Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T14:59:35.426Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Identifying Site Structure in the Archaeological Record: An Illinois Mississippian Example

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Gerald A. Oetelaar
Gerald A. Oetelaar*
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Models of site structure, though common in the ethnoarchaeological literature, are rarely used in the interpretation of the archaeological record. In this study, Portnoy's (1981) model of settlement space and function provides an interpretive framework for inferences on the organization and use of space at the Bridges site, a late prehistoric settlement in south-central Illinois. Unlike its predecessors, this model focuses on the daily activities and interactions of the resident community and identifies a communal front region, a family front region, a family back region, and a communal back region. From this model, it is possible to derive the material consequences of the activities performed in each of the activity regions. Given the proper excavation strategy, it is then possible to define the site framework from the arrangement of structures and features and to infer the nature of the activities from the distribution of debris. As identified at the Bridges site, the nature and organization of the activity regions suggest the presence of an integrated settlement with communal work spaces. This interpretation of the site has important implications for our understanding of late prehistoric chronologies and settlement plans.

Resumen

Resumen

Los modelos de la estructura de sitios, aunque se encuentran frecuentemente en la literatura etnoarqueológica, son raramente usados para la interpretación del registro arqueológico. En este estudio, el modelo de Portnoy (1981) sobre espacio y función en núcleos de población, provee una fundación interpretativa para formular inferencias sobre la organización y uso del espacio en el sitio Bridges, un núcleo prehistórico en el centro sur de Illinois. Sobre la base de este modelo, es posible derivar las consecuencias materiales de las actividades llevadas a cabo en cada una de las regiones de actividad. Dada la apropriada estrategia de excavación, es posible definir la organización espacial del sitio, basándose en la disposición de las estructuras y rasgos peculiares para definir la naturaleza de las actividades, guiándose en la acumulación de los escombros. Como se ha identificado en el sitio Bridges, la naturaleza y la organización de las regiones de actividad sugieren la presencia de un asentamiento integrado con espacios para trabajo comunitario. Esta interpretación del sitio tiene implicaciones importantes para nuestra comprensión de cronologías prehistóricas tardías y para los planes de asentamiento.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 58 , Issue 4 , October 1993 , pp. 662 - 687
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Anderson, D. 1982 Space Use and Structure. Haliksa'i 1: 120–141.Google Scholar
Arnold, D. E. 1978 The Ethnography of Pottery Making in the Valley of Guatemala. In The Ceramics ofKaminaljuyu, Guatemala, edited by Wetherington, R. K., pp. 327–400. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park.Google Scholar
Bareis, C. J. 1976 The Knoebel Site, St. Clair County, Illinois. Circular No. 1. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
Bareis, C. J., and Porter, J. W. (editors) 1984 American Bottom Archaeology. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Behrensmeyer, A., Gordon, K., and Yanagi, G. 1986 Trampling as a Cause of Bone Surface Damage and Pseudo-cutmarks. Nature 319: 768–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. 1944 A Note on Middle Mississippi Architecture. American Antiquity 9: 333–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1964 Archaeological Investigations in the Carlyle Reservoir, Clinton County, Illinois, 1962. Archaeological Salvage Report No. 17. Southern Illinois University Museum, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R. 1983 In Pursuit of the Past: Decoding the Archaeological Record. Thames and Hudson, London.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R., Binford, S. R., Whallon, R., and Hardin, M. A. 1966 Archaeology at Hatchery West, Carlyle, Illinois. Archaeological Salvage Report No. 25. Southern Illinois University Museum, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Binford, L. R., Binford, S. R., Whallon, R., and Hardin, M. A. 1970 Archaeology at Hatchery West. Memoirs No. 24. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Black, G. A. 1967 Angel Site: An Archaeological, Historical and Ethnological Study. Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis.Google Scholar
Black, T. K. 1979 The Biological and Social Analyses of a Mississippian Cemetery from Southeast Missouri: The Turner Site, 23BU21A. Anthropological Papers No. 68. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brain, C. K. 1967 Bone Weathering and the Problem of Bone Pseudo-Tools. South African Journal of Science 63(3): 97–99.Google Scholar
