Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-t9bwh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-14T17:49:40.427Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

21 - Development of the archaeological record in southern Africa during the Earlier Stone Age

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2016

Jasper Knight
Affiliation:
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Stefan W. Grab
Affiliation:
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Get access

Summary

Abstract

The Earlier Stone Age record is rich in South Africa, thanks to a long history of research in the country. It also has examples of every stage of chronological development, from the Oldowan to the final Earlier Stone Age (i.e. from ~2.0 to 0.3 Ma). This chapter discusses the details of this lithic and cultural chronology, using those sites in better preserved context that also have dates or relative age estimates.

Type
Chapter
Information
Quaternary Environmental Change in Southern Africa
Physical and Human Dimensions
, pp. 349 - 370
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alperson-Afil, N. (2008). Continual fire-making by Hominins at Gesher Benot Ya‘aqov, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 17331739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alperson-Afil, N. and Goren-Inbar, N. (2010). The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Vol. II, Ancient Flames and Controlled Use of Fire. New York and London: Springer, 120pp.Google Scholar
Alperson-Afil, N., Richter, D. and Goren-Inbar, N. (2007). Phantom hearths and the use of fire at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel. PaleoAnthropology, 2007, 115.Google Scholar
Barbetti, M. (1986). Traces of fire in the archaeological record, before one million years ago? Journal of Human Evolution, 15, 771781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barham, L., Phillips, W. M., Maher, B. A., Karloukovski, V., Duller, G. A. T., Jain, M. and Wintle, A. G. (2011). The dating and interpretation of a Mode 1 site in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia. Journal of Human Evolution, 60, 549570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barham, L. and Mitchell, P. (2008). The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 622pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellomo, R. V. (1993). A methodological approach for identifying archaeological evidence of fire resulting from human activities. Journal of Archaeological Science, 20, 525553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beaumont, P. B. and Vogel, J. C. (2006). On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 102, 217228.Google Scholar
Berna, F., Goldberg, P., Horowitz, L. K., Brink, J., Holt, S., Bamford, M. and Chazan, M. (2012). Microstratigraphic evidence of in situ fire in the Acheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, E1215E1220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beyene, Y., Katoh, S., WoldeGabriel, G., Hart, W. K., Uto, K., Sudo, M., Kondo, M., Hyodo, M., Renee, P. R., Suwa, G. and Asfaw, B. (2013). The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 15841591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brain, C. K. (ed) (1993). Swartkrans, a Cave’s Chronicle of Early Man. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Monograph, No 8, 270pp.Google Scholar
Brain, C. K. and Sillen, A. (1988). Evidence from the Swartkrans Cave for the earliest use of fire. Nature, 336, 464466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, D. R., Levin, N. E., Roberts, D., Stynder, D., Forrest, F., Herries, A. I., Matthews, T., Bishop, L., Archer, W. and Pickering, R. (2013). Initial investigations of Acheulean hominin behaviour at Elandsfontein. In The Archaeology of the West Coast of South Africa, ed. Jerardino, A., Malan, A. and Braun, D.. Cambridge: Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 84, pp. 1023.Google Scholar
Brink, J. S., Herries, A. I. R., Moggi-Cecchi, J., Gowlett, J. A. J., Bousman, C. B., Hancox, J. P., Grün, R., Eisenmann, V., Adams, J. W. and Roussouw, L. (2012). First hominine remains from a ~1.0 million year old bone bed at Cornelia-Uitzoek, Free State Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 63, 527535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chazan, M. (2015). Technological trends in the Acheulean of Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. African Archaeological Review, 32, 701728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, M., Avery, D. M., Bamford, M. K., Berna, F., Brink, J., Fernandez-Jalvo, Y., Goldberg, P., Holt, S., Matmon, A., Porat, N., Ron, H., Rossouw, L., Scott, L. and Horwitz, L. K. (2012). The Oldowan horizon in Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa): Archaeological, geological, paleontological and paleoclimatic evidence. Journal of Human Evolution, 63, 859866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chazan, M., Hagai, R. Matmon, A., Porat, N., Goldberg, P., Yates, R., Avery, M., Sumner, A. and Horwitz, L. K. (2008). Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chazan, M. and Horwitz, L. K. (2010). Milestones in the development of symbolic behaviour: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. World Archaeology, 41, 521539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chazan, M., Porat., N. Sumner, T. A. and Horwitz, L. K. (2013). The use of OSL dating in unstructured sands: The archaeology and chronology of the Hutton Sands at Canteen Kopje (Northern Cape Province, South Africa). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 5, 351363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J. D. (1974). The stone artifacts from Cornelia, O.F.S., South Africa. Memoirs van die Nasionale Museum (Bloemfontein), 9, 3362.Google Scholar
