–980.Google Scholar
Konstantinov IE, Alexi-Meskishvili A, Williams WG, Freedom RM, Van Praagh R. Atrial switch operations: past, present, and future. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 77: 2250–2258.Google Scholar
Wilson NJ, Clarkson PM, Barratt-Boyes BG, et al. Long-term outcome after Mustard repair for simple transposition of the great arteries: 28-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 758–765.Google Scholar
Dos L, Teruel L, Ferreira IJ, et al. Late outcome of Senning and Mustard procedures for correction of transposition of the great arteries. Heart 2005; 91: 652–656.Google Scholar
Wells WJ, Blackstone E. Intermediate outcome after Mustard and Senning procedures: a study by the Congenital Heart Surgeons Society. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2000; 3: 186–197.Google Scholar
Jatene AD, Fontes VF, Souza LC, Paulista PP, Neto CA, Sousa JE. Anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 83: 20–26.Google Scholar
Castaneda AR, Trusler GA, Paul MH, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW. The early results of treatment of simple transposition in the current era. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988; 95: 14–28.Google Scholar
Williams WG, McCrindle BW, Ashburn DA, Jonas RA, Mavroudis C, Blackstone EH. Outcomes of 829 neonates with complete transposition of the great arteries 12–17 years after repair. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 24: 1–10.Google Scholar
LeCompte Y, Zannini L, Hazan E, et al. Anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981; 82: 629–631.Google Scholar
Colan SD, Trowitzsch E, Wernovsky G, Sholler GF, Sanders SP, Castaneda AR. Myocardial performance after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. Circulation 1988; 78: 132–141.Google Scholar
Rhodes LA, Wernovsky G, Keane JF, et al. Arrhythmias and intracardiac conduction after the arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 303–310.Google Scholar
Wernovsky G, Mayer Jr JE, Jonas RA, et al. Factors influencing early and late outcome of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 289–302.Google Scholar
Kurosawa H, Imai Y, Kawada M. Coronary artery anatomy in regard to the arterial switch procedure. Cardiol Young 1991; 1: 54–62.Google Scholar
Bonhoeffer P, Bonnet D, Piechaud JF, et al. Coronary artery obstruction after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in newborns. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 202–206.Google Scholar
Li J, Tulloh RMR, Cook A, Schneider M, Ho SY, Anderson RH. Coronary arterial origins in transposition of the great arteries: factors that affect outcome. A morphological and clinical study. Heart 2000; 83: 320–325.Google Scholar
Wernovsky G, Bridges ND, Mandell VS, Castaneda AR, Perry SB. Enlarged bronchial arteries early after repair of transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21: 465–470.Google Scholar
Sreeram N, Petros A, Peart I, Arnold R. Progressive pulmonary hypertension after the arterial switch procedure. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 620–621.Google Scholar
Haas F, Wottke M, Poppert H, Meisner H. Long-term survival and functional follow-up in patients after the arterial switch operation. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 68: 1692–1697.Google Scholar
Losay J, Touchot A, Serraf A, et al. Late outcome after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2001; 104 [suppl I]: I121–I126.Google Scholar
Pretre R, Tamisier D, Bonhoeffer P, et al. Results of the arterial switch operation in neonates with transposed great arteries. Lancet 2001; 257: 1826–1830.Google Scholar
Prifti E, Crucean A, Bonacchi M, et al. Early and long term outcome of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: predictors and functional evaluation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 22: 864–873.Google Scholar
Hutter PA, Kreb DL, Mantel SF, Hitchcock JF, Meijboom EJ, Bennink GB. Twenty-five years' experience with the arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124: 7907.Google Scholar
Bonnet D, Coltri A, Butera G, et al. Detection of transposition of the great arteries in fetuses reduces neonatal morbidity and mortality. Circulation 1999; 99: 916–918.Google Scholar