Butler, B. M. 1977 Mississippian Settlement in the Black Bottom, Pope and Massac Counties, Illinois. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Chang, K. C. 1958 Study of the Neolithic Social Grouping: Examples from the New World. American Anthropologist 60: 298–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. H., and Anderson, L. O. 1955 The Campbell Site: A Late Mississippi Town Site and Cemetery in Southeast Missouri. The Missouri Archaeologist 17(2-3).Google Scholar
Chapman, C. H., and Evans, D. R. 1977 Investigations at the Lilbourn Site 1970-1971. The Missouri Archaeologist 38: 70–104.Google Scholar
Clay, R. B. 1976 Tactics, Strategy and Operations: The Mississippian System Responds to its Environment. Mid-Continent Journal of Archaeology 1: 137–162.Google Scholar
Cole, F. C, and Deuel, T. 1937 Rediscovering Illinois. Archaeological Explorations in and Around Fulton County. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Cole, F. C, Bell, R., Bennett, J., Caldwell, J., Emerson, N., R. Mac Neish, Orr, K., and Willis, R. 1951 Kincaid: A Prehistoric Illinois Metropolis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Conner, M. D. (editor) 1985 The Hill Creek Homestead. Research Series No. 1. Kampsville Archaeological Center, Kampsville, Illinois.Google Scholar
Cottier, J. W. 1977 Preliminary Notes on Microliths from Southeastern Missouri. The Missouri Archaeologist 38: 281–290.Google Scholar
Cottier, J., and Southard, M. 1977 An Introduction to the Archaeology of Towosahgy State Archaeological Site. The Missouri Archaeologist 38: 230–271.Google Scholar
Davy, D. M. 1982 Proximity and Human Behavior: Settlement Locational Pattern Change in Prehistoric Illinois. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Deal, M. 1983 Ceramic Systems of the Contemporary Tzeltal Maya: An Ethnoarchaeological Study. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B. C.Google Scholar
Deal, M. 1985 Household Pottery Disposal in the Maya Highlands: An Ethnoarchaeological Interpretation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 4: 243–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deetz, J. 1965 The Dynamics of Stylistic Change in Ankara Ceramics. University of Illinois Series in Anthropology No. 4. Urbana.Google Scholar
Deetz, J. 1968 The Inference of Residence and Descent Rules from Archeological Data. In New Perspectives in Archeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L. R., pp. 41–48. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Denman, D. 1977 Controlled Systematic Surface-Subsurface Survey at the Lilbourn site 1971. The Missouri Archaeologist 38: 105–110.Google Scholar
Dodd, W. A. 1984 The Use of Domestic Space by Sedentary Households: Some Organizing Principles. Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Portland.Google Scholar
Earle, T. K. 1991 The Evolution of Chiefdoms. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by Earle, T., pp. 1–15. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Emerson, T. E., Milner, G. R., and Jackson, D. K. 1983 The Florence Street Site. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Flannery, K. V., and Winter, M. 1976 Analyzing Household Activities. In The Early Mesoamerican Village, edited by Flannery, K. V., pp. 34–47. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R. 1977 Settlement Studies (Micro and Semi-Micro). In Spatial Archeology, edited by Clarke, D. L., pp. 47–162. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R. 1981 People and Space: A Case Study on Material Behaviour. In Pattern of the Past: Studies in Honour of David Clarke, edited by Hodder, I., Isaac, G, and Hammond, N., pp. 97–128. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Ford, J. A. 1961 Menard Site: The Quapaw Village ofOsotouy on the Arkansas River. Anthropological Papers Vol. 28, Pt. 2. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Fortier, A. C. 1985 The Robert Schneider Site. American Bottom Archaeology, FAI-270 Site Reports, vol. 11, pp. 68–313. Urbana.Google Scholar
Fowler, M. L. 1978 Cahokia and the American Bottom: Settlement Archaeology. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 455–478. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. 1959 The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Doubleday, Garden City, New York.Google Scholar
Gotthilf, V. 1982 Maize Storage Strategies: An Ethnoarchaeological Perspective. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B. C.Google Scholar
Green, T. J. 1977 Economic Relationships Underlying Mississippian Settlement Patterns in Southwestern Indiana and Northcentral Kentucky. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. 1963 A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behavior. American Anthropologist 65: 1003–1026.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. 1965 The Silent Language. Premier Books, New York.Google Scholar
Hall, E. T. 1966 The Hidden Dimension. Doubleday, Garden City, New York.Google Scholar
Hargrave, M. L., Oetelaar, G. A., Lopinot, N. H., Butler, B. M., and Billings, D. A. 1983 The Bridges Site (ll-Mr-11): A Late Prehistoric Settlement in the Central Kaskaskia Valley. Research Paper No. 38. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Harn, A. 1972 A Mississippian House A. D. 1972. The Living Museum 34(5): 124–126.Google Scholar