Clark, J. D. (2001a). Variability in primary and secondary technologies of the Later Acheulian in Africa. In A Very Remote Period Indeed: Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe, ed. Milliken, S. and Cook, J.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 118.Google Scholar
Clark, J. D. (2001b). Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Vol. III, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age (Clark: Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 704pp.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. J. (1977). A juvenile cranium and some adult teeth of early Homo from Swartkrans, Transvaal. South African Journal of Science, 73, 4650.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. J. (1994). The significance of the Swartkrans Homo to the Homo erectus problem. Courier Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg, 171, 185193.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. J. (2012). The history of research in human evolution in Africa and what lessons have been learned. In Human Origins Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Africa, ed. Sanz, N.. New York: UNESCO, World Heritage Papers 33, pp. 4467.Google Scholar
Cruz-Uribe, K., Klein, R. G., Avery, G., Avery, M., Halkett, D., Hart, T., Milo, R. G., Sampson, C. G. and Volman, T. P. (2003). Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science, 30, 559575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erlanger, E. D., Granger, D. E. and Gibbon, R. J. (2012). Rock uplift rates in South Africa from isochron burial dating of fluvial and marine terraces. Geology, 40, 10191022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Field, A. S. (1999). An Analytical and Comparative Study of the Earlier Stone Age Archaeology of the Sterkfontein Valley. Unpublished MSc dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2 vol.Google Scholar
Gibbon, R. J., Granger, D., Kuman, K., Leader, G., Lotter, M. and Forssman, T. (2013). Isochron burial dating of the Earlier Stone Age deposits at Canteen Kopje, South Africa. Paper presented at the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists Biennial Conference, Gaborone, Botswana, 3–7 July 2013.Google Scholar
Gibbon, R. J., Granger, D. E., Kuman, K. and Partridge, T. C. (2009). Early Acheulean technology in the Rietputs Formation, South Africa, dated with cosmogenic nuclides. Journal of Human Evolution, 56, 152160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibbon, R. J., Pickering, T. R, Sutton, M. B., Heaton, J. L., Kuman, K., Clarke, R. J., Brain, C. K. and Granger, D. E. (2014). Cosmogenic nuclide burial dating of hominin-bearing Pleistocene cave deposits at Swartkrans, South Africa. Quaternary Geochronology, 24, 1015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Granger, D. E., Gibbon, R. J., Kuman, K., Clarke, R. J., Bruxelles, L. and Caffee, M. W. (2015). New cosmogenic burial ages for Sterkfontein Member 2 Australopithecus and Member 5 Oldowan. Nature, 522, 8588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graves, R. R., Lupo, A. C., McCarthy, R. C., Wescott, D. J. and Cunningham, D. L. (2010). Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000? Journal of Human Evolution, 59, 542554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Groves, C. P. and Mazák, V. (1975). An approach to the taxonomy of the Hominidae: gracile Villafranchian hominids of Africa. Casopis pro Mineralogii a Geologii, 20, 225246.Google Scholar
Hall, G., Pickering, R., Lacruz, R., Hancox, J., Berger, L. R. and Schmid, P. (2006). An Acheulean handaxe from Gladysvale Cave Site, Gauteng, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 102, 103105.Google Scholar
Hanson, M. and Cain, C. R. (2007). Examining histology to identify burned bone. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34, 19021913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, B., Phillips, N., Clarke, R. and Kuman, K. (2013). New research at the Goldsmith’s Pleistocene site, Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (Gauteng Province, South Africa). Poster presented at the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists Biennial Conference, Gaborone, Botswana, 3–7 July 2013.Google Scholar
James, S. R. (1989). Hominid use of fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene. A review of the evidence. Current Anthropology, 30, 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kandel, A. W. and Conard, N. J. (2012). Settlement patterns during the Earlier and Middle Stone Age around Langebaan Lagoon, Western Cape (South Africa). Quaternary International, 270, 1529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, C. M. (1973). Montagu Cave in Prehistory: A Descriptive Analysis. Berkeley and London: University of California Press, Anthropological Records No 28, 150pp.Google Scholar