Kumar RK, Newburger JW, Gauvreau K, Kamenir SA, Hornberger LK. Comparison of outcome when hypoplastic left heart syndrome and transposition of the great arteries are diagnosed prenatally versus when diagnosis of these two conditions is made only postnatally. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 1649–1653.Google Scholar
Sievers HH, Lange PE, Arensman FW, et al. Influence of two-stage anatomic correction on size and distensibility of the anatomic pulmonary/functional aortic root in patients with simple transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 1984; 70: 202–208.Google Scholar
Murakami T, Nakazawa M, Momma K, Imai Y. Impaired distensibility of neoaorta after arterial switch procedure. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 70: 1907–1910.Google Scholar
Jenkins KJ, Hanley FL, Colan SD, Mayer Jr JE, Castaneda AR, Wernovsky G. Function of the anatomic pulmonary valve in the systemic circulation. Circulation 1991; 84 [suppl III]: III173–III179.Google Scholar
Schwartz ML, Gauvreau K, del Nido P, Mayer JE, Colan SD. Long-term predictors of aortic root dilation and aortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation. Circulation 2004; 110 [suppl II]: II128–II132.Google Scholar
Hutter PA, Thomeer BJM, Jansen P, et al. Fate of the aortic root after arterial switch operation. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg 2001; 20: 82–88.Google Scholar
Formigari R, Toscano A, Giardini A, et al. Prevalence and predictors of neoaortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 1753–1759.Google Scholar
McMahon CJ, Ravekes WJ, Smith EO, et al. Risk factors for neo-aortic root enlargement and aortic regurgitation following arterial switch operation. Pediatr Cardiol 2004; 25: 329–335.Google Scholar
Marino BS, Wernovsky G, McElhinney DB, et al. Neo-aortic valvar function after the arterial switch. Cardiol Young, 2006; 16: 481–489.Google Scholar
Hwang HY, Kim WH, Kwak JG, et al. Mid-term follow-up of neoaortic regurgitation after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006; 29: 162–167.Google Scholar
Alexi-Meskishvili V, Photiadis J, Nurnberg JH. Replacement of the aortic valve after the arterial switch operation. Cardiol Young 2003; 13: 191–193.Google Scholar
Imamura M, Drummond-Webb JJ, McCarthy JF, Mee RB. Aortic valve repair after arterial switch operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000; 69: 607–608.Google Scholar
Wernovsky G, Hougen TJ, Walsh EP, et al. Midterm results after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum: clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and electrophysiologic data. Circulation 1988; 77: 1333–1344.Google Scholar
Tanel RE, Wernovsky G, Landzberg MJ, Perry SB, Burke RP. Coronary artery abnormalities detected at cardiac catheterization following the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 1995; 76: 153–157.Google Scholar
Bonnet D, Bonhoeffer P, Piechaud JF, et al. Long-term fate of the coronary arteries after the arterial switch operation in newborns with transposition of the great arteries. Heart 1996; 76: 274–279.Google Scholar
Legendre A, Losay J, Touchot-Kone A, et al. Coronary events after arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2003; 108 [suppl II]: II186–II190.Google Scholar
Vogel M, Smallhorn JF, Gilday D, et al. Assessment of myocardial perfusion in patients after the arterial switch operation. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 237–241.Google Scholar
Weindling SN, Wernovsky G, Colan SD, et al. Myocardial perfusion, function and exercise tolerance after the arterial switch operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 424–433.Google Scholar
Acar P, Maunoury C, Bonnet D, et al. Comparison of myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography with coronary artery angiography after arterial switch operation. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 1425–1427.Google Scholar
Bengel FM, Hauser M, Duvernoy CS, et al. Myocardial blood flow and coronary flow reserve late after anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 32: 1955–1961.Google Scholar
Hauser M, Bengel FM, Kuhn A, et al. Myocardial blood flow and flow reserve after coronary reimplantation in patients after arterial switch and Ross operation. Circulation 2001; 103: 1875–1880.Google Scholar
Ou P, Mousseaux E, Azarine A, et al. Detection of coronary complications after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: First experience with multislice computed tomography in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 131: 639–643.Google Scholar
Hutter PA, Bennink GB, Ay L, Raes IB, Hitchcock JF, Meijboom EJ. Influence of coronary artery anatomy and reimplantation on the long-term outcome of the arterial switch. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000; 18: 207–213.Google Scholar
Elliott LP, Amplatz KA, Edwards JE. Coronary arterial patterns in transposition complexes: Anatomic and angiographic studies. Am J Cardiol 1966; 17: 362–378.Google Scholar
Mayer JE, Sanders SP, Jonas RA, Castaneda AR, Wernovsky G. Coronary artery pattern and outcome of arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 1990; 82 [suppl IV]: IV139–IV145.Google Scholar
Pasquali SK, Hasselblad V, Li JS, Kong DF, Sanders SP. Coronary artery pattern and outcome of arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries: A meta-analysis. Circulation 2002; 106: 2575–2580.Google Scholar
Sachweh JS, Tiete AR, Jockenhoevel S, et al. Fate of intramural coronary arteries after arterial switch operation. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 50: 40–44.Google Scholar
Furuyama H, Odagawa Y, Katoh C, et al. Assessment of coronary function in children with a history of Kawasaki disease using (15)O-water positron emission tomography. Circulation 2002; 105: 2878–2884.Google Scholar
Gagliardi MG, Adorisio R, Crea F, Versacci P, Di Donato R, Sanders SP. Abnormal vasomotor function of the epicardial coronary arteries in children five to eight years after arterial switch operation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 1565–1572.Google Scholar
Pedra SR, Pedra CA, Abizaid AA, et al. Intracoronary ultrasound assessment late after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 2061–2068.Google Scholar
Velican D, Velican C. Comparative study on age-related changes and atherosclerotic involvement of the coronary arteries of male and female subjects up to 40 years of age. Atherosclerosis 1981; 38: 39–50.Google Scholar
Bellinger DC, Wypij D, duPlessis AJ, et al. Neurodevelopmental status at eight years in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: The Boston Circulatory Arrest Trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126: 1385–1396.Google Scholar
Pinto N, Marino BS, Wernovsky G, et al. Obesity is prevalent, and is a significant additional comorbidity in children with congenital and acquired heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 246A (abstr).Google Scholar
Hovels-Gurich HH, Segaye MC, Dabritz S, Messmer BJ, von Bernuth G. Cardiological and general health status in preschool- and school age children after neonatal arterial switch operation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997; 12: 593–601.Google Scholar
Massin MM, Hovels-Gurich HH, Gerard P, Seghaye MC. Physical activity patterns of children after neonatal arterial switch operation. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81: 665–670.Google Scholar
Newburger JW, Jonas RA, Wernovsky G, et al. A comparison of the perioperative neurologic effects of hypothermic circulatory arrest versus low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass in infant heart surgery. New Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1057–1064.Google Scholar
Bellinger DC, Wypij D, Kuban KCK, et al. Developmental and neurological status of children at 4 years of age after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation 1999; 100: 526–532.Google Scholar
Hovels-Gurich HH, Seghaye MC, Schnitker R, et al. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes in school-aged children after neonatal arterial switch operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2002; 124: 448–458.Google Scholar
Dunbar-Masterson C, Wypij D, Bellinger DC, et al. General health status of children with D-transposition of the great arteries after the arterial switch operation. Circulation 2001; 104[suppl I]: I-138–142.Google Scholar
Culbert EL, Ashburn DA, Cullen-Dean G, et al, Congenital Heart Surgeons Society. Quality of life of children after repair of transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2003; 108: 857–862.Google Scholar
Hovels-Gurich HH, Konrad K, Wiesner M, et al. Long term behavioural outcome after neonatal arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. Arch Dis Child 2002; 87: 506–510.Google Scholar