Hayden, B., and Cannon, A. 1983 Where the Garbage Goes: Refuse Disposal in the Maya Highlands. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 117–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1966 A Prehistoric Community in Eastern Arizona. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 22: 9–30.Google Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1968 Broken K Pueblo: Patterns of Form and Function. In New Perspectives in Archeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L. R., pp. 103–142. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Hill, J. N. 1970 Prehistoric Social Organization in the American Southwest: Theory and Method. In Reconstructing Prehistoric Pueblo Societies, edited by Longacre, W. A., pp. 11–58. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, R. 1987 Sedentism and Site Structure: Organization Changes in Kalahari Basarwa Residential Locations. In Method and Theoryfor Activity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach, edited by Kent, S., pp. 374–423. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Hunter-Anderson, R. L. 1977 A Theoretical Approach to the Study of House Form. In For Theory Building in Archaeology, edited by Binford, L. R., pp. 287–315. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Janes, R. R. 1983 Archaeological Ethnography Among the Mackenzie Basin Dene, Canada. Technical Paper No. 23. Arctic Institute of North America, Calgary, Alberta.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. E. 1981 Variability in Late Bluff Culture in the American Bottom Region. Paper presented at the 1981 Midwestern Archaeological Conference, October 16-18, 1981, Madison, Wisconsin.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. E. 1982 Formative Developments at Cahokia and the Adjacent American Bottom: A Merrell Tract Perspective, vol. 1. Archaeological Research Laboratory, Western Illinois University.Google Scholar
Kelly, J. E. 1991 The Emergence of Mississippian Culture in the American Bottom Region. In The Mississippian Emergence, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 113–152. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Kent, S. 1984 Analyzing Activity Areas: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Use of Space. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kent, S. 1987 Method and Theoryfor Activity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kroll, E. M., and Price, T. D. (editors) 1990 The Interpretation of Archaeological Spatial Patterning. Plenum Press, New York.Google Scholar
Kuttruff, L. C. 1972 The Marty Coolidge Site, Monroe County, Illinois. Southern Illinois Studies No. 10. Southern Illinois University Museum, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Lewis, R. B. 1982 Excavations at Two Mississippian Hamlets in the Cairo Lowland of Southeast Missouri. Special Publication No. 2. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
Lewis, T. M. N., and Kneberg, M. 1976 Hiwassee Island: An Archaeological Account of Four Tennessee Indian Peoples. 3rd printing. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1964 Archaeology as Anthropology: A Case Study. Science 144: 1454–1455.Google Scholar
Longacre, W. A. 1968 Some Aspects of Prehistoric Society in East-Central Arizona. In New Perspectives in Archeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L. R., pp. 89–102. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
McGuire, R. H., and Schiffer, M. B. 1983 The Determinants of Architectural Design: A General Formulation. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2: 277–301.Google Scholar
Maxwell, M. S. 1948 A Designation of the Dillinger Focus. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, Chicago.Google Scholar
Maxwell, M. S. 1951 The Woodland Cultures in Southern Illinois: Archaeological Excavations in the Carbondale Area. Bulletin No. 7. Logan Museum Publications in Anthropology, Beloit.Google Scholar
Mehrer, M. W. 1983 Middle Mississippian Architecture in the American Bottom. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Pittsburgh.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, D., and Heath, K. M. 1990 Microrefuse and Site Structure: The Hearths and Floors of the Heartbreak Hotel. American Antiquity 55: 781–796.Google Scholar
Million, M. G. 1975 Research Design for the Aboriginal Ceramic Industries of Cache River Basin. In The Cache River Archaeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archaeology, assembled by Schiffer, M. B. and House, J., pp. 217–222. Research Series No. 8. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1983 The Turner and Demange Sites. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1984 The Julien Site. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Milner, G. R. 1986 Mississippian Period Population Density in a Segment of the Central Mississippi Valley. American Antiquity 51: 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mindeleff, C. 1900 Localization of Tusayan Clans. Nineteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, pp. 635–653. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Morgan, L. H. 1965 Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Morgan, W. N. 1980 Prehistoric Architecture in the Eastern United States. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Muller, J. 1978 The Kincaid System: Mississippian Settlement in the Environs of a Large Site. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 269–292. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Munson, C. A. 1982 The Southwind Site Project: Archaeological Data Recovery at a Mississippian Village, Posey County, Indiana. Paper presented at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Memphis, Tennessee.Google Scholar