Kempson, H. (2007). Late Earlier Stone Age sites in the Mapungubwe National Park, South Africa: A technological Study. Unpublished MSc Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 110pp.Google Scholar
Klein, R. G. (2000). The Earlier Stone Age of southern Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 55, 107122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, R. G. (2009). The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins (3rd ed.). Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1024pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, R. G., Avery, G., Cruz-Uribe, K., Halkett, D., Hart, T., Milo, R. G. and Volman, T. P. (1999). Duinefontein 2: an Acheulean site in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 37, 153190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, R. G., Avery, G., Cruz-Uribe, K. and Steele, T. E. (2007). The mammalian fauna associated with an archaic hominin skullcap and later Acheulean artifacts at Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 52, 164186.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klein, R. G. and Cruz-Uribe, K. (1991). The bovids from Elandsfontein, South Africa, and their implications for the age, palaeoenvironment, and origins of the site. African Archaeological Review, 9, 2179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuman, K. (1994). The archaeology of Sterkfontein – past and present. Journal of Human Evolution, 27, 471495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuman, K. (1998). The earliest South African industries. In Early Human Behavior in Global Context: The Rise and Diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic Record, ed. Petraglia, M. and Korisettar, R.. London: Routledge Press, pp. 151186.Google Scholar
Kuman, K. (2003). Site formation in the early South African Stone Age sites and its influence on the archaeological record. South African Journal of Science, 99, 251254.Google Scholar
Kuman, K. (2007). The Earlier Stone Age in South Africa: site context and the influence of cave studies. In Breathing Life into Fossils: Taphonomic Studies in Honor of C.K. (Bob) Brain, ed. Pickering, T. R., Schick, K. and Toth, N.. Gosport, IN: Stone Age Institute Press, pp. 181198.Google Scholar
Kuman, K. (2014). The Acheulean Industrial Complex. In Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Vol. 8, ed. Smith, C.. New York: Springer, pp. 718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuman, K. and Clarke, R. J. (2000). Stratigraphy, artefact industries and hominid associations for Sterkfontein, Member 5. Journal of Human Evolution, 38, 827847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuman, K. and Field, A. S. (2009). The Oldowan Industry from Sterkfontein Caves, South Africa. In The Cutting Edge: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Human Origins, ed. Schick, K. and Toth, N.. Gosport, Indiana: Stone Age Institute Press, pp. 151169.Google Scholar
Kuman, K., Field, A. S. and Thackeray, J. F. (1997). Discovery of new artefacts at Kromdraai. South African Journal of Science, 93, 187193.Google Scholar
Kuman, K., Gibbon, R. J., Kempson, H., Langejans, G., Le Baron, J. C., Pollarolo, L. and Sutton, M. (2005). Stone Age signatures in northernmost South Africa: Early archaeology of the Mapungubwe National Park and vicinity. In From Tools to Symbols, From Early Hominids to Modern Humans, ed. D’Errico, F. and Backwell, L.. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, pp. 163182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leader, G. M. (2009). The Early Acheulean in the Vaal River Basin, Rietputs Formation, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Unpublished MSc dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 96pp.Google Scholar
Leader, G. M. (2013). A Techno-Typological Analysis of the Earlier Acheulean Assemblages at Canteen Kopje, Northern Cape Province, South Africa, with a New Interpretation of the Victoria West Core Phenomenon. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.Google Scholar
Le Baron, J. C., Kuman, K. and Grab, S. W. (2010). The landscape distribution of Stone Age artefacts on the Hackthorne Plateau, Limpopo River Valley, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 65, 123131.Google Scholar
Lepre, C. J., Roche, H., Kent, D. V., Harmand, S., Quinn, R. L., Brugal, J.-P., Texier, P.-J., Lenoble, A. and Feibel, C. S. (2011). An earlier origin for the Acheulian. Nature, 477, 8285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lotter, M. G., Gibbon, R. J., Kuman, K., Leader, G. M., Forssman, T. and Granger, D. E. (2016). A geoarchaeological study of the Middle and Upper Pleistocene levels at Canteen Kopje, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, in press.Google Scholar
Lotter, M., Kuman, K., Gibbon, R. and Granger, D. (2014). The archaeology of the lower Sundays River Valley, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: An assessment of Earlier Stone Age alluvial terrace sites. Paper presented at the 14th Congress of the Pan African Archaeological Association for Prehistory and Related Studies and 22nd Biennial Meeting of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists. University of the Witwatersrand, 14–18 July 2014.Google Scholar
