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19 - The contribution of genetically manipulated animals to the study of stimulant and alcohol addiction

from Part IX - Drug use and abuse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2010

By
David N Stephens ,
Andy N Mead  and
Tamzin L Ripley
Edited by
Maria A. Ron  and
Trevor W. Robbins
David N Stephens
Affiliation:
University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
Andy N Mead
Affiliation:
University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
Tamzin L Ripley
Affiliation:
University of Sussex, Falmer, UK
Maria A. Ron
Affiliation:
Institute of Neurology, London
Trevor W. Robbins
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
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Summary

Introduction

As in other areas of biology, behavioural neuroscience has been revolutionized in the past decade by advances in genomics. The sequencing of the human genome, as well as those of the mouse and of invertebrate species, has opened the prospect of understanding the extent to which psychiatric conditions depend upon variations in genetic makeup. At the same time, advances in genetic technology have made studies of functional genomics possible. The ability to manipulate the genetic makeup of organisms, such as the mouse, by specific targeting of mutations in selected genes has provided an impetus for behavioural scientists to match technical advances in genomics with technical developments of their own. The area of drug abuse and dependence has been among the beneficiaries of these developments. However, even after such a short period of experience, it has become clear that the new science of behavioural genomics not only offers opportunities, but also raises questions that are peculiar to the new field.

Knockouts and transgenics

Two basic techniques are used to generate mice with ‘targeted mutations’, either by deletion of the gene of interest (knockouts, ‘null mutants’ or -/-), or by inserting a novel gene or multiple copies of the gene of interest into the genome (transgenics). While the terms ‘knockout’ and ‘transgenic’ are sometimes used interchangeably when referring to genetically engineered organisms, they do represent two distinctly different procedures, as illustrated in Figure 19.1, with separate problems resulting from the method used for their generation.

Type
Chapter
Information
Disorders of Brain and Mind , pp. 421 - 446
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2003

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