Murray, P. 1980 Discard Location: The Ethnographic Data. American Antiquity 45: 490–502.Google Scholar
Myer, W. E. 1928 Two Prehistoric Villages in Middle Tennessee. Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 41: 485–614.Google Scholar
Neitzel, R. S. 1965 Archaeology of the Fatherland Site: The Grand Village of the Natchez. Anthropological Papers Vol. 51, Pt. 1. American Museum of Natural History, New York.Google Scholar
Nielsen, A. E. 1991 Trampling the Archaeological Record: An Experimental Study. American Antiquity 56: 483–503. O' Brien, M. J.Google Scholar
Nielsen, A. E. 1977 Intrasite Variability in a Middle Mississippian Community. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Texas, Austin. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
O' Brien, P. J. 1972 A Formal Analysis ofCahokia Ceramics from the Powell Tract. Monograph No. 3. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
O. Connell, J. F. 1977 Room to Move: Contemporary Alyawara Settlement Patterns and Their Implications for Aboriginal Housing Policy. Mankind 11(2): 119–131.Google Scholar
O. Connell, J. F. 1987 Alyawara Site Structure and Its Archaeological Implications. American Antiquity 52: 74–108.Google Scholar
Oetelaar, G. A. 1987 The Archaeological Study of Settlement Structure: An Illinois Mississippian Example. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
O' Hear, J. W. 1975 Site 1 Je32: Community Organization in the West Jefferson Phase. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Oswald, D. 1984 The Use of Site Structure to Infer Social and Technological Organization From the Archaeological Record. In Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today, edited by Hall, M., Avery, G., Avery, D. M., Wilson, M. L., and B., A. J. Humphreys, pp. 297–309. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology No. 10. BAR International Series 207. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Oswald, D. 1987 The Organization of Space in Residential Buildings: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. In Method and Theory for Activity Area Research: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach, edited by Kent, S., pp. 295–344. Columbia University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1984 Analysis of Internal Organization and Ceramic Function: A Cahokia Household. Paper presented at the Midwest Archaeological Conference, Evanston, Illinois.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1987 A Functional Consideration of a Mississippian Domestic Vessel Assemblage. Southeastern Archaeology, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R. 1989 Monitoring Mississippian Homestead Occupation Span and Economy Using Ceramic Refuse. American Antiquity 54: 288–310.Google Scholar
Pauketat, T. R., and Woods, W. I. 1986 Middle Mississippian Structure Analysis: The Lawrence Primas Site (ll-MS-895) in the American Bottom. The Wisconsin Archeologist 67: 104–127.Google Scholar
Peebles, C. S., and Kus, S. M. 1977 Some Archaeological Correlates of Ranked Society. American Antiquity 42: 421–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perazio, P. A. 1981 Analysis of Burned House Floor Assemblages— Settlement C of the Orendorf Site. In The Orendorf Site Preliminary Working Papers 1981, vol. 1, edited by Esarey, D. and Conrad, L. A., pp. 82–116.Google Scholar
Piesinger, C. M. 1972 The Mansker Site: A Late Prehistoric Village in Southern Illinois. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Porter, J. W. 1974 Cahokia Archaeology as Viewed from the Mitchell Site: A Satellite Community at A. D. 1150-1200. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar
Porter, J. W. 1977 The Mitchell Site and Prehistoric Exchange Systems at Cahokia: AD 1000±300. In Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology, edited by Fowler, M. L., pp. 137–164. Bulletin No. 7. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
Portnoy, A. 1975 Some Relationships Between Family Behavior and the Physical Arrangement of the Home. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock.Google Scholar
Portnoy, A. 1981 A Microarchaeological View of Human Settlement Space and Function. In Modern Material Culture: The Archaeology of Us, edited by Gould, R. A. and Schiffer, M. B., pp. 213–224. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Prentice, G., and Mehrer, M. 1981 The Lab Woofie Site (ll-S-346): An Upland Mississippian Site in the American Bottom Region of Illinois. Mid-Continental Journal of Archaeology 6(1): 33–53.Google Scholar
Price, J. E. 1969 A Middle Mississippian House. Museum Briefs No. 1. Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia.Google Scholar