Luyt, C. J. and Lee-Thorp, J. A. (2003). Carbon isotope ratios of Sterkfontein fossils indicate a marked shift to open environments c. 1.7 Myr ago. South African Journal of Science, 99, 271273.Google Scholar
Luyt, J., Lee-Thorp, J. A. and Avery, G. (2000). New light on Middle Pleistocene west coast environments from Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 96, 399403.Google Scholar
Mason, R. J. (1962). Prehistory of the Transvaal: A Record of Human Activity. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 498pp.Google Scholar
Mason, R. J. (1988). Cave of Hearths, Makapansgat, Transvaal. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand, Archaeological Research Unit, Occasional Paper No 21, 713pp.Google Scholar
Matmon, A., Ron, H., Chazan, M., Porat, N. and Horwitz, L. K. (2012). Reconstructing the history of sediment deposition in caves: A case study from Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 124, 611625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNabb, J. (2009). The ESA stone tool assemblage from the Cave of Hearths, Beds 1-3. In The Cave of Hearths: Makapan Middle Pleistocene Research Project, ed. McNabb, J. and Sinclair, A.. Oxford: Archaeopress, University of Southampton Series in Archaeology No 1, pp. 75104.Google Scholar
McNabb, J. and Beaumont, P. (2011a). A Report on the Archaeological Assemblages from Excavations by Peter Beaumont at Canteen Koppie, Northern Cape, South Africa. Oxford: BAR International Series 2275, University of Southampton Series in Archaeology No 4, 86pp.Google Scholar
McNabb, J. and Beaumont, P. (2011b). Excavations in the Acheulean levels of the Earlier Stone Age site of Canteen Koppie, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Proceedings of the Prehistory Society, 78, 5171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNabb, J., Binyon, F. and Hazelwood, L. (2004). The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions. Current Anthropology, 45, 653677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNabb, J. and Sinclair, A. (eds) (2009). The Cave of Hearths: Makapan Middle Pleistocene Research Project. Oxford: Archaeopress, University of Southampton Series in Archaeology No 1, 193pp.Google Scholar
Ogola, C. (2009). The taphonomy of the Cave of Hearths Acheulean faunal assemblage. In The Cave of Hearths: Makapan Middle Pleistocene Research Project, ed. McNabb, J. and Sinclair, A.. Oxford: Archaeopress, University of Southampton Series in Archaeology No 1, pp. 6574.Google Scholar
Pickering, R., Kramers, J. D., Hancox, P. J., de Ruiter, D. and Woodhead, J. (2011). Contemporary flowstone development links early hominin bearing cave deposits in South Africa. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 2332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, T. R. (1999). Taphonomic Interpretations of the Sterkfontein Early Hominid Site (Gauteng, South Africa) Reconsidered in Light of Recent Evidence. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1114pp.Google Scholar
Pickering, T. R. (2002). Reconsideration of criteria for differentiating faunal assemblages created by hyenas and hominids. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 12, 127141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, T. R., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Egeland, C. P. and Brain, C. K. (2004). New data and ideas on the foraging behaviour of Early Stone Age hominids at Swartkrans Cave, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 100, 215219.Google Scholar
Pickering, T. R., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Egeland, C. P. and Brain, C. K. (2007). Carcass foraging by early hominids at Swartkrans Cave (South Africa): A new investigation of the zooarchaeology and taphonomy of Member 3. In Breathing Life into Fossils: Taphonomic Studies in Honor of C.K. (Bob) Brain, ed. Pickering, T. R., Schick, K. and Toth, N.. Gosport, Indiana: Stone Age Institute Press, pp. 233253.Google Scholar
Pickering, T. R., Egeland, C. P., Domínguez-Rodrigo, M., Brain, C. K. and Schnell, A. G. (2008). Testing the “shift in the balance of power” hypothesis at Swartkrans, South Africa: Hominid cave use and subsistence behavior in the Early Pleistocene. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 27, 3045.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, T. R., Sutton, M. B., Heaton, J. L., Clarke, R. J., Brain, C. K. and Kuman, K. (2012). New stratigraphic interpretations and hominid fossils from Swartkrans Member 1 (South Africa). Journal of Human Evolution, 62, 618628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plummer, T. (2004). Flaked stones and old bones: Biological and cultural evolution at the dawn of technology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 47, 118164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollarolo, L., Susino, G., Kuman, K. and Bruxelles, L. (2010a). Acheulean artefacts at Maropeng in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, Gauteng Province, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 65, 312.Google Scholar
Pollarolo, L., Wilkins, J., Kuman, K. and Galletti, L. (2010b). Site formation at Kudu Koppie: A late Earlier and Middle Stone Age site in northern Limpopo Province, South Africa. Quaternary International, 216, 151–161Google Scholar
Porat, N., Chazan, M., Grün, R., Aubert, M., Eisenmann, V. and Horwitz, L. K. (2010). New radiometric ages for the Fauresmith industry from Kathu Pan, southern Africa: Implications for the Earlier to Middle Stone Age transition. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37, 269283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, K. E. (1997). Early hominid evolution and ecological change through the African Plio-Pleistocene. Journal of Human Evolution, 32, 289322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, J. T. (1953). Telanthropus and its phylogenetic significance. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 11, 445501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampson, C. G. (1974). The Stone Age Archaeology of Southern Africa. New York: Academic Press, 518pp.Google Scholar
Sharon, G., Alperson-Afil, N. and Goren-Inbar, N. (2011). Cultural conservatism and variability in the Acheulian sequence of Gesher Benot Ya’aqov. Journal of Human Evolution, 60, 387397.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sherwood, N. (2013). Lithic Raw Material Procurement Through Time at Swartkrans: Earlier to Middle Stone Age. Unpublished MSc Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 111pp.Google Scholar
Singer, R. and Wymer, J. J. (1968). Archaeological investigations at the Saldanha skull site in South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 25, 6374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, T. A. (2013). A refitting study of Late Early to Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages from the site of Kudu Koppie, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of African Archaeology, 11, 133153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sumner, T. A. and Kuman, K. (2014). Refitting evidence for the stratigraphic integrity of the Kudu Koppie Early to Middle Stone Age site, northern Limpopo Province, South Africa. Quaternary International, 343, 169178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, M. (2012). The Archaeology of Swartkrans: Members 1 and 4. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 227pp.Google Scholar
Sutton, M., Kuman, K., Clarke, R. J., Pickering, T. R., Heaton, J. L. and Brain, C. K. (2012). The Oldowan and Homo habilis at Swartkrans. PaleoAnthropology 2012: A1-A39. Abstracts of the Paleoanthropology Society 2012 Meeting, Tennessee, USA.Google Scholar
Thackeray, J. F., Kirschvink, J. L. and Raub, T. D. (2002). Palaeomagnetic analyses of calcified deposits from the Plio-Pleistocene hominid site of Kromdraai, South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 98, 537540.Google Scholar
Underhill, D. (2011). The study of the Fauresmith: A review. South African Archaeological Bulletin, 66, 1526.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. (1975). Some evidence of chronology and palaeoecology of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai from the fossil Bovidae. Nature, 254, 301304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E. S. (1982). Biostratigraphy and chronology, based particularly on Bovidae, of southern hominid associated assemblages: Makapansgat, Sterkfontein, Taung, Kromdraai, Swartkrans; also Elandsfontein (Saldanha), Broken Hill (now Kabwe) and Cave of Hearths. Congrès International de Paleéontologie Humaine, 1er Congrès, Tome 2. Nice: CNRS, pp. 707752.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. S. (1985). Early hominids in southern Africa: Updated observations on chronological and ecological background. In Hominid Evolution. Past, Present and Future, ed. Tobias, P. V.. New York: Alan R. Liss, pp. 195200.Google Scholar
Watson, V. (1993). Composition of the Swartkrans bone accumulations, in terms of skeletal parts and animals represented. In Swartkrans, a Cave's Chronicle of Early Man, ed. Brain, C. K.. Pretoria: Transvaal Museum Monograph No 8, pp. 3574.Google Scholar
Wilkins, J. and Chazan, M. (2012). Blade production ~500 thousand years ago at Kathu Pan 1, South Africa: Support for a multiple origins hypothesis for early Middle Pleistocene blade technologies. Journal of Archaeological Science, 39, 18831900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, J., Pollarolo, L. and Kuman, K. (2010). Prepared core reduction at the site of Kudu Koppie in northern South Africa: Temporal patterns across the Earlier and Middle Stone Age boundary. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37, 12791292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, J., Schoville, B. J., Brown, K. S. and Chazan, M. (2012). Evidence for early hafted hunting technology. Science, 338, 942946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, J., Schoville, B. J., Brown, K. S. and Chazan, M. (2015). Kathu Pan 1 points and the assemblage-scale, probabilistic approach: a response to Rots and Plisson, “Projectiles and the abuse of the usewear method in a search for impact”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 54, 294299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×