Price, J. E. 1973 Settlement Planning and Artifact Distribution on the Snodgrass Site, and Their Socio-Political Implications in the Powers Phase of Southeast Missouri. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Michigan. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Price, J. E., and Griffin, J. B. 1979 The Snodgrass Site of the Powers Phase of Southeast Missouri. Anthropological Papers No. 66. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Rackerby, F. E. 1966 Archaeological Investigations at the Boulder Site: First Season. Archaeological Salvage Report No. 27. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Reed, N. A. 1977 Monks and Other Mississippian Mounds. In Explorations into Cahokia Archaeology, edited by Fowler, M. L., pp. 31–42. Bulletin No. 7. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.Google Scholar
Riordan, R. V. 1975 Ceramics and Chronology: Mississippian Settlement in the Black Bottom, Southern Illinois. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Rope, B. L. 1977 Areas of Utilization Within a Mississippian House at the Lilbourn Site. The Missouri Archaeologist 38: 186–198.Google Scholar
Rogers, M. J. 1936 Yuman Pottery Making. San Diego Museum Papers Vol. 1, No. 2. San Diego.Google Scholar
Rye, O. S. 1981 Pottery Technology: Principles and Reconstruction. Taraxacum, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Santure, S. K. 1981 The Changing Community Plan of Settlement C. In The Orendorf Site: Preliminary Working Papers 1981, vol. 1., directed and compiled by Esarey, D. and Conrad, L. A., pp. 5–80. Archaeological Research Laboratory, Western Illinois University, Macomb.Google Scholar
Schiffer, M. B. 1988 The Structure of Archaeological Theory. American Antiquity 53: 461–485.Google Scholar
Sears, W. H. 1956 Settlement Patterns in Eastern United States. In Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the New World, edited by Willey, G. R., pp. 45–51. Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology No. 23. Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, New York.Google Scholar
Shott, M. 1992 Radiocarbon Dating as a Probabilistic Technique: The Childers Site and Late Woodland Occupation in the Ohio Valley. American Antiquity 57: 202–230.Google Scholar
Siegel, P. E., and Roe, P. G. 1986 Shipibo Archaeo-Ethnography: Site Formation Processes and Archaeological Interpretation. World Archaeology 18: 96–115.Google Scholar
Simms, S. R. 1988 The Archaeological Structure of a Bedouin Camp. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 197–211.Google Scholar
Simms, S. R., and Heath, K. M. 1990 Site Structure of the Orbit Inn: An Application of EHinoarchaeology . American Antiquity 55: 797–813.Google Scholar
Smith, B. D. 1978a Prehistoric Patterns of Human Behavior: A Case Study in the Mississippi Valley. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Smith, B. D. 1978b Variation in Mississippian Settlement Patterns. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by Smith, B. D., pp. 479–503. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Stahl, P. W., and Zeidler, J. A. 1991 Differential Bone-Refuse Accumulation in Food-Preparation and Traffic Areas on an Early Ecuadorian House Floor. Latin American Antiquity 1: 150–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steggerda, M. 1941 Maya Indians of Yucatan. Publication No. 531. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Steponaitis, V. P. 1991 Contrasting Patterns of Mississippian Development. In Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, edited by Earle, T., pp. 193–228. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stevenson, M. G. 1982 Toward an Understanding of Site Abandonment Behavior: Evidence from Historical Mining Camps in the Southwest Yukon. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 1: 237–265.Google Scholar
Stuiver, M., and Reimer, P. J. 1993 Extended l4C Data Base and Revised Calib 3. 0 14C Age Calibration Program. Radiocarbon 35: 215–230.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, W. C. 1967 Notes on the Creek Hothouse. Southern Indian Studies 20: 3–5.Google Scholar
Swanton, J. R. 1946 The Indians of the Southeastern United States. Bulletin No. 137. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Vogt, E. Z. 1969 Zinacantan: A Maya Community in the Highlands of Chiapas. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Warrick, G. A. 1988 Estimating Ontario Iroquoian Village Duration. Man in the Northeast 36: 21–60.Google Scholar
Wauchope, R. 1938 Modern Maya Houses: A Study of Their Archaeological Significance. Publication No. 502. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Watson, O. M. 1970 Proxemic Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Study. Mouton, The Hague.Google Scholar
Weigand, P. C. 1969 Modern Huichol Ceramics. Mesoamerican Studies No. 3. Southern Illinois University Museum, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Weitlaner, R. J., and Cline, H. F. 1969 The Chinantec. In Ethnology, edited by Vogt, E. Z., pp. 523–552. Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 7, Wauchope, R., general editor. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Whallon, R., Jr. 1968 Investigations of Late Prehistoric Social Organization in New York State. In New Perspectives in Archeology, edited by Binford, S. R. and Binford, L. R., pp. 223–244. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Yellen, J. E. 1977 Archaeological Approaches to the Present: Models for Reconstructing the Past. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar