Fetal Therapy
Buy print or eBook
[Opens in a new window] Scientific Basis and Critical Appraisal of Clinical Benefits
Book contents
- Fetal Therapy
- Fetal Therapy
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Section 1: General Principles
- Section 2: Fetal Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment
- Red Cell Alloimmunization
- Structural Heart Disease in the Fetus
- Fetal Dysrhythmias
- Manipulation of Fetal Amniotic Fluid Volume
- Fetal Infections
- Fetal Growth and Well-being
- Preterm Birth of the Singleton and Multiple Pregnancy
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Fetal Growth Restriction in Monochorionic Twins
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Multifetal Reduction in Multiple Pregnancy
- Fetal Urinary Tract Obstruction
- Pleural Effusion and Pulmonary Pathology
- Surgical Correction of Neural Tube Anomalies
- Fetal Tumors
- Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
- Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Gene Therapy
- Section III: The Future
- Index
- References
Fetal Infections
from Section 2: - Fetal Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 October 2019
Book contents
- Fetal Therapy
- Fetal Therapy
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Section 1: General Principles
- Section 2: Fetal Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment
- Red Cell Alloimmunization
- Structural Heart Disease in the Fetus
- Fetal Dysrhythmias
- Manipulation of Fetal Amniotic Fluid Volume
- Fetal Infections
- Fetal Growth and Well-being
- Preterm Birth of the Singleton and Multiple Pregnancy
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Fetal Growth Restriction in Monochorionic Twins
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence
- Complications of Monochorionic Multiple Pregnancy: Multifetal Reduction in Multiple Pregnancy
- Fetal Urinary Tract Obstruction
- Pleural Effusion and Pulmonary Pathology
- Surgical Correction of Neural Tube Anomalies
- Fetal Tumors
- Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
- Fetal Stem Cell Transplantation
- Gene Therapy
- Section III: The Future
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Fetal TherapyScientific Basis and Critical Appraisal of Clinical Benefits, pp. 215 - 247Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
References
O’Shea, JJ, Paul, WE. Mechanisms Underlying lineage commitment and plasticity of helper CD4+ T cells. Science. 2010; 327: 1098–102.Google Scholar
Billingham, RE, Brent, L, Medawar, PB. Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature. 1953; 172: 603–6.Google Scholar
Adkins, B, Leclerc, C, Marshall-Clarke, S. Neonatal adaptive immunity comes of age. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004; 4: 553–64.Google Scholar
Sarzotti, M, Robbins, DS, Hoffman, PM. Induction of protective CTL responses in newborn mice by a murine retrovirus. Science. 1996; 271: 1726–8.Google Scholar
Ridge, JP, Fuchs, EJ, Matzinger, P. Neonatal tolerance revisited: turning on newborn T cells with dendritic cells. Science. 1996; 271: 1723–6.Google Scholar
Forsthuber, T, Yip, HC, Lehmann, PV. Induction of TH1 and TH2 immunity in neonatal mice. Science. 1996; 271: 1728–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marchant, A, Goldman, M. T cell-mediated immune responses in human newborns: ready to learn? Clin Exp Immunol. 2005; 141: 10–18.Google Scholar
Tavian, M, Péault, B. Embryonic development of the human hematopoietic system. Int J Dev Biol. 2005; 49: 243–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hong, DK, Lewis, DB. Developmental Immunology and Role of Host Defenses in Fetal and Neonatal Susceptibility to Infection. In Remington and Klein’s Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2016, pp. 90–197.Google Scholar
Willems, F, Vollstedt, S, Suter, M. Phenotype and function of neonatal DC. Eur J Immunol. 2009; 39: 26–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemoine, S, Jaron, B, Tabka, S, Ettreiki, C, Deriaud, E, Zhivaki, D, et al. Dectin-1 activation unlocks IL12A expression and reveals the TH1 potency of neonatal dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 136: 1355–1368. e15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salio, M, Dulphy, N, Renneson, J, Herbert, M, McMichael, A, Marchant, A, et al. Efficient priming of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by human cord blood dendritic cells. Int Immunol. 2003; 15: 1265–73.Google Scholar
Rechavi, E, Somech, R. Survival of the fetus: fetal B and T cell receptor repertoire development. Semin Immunopathol. 2017; 39: 577–83.Google Scholar
White, GP, Watt, PM, Holt, BJ, Holt, PG. Differential patterns of methylation of the IFN-promoter at CpG and non-CpG sites underlie differences in IFN-gene expression between human neonatal and adult CD45RO-T cells. J Immunol. 2002; 168: 2820–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, X, Mozeleski, B, Lemoine, S, Deriaud, E, Lim, A, Zhivaki, D, et al. CD4 T Cells with effector memory phenotype and function develop in the sterile environment of the fetus. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6: 238ra72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rechavi, E, Lev, A, Lee, YN, Simon, AJ, Yinon, Y, Lipitz, S, et al. Timely and spatially regulated maturation of B and T cell repertoire during human fetal development. Sci Transl Med. 2015; 7: 276ra25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suryani, S, Fulcher, DA, Santner-Nanan, B, Nanan, R, Wong, M, Shaw, PJ, et al. Differential expression of CD21 identifies developmentally and functionally distinct subsets of human transitional B cells. Blood. 2010; 115: 519–29.Google Scholar
Griffin, DO, Holodick, NE, Rothstein, TL. Human B1 cells in umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood express the novel phenotype CD20+ CD27+ CD43+ CD70-. J Exp Med. 2011; 208: 67–80.Google Scholar
Vermijlen, D, Prinz, I. Ontogeny of Innate T lymphocytes – some innate lymphocytes are more innate than others. Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 486.Google Scholar
Dimova, T, Brouwer, M, Gosselin, F, Tassignon, J, Leo, O, Donner, C, et al. Effector Vγ9Vδ2 T cells dominate the human fetal γδ T-cell repertoire. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015; 112: E556–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michaëlsson, J, Mold, JE, McCune, JM, Nixon, DF. Regulation of T cell responses in the developing human fetus. J Immunol. 2006; 176: 5741–8.Google Scholar
Mold, JE, Michaëlsson, J, Burt, TD, Muench, MO, Beckerman, KP, Busch, MP, et al. Maternal alloantigens promote the development of tolerogenic fetal regulatory T cells in utero. Science. 2008; 322: 1562–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morand, A, Zandotti, C, Charrel, R, Minodier, P, Fabre, A, Chabrol, B, et al. De TORCH à TORCHZ: fœtopathies infectieuses à virus Zika et autres. Arch Pédiatrie. 2017; 24: 911–13.Google Scholar
Maldonado, YA, Nizet, V, Klein, JO, Remington, JS, Wilson, CB. Current concepts of infections of the fetus and newborn infant. In Remington and Klein’s Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2016, pp. 3–23.Google Scholar
Renneson, J, Dutta, B, Goriely, S, Danis, B, Lecomte, S, Laes, J-F, et al. IL-12 and type I IFN response of neonatal myeloid DC to human CMV infection. Eur J Immunol. 2009; 39: 2789–99.Google Scholar
Marchant, A, Appay, V, van der Sande, M, Dulphy, N, Liesnard, C, Kidd, M, et al. Mature CD8+ T lymphocyte response to viral infection during fetal life. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111: 1747–55.Google Scholar
Pédron, B, Guérin, V, Jacquemard, F, Munier, A, Daffos, F, Thulliez, P, et al. Comparison of CD8+ T cell responses to cytomegalovirus between human fetuses and their transmitter mothers. J Infect Dis. 2007; 196: 1033–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, L, Piccinini, G, Lilleri, D, Revello, MG, Wang, Z, Markel, S, et al. Human cytomegalovirus proteins pp65 and immediate early protein 1 are common targets for CD8+ T cell responses in children with congenital or postnatal human cytomegalovirus infection. J Immunol. 2004; 172: 2256–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miles, DJC, van der Sande, M, Jeffries, D, Kaye, S, Ismaili, J, Ojuola, O, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection in Gambian infants leads to profound CD8 T-cell differentiation. J Virol. 2007; 81: 5766–76.Google Scholar
Gibson, L, Dooley, S, Trzmielina, S, Somasundaran, M, Fisher, D, Revello, MG, et al. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) IE1‐ and pp65‐specific CD8+ T cell responses broaden over time after primary CMV infection in infants. J Infect Dis. 2007; 195: 1789–98.Google Scholar
Pass, RF, Stagno, S, Britt, WJ, Alford, CA. Specific cell-mediated immunity and the natural history of congenital infection with cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis. 1983; 148: 953–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starr, SE, Tolpin, MD, Friedman, HM, Paucker, K, Plotkin, SA. Impaired Cellular immunity to cytomegalovirus in congenitally infected children and their mothers. J Infect Dis. 1979; 140: 500–5.Google Scholar
Huygens, A, Lecomte, S, Tackoen, M, Olislagers, V, Delmarcelle, Y, Burny, W, et al. Functional exhaustion limits CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses to congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Dis. 2015; 212: 484–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tu, W, Chen, S, Sharp, M, Dekker, C, Manganello, AM, Tongson, EC, et al. Persistent and selective deficiency of CD4+ T cell immunity to cytomegalovirus in immunocompetent young children. J Immunol. 2004; 172: 3260–7.Google Scholar
Vermijlen, D, Brouwer, M, Donner, C, Liesnard, C, Tackoen, M, Van Rysselberge, M, et al. Human cytomegalovirus elicits fetal γδ T cell responses in utero. J Exp Med. 2010; 207: 807–21.Google Scholar
Brizić, I, Hiršl, L, Britt, WJ, Krmpotić, A, Jonjić, S. Immune responses to congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Microbes Infect. 2017; 20: 543–51.Google Scholar
Rovito, R, Korndewal, MJ, van Zelm, MC, Ziagkos, D, Wessels, E, van der Burg, M, et al. T and B cell markers in dried blood spots of neonates with congenital cytomegalovirus infection: B cell numbers at birth are associated with long-term outcomes. J Immunol. 2017; 198: 102–9.Google Scholar
Huygens, A, Dauby, N, Vermijlen, D, Marchant, A. Immunity to cytomegalovirus in early life. Front Immunol. 2014; 5: 552.Google Scholar
Noyola, DE, Fortuny, C, Muntasell, A, Noguera-Julian, A, Muñoz-Almagro, C, Alarcón, A, et al. Influence of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection and the NKG2C genotype on NK-cell subset distribution in children: immunity to infection. Eur J Immunol. 2012; 42: 3256–66.Google Scholar
Shetty, A, Maldonado, YA. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in the Infant. In Remington and Klein’s Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 8th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 2016, pp. 623–78.Google Scholar
Luzuriaga, K, Holmes, D, Hereema, A, Wong, J, Panicali, DL, Sullivan, JL. HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the first year of life. J Immunol. 1995; 154: 433–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thobakgale, CF, Ramduth, D, Reddy, S, Mkhwanazi, N, de Pierres, C, Moodley, E, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T-cell activity is detectable from birth in the majority of in utero-infected infants. J Virol. 2007; 81: 12775–84.Google Scholar
Lohman, BL, Slyker, JA, Richardson, BA, Farquhar, C, Mabuka, JM, Crudder, C, et al. Longitudinal assessment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific gamma interferon responses during the first year of life in HIV-1-infected infants. J Virol. 2005; 79: 8121–30.Google Scholar
Streeck, H, Nixon, DF. T cell immunity in acute HIV‐1 infection. J Infect Dis. 2010; 202: S302–8.Google Scholar
Voelkerding, KV, Sandhaus, LM, Belov, L, Frenkel, L, Ettinger, LJ, Raska, K. Clonal B-cell proliferation in an infant with congenital HIV infection and immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1988; 90: 470–4.Google Scholar
Pugatch, D, Sullivan, JL, Pikora, CA, Luzuriaga, K. Delayed generation of antibodies mediating human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in vertically infected infants. WITS Study Group. Women and Infants Transmission Study. J Infect Dis. 1997; 176: 643–8.Google Scholar
Munoz, M, Liesenfeld, O, Heimesaat, MM. Immunology of Toxoplasma gondii. Immunol Rev. 2011; 240: 269–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fatoohi, AF, Cozon, GJN, Wallon, M, Kahi, S, Gay-Andrieu, F, Greenland, T, et al. Cellular immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in congenitally infected newborns and immunocompetent infected hosts. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003; 22: 181–4.Google Scholar
Ciardelli, L, Meroni, V, Avanzini, MA, Bollani, L, Tinelli, C, Garofoli, F, et al. Early and accurate diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008; 27: 125–9.Google Scholar
Chapey, E, Wallon, M, Debize, G, Rabilloud, M, Peyron, F. Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis by using a whole-blood gamma interferon release assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48: 41–5.Google Scholar
Guglietta, S, Beghetto, E, Spadoni, A, Buffolano, W, Del Porto, P, Gargano, N. Age-dependent impairment of functional helper T cell responses to immunodominant epitopes of Toxoplasma gondii antigens in congenitally infected individuals. Microbes Infect. 2007; 9: 127–33.Google Scholar
McLeod, R, Mack, DG, Boyer, K, Mets, M, Roizen, N, Swisher, C, et al. Phenotypes and functions of lymphocytes in congenital toxoplasmosis. J Lab Clin Med. 1990; 116: 623–35.Google Scholar
Hara, T, Ohashi, S, Yamashita, Y, Abe, T, Hisaeda, H, Himeno, K, et al. Human V delta 2+ gamma delta T-cell tolerance to foreign antigens of Toxoplasma gondii. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996; 93: 5136–40.Google Scholar
Carlier, Y, Truyens, C. Maternal–fetal transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. In American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2017, pp. 517–59.Google Scholar
Hermann, E, Truyens, C, Alonso-Vega, C, Even, J, Rodriguez, P, Berthe, A, et al. Human fetuses are able to mount an adultlike CD8 T-cell response. Blood. 2002; 100: 2153–8.Google Scholar
Hermann, E, Alonso-Vega, C, Berthe, A, Truyens, C, Flores, A, Cordova, M, et al. Human congenital infection with Trypanosoma cruzi induces phenotypic and functional modifications of cord blood NK cells. Pediatr Res. 2006; 60: 38–43.Google Scholar
Rodriguez, P, Truyens, C, Alonso-Vega, C, Flores, A, Cordova, M, Suarez, E, et al. Serum levels for IgM and IgA antibodies to anti-trypanosoma cruzi in samples of blood from newborns from mothers with positive serology for Chagas disease. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2005; 38 (Suppl. 2): 62–4.Google ScholarPubMed
Baud, D, Gubler, DJ, Schaub, B, Lanteri, MC, Musso, D. An update on Zika virus infection. Lancet. 2017; 390: 2099–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisblum, Y, Oiknine-Djian, E, Vorontsov, OM, Haimov-Kochman, R, Zakay-Rones, Z, Meir, K, et al. Zika Virus infects early- and midgestation human maternal decidual tissues, inducing distinct innate tissue responses in the maternal-fetal interface. J Virol. 2017; 91: e01905–16.Google Scholar
Yockey, LJ, Jurado, KA, Arora, N, Millet, A, Rakib, T, Milano, KM, et al. Type I interferons instigate fetal demise after Zika virus infection. Sci Immunol. 2018; 3: eaao1680.Google Scholar
Nem de Oliveira Souza, I, Frost, PS, França, JV, Nascimento-Viana, JB, Neris, RLS, Freitas, L, et al. Acute and chronic neurological consequences of early-life Zika virus infection in mice. Sci Transl Med. 2018; 10: eaar2749.Google Scholar
Dauby, N, Goetghebuer, T, Kollmann, TR, Levy, J, Marchant, A. Uninfected but not unaffected: chronic maternal infections during pregnancy, fetal immunity, and susceptibility to postnatal infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012; 12: 330–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abu Raya, B, Smolen, K, Willems, F, Kollmann, T, Marchant, A. Transfer of maternal anti-microbial immunity to HIV-exposed uninfected newborns. Front Immunol. 2016; 7: 338.Google Scholar
Slogrove, AL, Goetghebuer, T, Cotton, MF, Singer, J, Bettinger, JA. Pattern of infectious morbidity in HIV-exposed uninfected infants and children. Front Immunol. 2016; 7: 164.Google Scholar
References
Valeur-Jensen, AK, Pedersen, CB, Westergaard, T, Jensen, IP, Lebech, M, Andersen, PK, et al. Risk factors for parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy. JAMA. 1999; 281: 1099–105.Google Scholar
Harger, JH, Adler, SP, Koch, WC, Harger, GF. Prospective evaluation of 618 pregnant women exposed to parvovirus B19: risks and symptoms. Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 91: 413–20.Google Scholar
Gratacós, E, Torres, PJ, Vidal, J, Antolín, E, Costa, J, Jiménez de Anta, MT, et al. The incidence of human parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy and its impact on perinatal outcome. J Infect Dis. 1995; 171: 1360–3.Google Scholar
Enders, M, Weidner, A, Zoellner, I, Searle, K, Enders, G. Fetal morbidity and mortality after acute human parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: prospective evaluation of 1018 cases. Prenat Diagn. 2004; 24: 513–18.Google Scholar
Enders, M, Klingel, K, Weidner, A, Baisch, C, Kandolf, R, Schalasta, G, et al. Risk of fetal hydrops and non-hydropic late intrauterine fetal death after gestational parvovirus B19 infection. J Clin Virol. 2010; 49: 163–8.Google Scholar
Nyman, M, Tolfvenstam, T, Petersson, K, Krassny, C, Skjöldebrand-Sparre, L, Broliden, K. Detection of human parvovirus B19 infection in first-trimester fetal loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99: 795–8.Google Scholar
Lassen, J, Jensen, AKV, Bager, P, Pedersen, CB, Panum, I, Nørgaard-Pedersen, B, et al. Parvovirus B19 infection in the first trimester of pregnancy and risk of fetal loss: a population-based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012; 176: 803–7.Google Scholar
Tolfvenstam, T, Papadogiannakis, N, Norbeck, O, Petersson, K, Broliden, K. Frequency of human parvovirus B19 infection in intrauterine fetal death. Lancet. 2001; 357: 1494–7.Google Scholar
de Haan, TR, van den Akker, ESA, Porcelijn, L, Oepkes, D, Kroes, ACM, Walther, FJ. Thrombocytopenia in hydropic fetuses with parvovirus B19 infection: incidence, treatment and correlation with fetal B19 viral load. BJOG. 2008; 115: 76–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melamed, N, Whittle, W, Kelly, EN, Windrim, R, Seaward, PGR, Keunen, J, et al. Fetal thrombocytopenia in pregnancies with fetal human parvovirus-B19 infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015; 212: 793. e1–8.Google Scholar
von Kaisenberg, CS, Bender, G, Scheewe, J, Hirt, SW, Lange, M, Stieh, J, et al. A case of fetal parvovirus B19 myocarditis, terminal cardiac heart failure, and perinatal heart transplantation. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2001; 16: 427–32.Google Scholar
Brochot, C, Collinet, P, Provost, N, Subtil, D. Mirror syndrome due to parvovirus B19 hydrops complicated by severe maternal pulmonary effusion. Prenat Diagn. 2006; 26: 179–80.Google Scholar
Carbillon, L, Oury, JF, Guerin, JM, Azancot, A, Blot, P. Clinical biological features of Ballantyne syndrome and the role of placental hydrops. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1997; 52: 310–14.Google Scholar
Fairley, CK, Smoleniec, JS, Caul, OE, Miller, E. Observational study of effect of intrauterine transfusions on outcome of fetal hydrops after parvovirus B19 infection. Lancet. 1995; 346: 1335–7.Google Scholar
Maisonneuve, E, Garel, C, Friszer, S, Pénager, C, Carbonne, B, Pernot, F, et al. Fetal brain injury associated with parvovirus B19 congenital infection requiring intrauterine transfusion. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2018; 20; 1–11.Google Scholar
Lindenburg, ITM, van Klink, JM, Smits-Wintjens, VEHJ, van Kamp, IL, Oepkes, D, Lopriore, E. Long-term neurodevelopmental and cardiovascular outcome after intrauterine transfusions for fetal anaemia: a review. Prenat Diagn. 2013; 33: 815–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mari, G, Deter, RL, Carpenter, RL, Rahman, F, Zimmerman, R, Moise, KJ, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis by Doppler ultrasonography of fetal anemia due to maternal red-cell alloimmunization. Collaborative Group for Doppler Assessment of the Blood Velocity in Anemic Fetuses. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 9–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mari, G, Detti, L, Oz, U, Zimmerman, R, Duerig, P, Stefos, T. Accurate prediction of fetal hemoglobin by Doppler ultrasonography. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99: 589–93.Google Scholar
Delle Chiaie, L, Buck, G, Grab, D, Terinde, R. Prediction of fetal anemia with Doppler measurement of the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity in pregnancies complicated by maternal blood group alloimmunization or parvovirus B19 infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2001; 18: 232–6.Google Scholar
Völker, F, Cooper, P, Bader, O, Uy, A, Zimmermann, O, Lugert, R, et al. Prevalence of pregnancy-relevant infections in a rural setting of Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017; 17: 172.Google Scholar
Pembrey, L, Raynor, P, Griffiths, P, Chaytor, S, Wright, J, Hall, AJ. Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus and varicella zoster virus among pregnant women in Bradford: a cohort study. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8: e81881.Google Scholar
Zhang, HJ, Patenaude, V, Abenhaim, HA. Maternal outcomes in pregnancies affected by varicella zoster virus infections: population-based study on 7.7 million pregnancy admissions. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015; 41: 62–8.Google Scholar
Weber, DM, Pellecchia, JA. Varicella pneumonia: study of prevalence in adult men. JAMA. 1965; 192: 572–3.Google Scholar
Mirouse, A, Vignon, P, Piron, P, Robert, R, Papazian, L, Géri, G, et al. Severe varicella-zoster virus pneumonia: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care. 2017; 21:137.Google Scholar
Ellis, ME, Neal, KR, Webb, AK. Is smoking a risk factor for pneumonia in adults with chickenpox? Br Med J Clin Res Ed. 1987; 294:1002.Google Scholar
Harris, RE, Rhoades, ER. Varicella pneumonia complicating pregnancy: report of a case and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol. 1965; 25: 734–40.Google Scholar
Harger, JH, Ernest, JM, Thurnau, GR, Moawad, A, Momirova, V, Landon, MB, et al. Risk factors and outcome of varicella-zoster virus pneumonia in pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2002; 185: 422–7.Google Scholar
Trotta, M, Borchi, B, Niccolai, A, Venturini, E, Giaché, S, Sterrantino, G, et al. Epidemiology, management and outcome of varicella in pregnancy: a 20-year experience at the Tuscany Reference Centre for Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy. Infection. 2018; 46: 693–9.Google Scholar
Zambrano, MA, Martínez, A, Mínguez, JA, Vázquez, F, Palencia, R. Varicella pneumonia complicating pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1995; 74: 318–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Field, N, Amirthalingam, G, Waight, P, Andrews, N, Ladhani, SN, van Hoek, AJ, et al. Validity of a reported history of chickenpox in targeting varicella vaccination at susceptible adolescents in England. Vaccine. 2014; 32: 1213–17.Google Scholar
Chris Maple, PA, Gunn, A, Sellwood, J, Brown, DWG, Gray, JJ. Comparison of fifteen commercial assays for detecting Varicella Zoster virus IgG with reference to a time resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) and the performance of two commercial assays for screening sera from immunocompromised individuals. J Virol Methods. 2009; 155: 143–9.Google Scholar
Chris Maple, PA, Gray, J, Brown, K, Brown, D. Performance characteristics of a quantitative, standardised varicella zoster IgG time resolved fluorescence immunoassay (VZV TRFIA) for measuring antibody following natural infection. J Virol Methods. 2009; 157: 90–2.Google Scholar
Maple, PA, Rathod, P, Smit, E, Gray, J, Brown, D, Boxall, EH. Comparison of the performance of the LIAISON VZV-IgG and VIDAS automated enzyme linked fluorescent immunoassays with reference to a VZV-IgG time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay and implications of choice of cut-off for LIAISON assay. J Clin Virol. 2009; 44: 9–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boxall, EH, Maple, PA, Rathod, P, Smit, E. Follow-up of pregnant women exposed to chicken pox: an audit of relationship between level of antibody and development of chicken pox. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011; 30: 1193–200.Google Scholar
Enders, G, Miller, E, Cradock-Watson, J, Bolley, I, Ridehalgh, M. Consequences of varicella and herpes zoster in pregnancy: prospective study of 1739 cases. Lancet. 1994; 343: 1548–51.Google Scholar
Pastuszak, AL, Levy, M, Schick, B, Zuber, C, Feldkamp, M, Gladstone, J, et al. Outcome after maternal varicella infection in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 901–5.Google Scholar
Mouly, F, Mirlesse, V, Méritet, JF, Rozenberg, F, Poissonier, MH, Lebon, P, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal varicella-zoster virus infection with polymerase chain reaction of amniotic fluid in 107 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 177: 894–8.Google Scholar
Preblud, SR. Age-specific risks of varicella complications. Pediatrics. 1981; 68: 14–17.Google Scholar
Meyers, JD. Congenital varicella in term infants: risk reconsidered. J Infect Dis. 1974; 129: 215–17.Google Scholar
Miller, E, Cradock-Watson, JE, Ridehalgh, MK. Outcome in newborn babies given anti-varicella-zoster immunoglobulin after perinatal maternal infection with varicella-zoster virus. Lancet. 1989; 2: 371–3.Google ScholarPubMed
Pretorius, DH, Hayward, I, Jones, KL, Stamm, E. Sonographic evaluation of pregnancies with maternal varicella infection. J Ultrasound Med. 1992; 11: 459–63.Google Scholar
Pons, JC, Rozenberg, F, Imbert, MC, Lebon, P, Olivennes, F, Lelaidier, C, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of second-trimester congenital varicella syndrome. Prenat Diagn. 1992; 12: 975–6.Google Scholar
Lamont, RF, Sobel, JD, Carrington, D, Mazaki-Tovi, S, Kusanovic, JP, Vaisbuch, E, et al. Varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox) infection in pregnancy. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011; 118: 1155–62.Google Scholar
Koren, G, Money, D, Boucher, M, Aoki, F, Petric, M, Innocencion, G, et al. Serum concentrations, efficacy, and safety of a new, intravenously administered varicella zoster immune globulin in pregnant women. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002; 42: 267–74.Google Scholar
Winsnes, R. Efficacy of zoster immunoglobulin in prophylaxis of varicella in high-risk patients. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1978; 67: 77–82.Google Scholar
Pasternak, B, Hviid, A. Use of acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. JAMA. 2010; 304: 859–66.Google Scholar
Marin, M, Willis, ED, Marko, A, Rasmussen, SA, Bialek, SR, Dana, A, et al. Closure of varicella-zoster virus-containing vaccines pregnancy registry - United States, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014; 63: 732–3.Google Scholar
Bohlke, K, Galil, K, Jackson, LA, Schmid, DS, Starkovich, P, Loparev, VN, et al. Postpartum varicella vaccination: is the vaccine virus excreted in breast milk? Obstet Gynecol. 2003; 102: 970–7.Google Scholar
Boppana, SB, Ross, SA, Fowler, KB. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57 (Suppl. 4): S178–181.Google Scholar
Goderis, J, De Leenheer, E, Smets, K, Van Hoecke, H, Keymeulen, A, Dhooge, I. Hearing loss and congenital CMV infection: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2014; 134: 972–82.Google Scholar
Smithers-Sheedy, H, Raynes-Greenow, C, Badawi, N, Fernandez, MA, Kesson, A, McIntyre, S, et al. Congenital Cytomegalovirus among children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2017; 181: 267–71. e1.Google Scholar
Kenneson, A, Cannon, MJ. Review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Rev Med Virol. 2007; 17: 253–76.Google Scholar
Dollard, SC, Grosse, SD, Ross, DS. New estimates of the prevalence of neurological and sensory sequelae and mortality associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Rev Med Virol. 2007; 17: 355–63.Google Scholar
Townsend, CL, Forsgren, M, Ahlfors, K, Ivarsson, S-A, Tookey, PA, Peckham, CS. Long-term outcomes of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Sweden and the United Kingdom. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 56: 1232–9.Google Scholar
Gratacap-Cavallier, B, Bosson, JL, Morand, P, Dutertre, N, Chanzy, B, Jouk, PS, et al. Cytomegalovirus seroprevalence in French pregnant women: parity and place of birth as major predictive factors. Eur J Epidemiol. 1998; 14: 147–52.Google Scholar
Colugnati, FAB, Staras, SAS, Dollard, SC, Cannon, MJ. Incidence of cytomegalovirus infection among the general population and pregnant women in the United States. BMC Infect Dis. 2007; 7: 71.Google Scholar
Ross, SA, Arora, N, Novak, Z, Fowler, KB, Britt, WJ, Boppana, SB. Cytomegalovirus reinfections in healthy seroimmune women. J Infect Dis. 2010; 201: 386–9.Google Scholar
Leruez-Ville, M, Magny, J-F, Couderc, S, Pichon, C, Parodi, M, Bussières, L, et al. Risk factors for congenital cytomegalovirus infection following primary and nonprimary maternal infection: a prospective neonatal screening study using polymerase chain reaction in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 65: 398–404.Google Scholar
Mussi-Pinhata, MM, Yamamoto, AY, Moura Brito, RM, de Lima, IM, de Carvalho e Oliveira, PF, Boppana, S, et al. Birth prevalence and natural history of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in a highly seroimmune population. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49: 522–8.Google Scholar
Ross, SA, Fowler, KB, Ashrith, G, Stagno, S, Britt, WJ, Pass, RF, et al. Hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection born to mothers with preexisting immunity. J Pediatr. 2006; 148: 332–6.Google Scholar
Picone, O, Vauloup-Fellous, C, Cordier, A-G, Parent Du Châtelet, I, Senat, M-V, Frydman, R, et al. A 2-year study on cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy in a French hospital. BJOG. 2009; 116: 818–23.Google Scholar
Leruez-Ville, M, Sellier, Y, Salomon, LJ, Stirnemann, JJ, Jacquemard, F, Ville, Y. Prediction of fetal infection in cases with cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M in the first trimester of pregnancy: a retrospective cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 56: 1428–35.Google Scholar
Delforge, ML, Desomberg, L, Montesinos, I. Evaluation of the new LIAISON(®) CMV IgG, IgM and IgG Avidity II assays. J Clin Virol. 2015; 72: 42–5.Google Scholar
Sellier, Y, Guilleminot, T, Ville, Y, Leruez-Ville, M. Comparison of the LIAISON(®) CMV IgG Avidity II and the VIDAS(®) CMV IgG Avidity II assays for the diagnosis of primary infection in pregnant women. J Clin Virol. 2015; 72: 46–8.Google Scholar
Chiereghin, A, Pavia, C, Gabrielli, L, Piccirilli, G, Squarzoni, D, Turello, G, et al. Clinical evaluation of the new Roche platform of serological and molecular cytomegalovirus-specific assays in the diagnosis and prognosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Virol Methods. 2017; 248: 250–4.Google Scholar
Bodéus, M, Hubinont, C, Bernard, P, Bouckaert, A, Thomas, K, Goubau, P. Prenatal diagnosis of human cytomegalovirus by culture and polymerase chain reaction: 98 pregnancies leading to congenital infection. Prenat Diagn. 1999; 19: 314–17.Google Scholar
Enders, M, Daiminger, A, Exler, S, Ertan, K, Enders, G, Bald, R. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 115 cases: a 5 years’ single center experience. Prenat Diagn. 2017; 37: 389–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Revello, MG, Furione, M, Rognoni, V, Arossa, A, Gerna, G. Cytomegalovirus DNAemia in pregnant women. J Clin Virol. 2014; 61: 590–2.Google Scholar
Bilavsky, E, Pardo, J, Attias, J, Levy, I, Magny, J-F, Ville, Y, et al. Clinical Implications for children born with congenital cytomegalovirus infection following a negative amniocentesis. Clin Infect Dis. 2016; 63: 33–8.Google Scholar
Revello, MG, Furione, M, Zavattoni, M, Tassis, B, Nicolini, U, Fabbri, E, et al. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNAemia in the mother at amniocentesis as a risk factor for iatrogenic HCMV infection of the fetus. J Infect Dis. 2008; 197: 593–6.Google Scholar
Boppana, SB, Pass, RF, Britt, WJ, Stagno, S, Alford, CA. Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: neonatal morbidity and mortality. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992; 11: 93–9.Google Scholar
Anderson, KS, Amos, CS, Boppana, S, Pass, R. Ocular abnormalities in congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Am Optom Assoc. 1996; 67: 273–8.Google Scholar
Fowler, KB, Boppana, SB. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and hearing deficit. J Clin Virol. 2006; 35: 226–31.Google Scholar
Barbi, M, Binda, S, Caroppo, S, Ambrosetti, U, Corbetta, C, Sergi, P. A wider role for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in sensorineural hearing loss. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22: 39–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Avettand-Fenoël, V, Marlin, S, Vauloup-Fellous, C, Loundon, N, François, M, Couloigner, V, et al. Congenital cytomegalovirus is the second most frequent cause of bilateral hearing loss in young French children. J Pediatr. 2013; 162: 593–9.Google Scholar
Binda, S, Caroppo, S, Didò, P, Primache, V, Veronesi, L, Calvario, A, et al. Modification of CMV DNA detection from dried blood spots for diagnosing congenital CMV infection. J Clin Virol. 2004; 30: 276–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leruez-Ville, M, Vauloup-Fellous, C, Couderc, S, Parat, S, Castel, C, Avettand-Fenoel, V, et al. Prospective identification of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in newborns using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays in dried blood spots. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52: 575–81.Google Scholar
Pass, RF, Fowler, KB, Boppana, SB, Britt, WJ, Stagno, S. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection following first trimester maternal infection: symptoms at birth and outcome. J Clin Virol. 2006; 35: 216–20.Google Scholar
Foulon, I, Naessens, A, Foulon, W, Casteels, A, Gordts, F. A 10-year prospective study of sensorineural hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Pediatr. 2008; 153: 84–8.Google Scholar
Lipitz, S, Yinon, Y, Malinger, G, Yagel, S, Levit, L, Hoffman, C, et al. Risk of cytomegalovirus-associated sequelae in relation to time of infection and findings on prenatal imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 41: 508–14.Google Scholar
Enders, G, Daiminger, A, Bäder, U, Exler, S, Enders, M. Intrauterine transmission and clinical outcome of 248 pregnancies with primary cytomegalovirus infection in relation to gestational age. J Clin Virol. 2011; 52: 244–6.Google Scholar
Picone, O, Vauloup-Fellous, C, Cordier, AG, Guitton, S, Senat, MV, Fuchs, F, et al. A series of 238 cytomegalovirus primary infections during pregnancy: description and outcome. Prenat Diagn. 2013; 33: 751–8.Google Scholar
Bodéus, M, Hubinont, C, Goubau, P. Increased risk of cytomegalovirus transmission in utero during late gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 1999; 93: 658–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Feldman, B, Yinon, Y, Tepperberg Oikawa, M, Yoeli, R, Schiff, E, Lipitz, S. Pregestational, periconceptional, and gestational primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection: prenatal diagnosis in 508 pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011; 205: 342. e1–6.Google Scholar
Revello, MG, Zavattoni, M, Furione, M, Lilleri, D, Gorini, G, Gerna, G. Diagnosis and outcome of preconceptional and periconceptional primary human cytomegalovirus infections. J Infect Dis. 2002; 186: 553–7.Google Scholar
Guerra, B, Simonazzi, G, Puccetti, C, Lanari, M, Farina, A, Lazzarotto, T, et al. Ultrasound prediction of symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 198: 380. e1–7.Google Scholar
Malinger, G, Lev, D, Lerman-Sagie, T. Imaging of fetal cytomegalovirus infection. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2011; 29: 117–26.Google Scholar
Nigro, G, La Torre, R, Sali, E, Auteri, M, Mazzocco, M, Maranghi, L, et al. Intraventricular haemorrhage in a fetus with cerebral cytomegalovirus infection. Prenat Diagn. 2002; 22: 558–61.Google Scholar
Enders, G, Bäder, U, Lindemann, L, Schalasta, G, Daiminger, A. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 189 pregnancies with known outcome. Prenat Diagn. 2001; 21: 362–77.Google Scholar
Picone, O, Vauloup-Fellous, C, Cordier, AG, Grangeot-Keros, L, Frydman, R, Senat, MV. Late onset of ultrasound abnormalities in a case of periconceptional congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 31: 481–3.Google Scholar
Garel, C, Chantrel, E, Brisse, H, Elmaleh, M, Luton, D, Oury, JF, et al. Fetal cerebral cortex: normal gestational landmarks identified using prenatal MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001; 22: 184–9.Google Scholar
Barkovich, AJ, Lindan, CE. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection of the brain: imaging analysis and embryologic considerations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994; 15: 703–15.Google Scholar
Benoist, G, Salomon, LJ, Mohlo, M, Suarez, B, Jacquemard, F, Ville, Y. Cytomegalovirus-related fetal brain lesions: comparison between targeted ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2008; 32: 900–5.Google Scholar
Picone, O, Simon, I, Benachi, A, Brunelle, F, Sonigo, P. Comparison between ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of fetal cytomegalovirus infection. Prenat Diagn. 2008; 28: 753–8.Google Scholar
Benoist, G, Salomon, LJ, Jacquemard, F, Daffos, F, Ville, Y. The prognostic value of ultrasound abnormalities and biological parameters in blood of fetuses infected with cytomegalovirus. BJOG. 2008; 115: 823–9.Google Scholar
Farkas, N, Hoffmann, C, Ben-Sira, L, Lev, D, Schweiger, A, Kidron, D, et al. Does normal fetal brain ultrasound predict normal neurodevelopmental outcome in congenital cytomegalovirus infection? Prenat Diagn. 2011; 31: 360–6.Google Scholar
Leruez-Ville, M, Stirnemann, J, Sellier, Y, Guilleminot, T, Dejean, A, Magny, J-F, et al. Feasibility of predicting the outcome of fetal infection with cytomegalovirus at the time of prenatal diagnosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 215: 342. e1–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipitz, S, Hoffmann, C, Feldman, B, Tepperberg-Dikawa, M, Schiff, E, Weisz, B. Value of prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in assessment of congenital primary cytomegalovirus infection. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010; 36: 709–17.Google Scholar
Gouarin, S, Gault, E, Vabret, A, Cointe, D, Rozenberg, F, Grangeot-Keros, L, et al. Real-time PCR quantification of human cytomegalovirus DNA in amniotic fluid samples from mothers with primary infection. J Clin Microbiol. 2002; 40: 1767–72.Google Scholar
Fabbri, E, Revello, MG, Furione, M, Zavattoni, M, Lilleri, D, Tassis, B, et al. Prognostic markers of symptomatic congenital human cytomegalovirus infection in fetal blood. BJOG. 2011; 118: 448–56.Google Scholar
Nigro, G, Adler, SP, La Torre, R, Best, AM, Congenital Cytomegalovirus Collaborating Group. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353: 1350–62.Google Scholar
Revello, MG, Lazzarotto, T, Guerra, B, Spinillo, A, Ferrazzi, E, Kustermann, A, et al. A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus. N Engl J Med. 2014; 370: 1316–26.Google Scholar
Lowance, D, Neumayer, HH, Legendre, CM, Squifflet, JP, Kovarik, J, Brennan, PJ, et al. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 1462–70.Google Scholar
Jacquemard, F, Yamamoto, M, Costa, J-M, Romand, S, Jaqz-Aigrain, E, Dejean, A, et al. Maternal administration of valaciclovir in symptomatic intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection. BJOG. 2007; 114: 1113–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leruez-Ville, M, Ghout, I, Bussières, L, Stirnemann, J, Magny, J-F, Couderc, S, et al. In utero treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection with valacyclovir in a multicenter, open-label, phase II study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016; 215: 462. e1–462. e10.Google Scholar
Pappas, G, Roussos, N, Falagas, ME. Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol. 2009; 39: 1385–94.Google Scholar
Rudin, C, Hirsch, HH, Spaelti, R, Schaedelin, S, Klimkait, T. Decline of Seroprevalence and incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis despite changing prevention policy – three decades of cord-blood screening in North-Western Switzerland. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018; 37: 1087–92.Google Scholar
Robert-Gangneux, F, Dardé, M-L. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012; 25: 264–96.Google Scholar
Villard, O, Breit, L, Cimon, B, Franck, J, Fricker-Hidalgo, H, Godineau, N, et al. Comparison of four commercially available avidity tests for Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgG antibodies. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2013; 20: 197–204.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desmonts, G, Couvreur, J. Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N Engl J Med. 1974; 290: 1110–16.Google Scholar
Daffos, F, Forestier, F, Capella-Pavlovsky, M, Thulliez, P, Aufrant, C, Valenti, D, et al. Prenatal management of 746 pregnancies at risk for congenital toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318: 271–5.Google Scholar
Elbez-Rubinstein, A, Ajzenberg, D, Dardé, M-L, Cohen, R, Dumètre, A, Yera, H, et al. Congenital toxoplasmosis and reinfection during pregnancy: case report, strain characterization, experimental model of reinfection, and review. J Infect Dis. 2009; 199: 280–5.Google Scholar
SYROCOT (Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis) study group, Thiébaut, R, Leproust, S, Chêne, G, Gilbert, R. Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients’ data. Lancet. 2007; 369: 115–22.Google Scholar
de Oliveira Azevedo, CT, do Brasil, PEAA, Guida, L, Lopes Moreira, ME. Performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of the Amniotic Fluid of Pregnant Women for Diagnosis of Congenital Toxoplasmosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11: e0149938.Google Scholar
Filisetti, D, Sterkers, Y, Brenier-Pinchart, M-P, Cassaing, S, Dalle, F, Delhaes, L, et al. Multicentric comparative assessment of the bio-evolution Toxoplasma gondii detection kit with eight laboratory-developed PCR assays for molecular diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2015; 53: 29–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, JM, Ernault, P, Gautier, E, Bretagne, S. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis by duplex real-time PCR using fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization probes. Prenat Diagn. 2001; 21: 85–8.Google Scholar
Yamamoto, L, Targa, LS, Sumita, LM, Shimokawa, PT, Rodrigues, JC, Kanunfre, KA, et al. Association of parasite load levels in amniotic fluid with clinical outcome in congenital toxoplasmosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2017; 130: 335–45.Google Scholar
Pratlong, F, Boulot, P, Issert, E, Msika, M, Dupont, F, Bachelard, B, et al. Fetal diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in 190 women infected during pregnancy. Prenat Diagn. 1994; 14: 191–8.Google Scholar
Berrebi, A, Bardou, M, Bessieres, M-H, Nowakowska, D, Castagno, R, Rolland, M, et al. Outcome for children infected with congenital toxoplasmosis in the first trimester and with normal ultrasound findings: a study of 36 cases. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007; 135: 53–7.Google Scholar
Hohlfeld, P, Daffos, F, Thulliez, P, Aufrant, C, Couvreur, J, MacAleese, J, et al. Fetal toxoplasmosis: outcome of pregnancy and infant follow-up after in utero treatment. J Pediatr. 1989; 115: 765–9.Google Scholar
Mombrò, M, Perathoner, C, Leone, A, Nicocia, M, Moiraghi Ruggenini, A, Zotti, C, et al. Congenital toxoplasmosis: 10-year follow up. Eur J Pediatr. 1995; 154: 635–9.Google Scholar
Wilson, CB, Remington, JS, Stagno, S, Reynolds, DW. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics. 1980; 66: 767–74.Google Scholar
McAuley, J, Boyer, KM, Patel, D, Mets, M, Swisher, C, Roizen, N, et al. Early and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and children and untreated historical patients with congenital toxoplasmosis: the Chicago Collaborative Treatment Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 1994; 18: 38–72.Google Scholar
Roizen, N, Swisher, CN, Stein, MA, Hopkins, J, Boyer, KM, Holfels, E, et al. Neurologic and developmental outcome in treated congenital toxoplasmosis. Pediatrics. 1995; 95: 11–20.Google Scholar
Patel, DV, Holfels, EM, Vogel, NP, Boyer, KM, Mets, MB, Swisher, CN, et al. Resolution of intracranial calcifications in infants with treated congenital toxoplasmosis. Radiology. 1996; 199: 433–40.Google Scholar
Peyron, F, Wallon, M, Bernardoux, C. Long-term follow-up of patients with congenital ocular toxoplasmosis. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 993–4.Google Scholar
Guerina, NG, Hsu, HW, Meissner, HC, Maguire, JH, Lynfield, R, Stechenberg, B, et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 1858–63.Google Scholar
Koppe, JG, Loewer-Sieger, DH, de Roever-Bonnet, H. Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 1986; 1: 254–6.Google Scholar
Montazeri, M, Sharif, M, Sarvi, S, Mehrzadi, S, Ahmadpour, E, Daryani, A. A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo activities of anti-toxoplasma drugs and compounds (2006-2016). Front Microbiol. 2017; 8: 25.Google Scholar
van der Ven, AJ, Schoondermark-van de Ven, EM, Camps, W, Melchers, WJ, Koopmans, PP, van der Meer, JW, et al. Anti-toxoplasma effect of pyrimethamine, trimethoprim and sulphonamides alone and in combination: implications for therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996; 38: 75–80.Google Scholar
Hotop, A, Hlobil, H, Gross, U. Efficacy of rapid treatment initiation following primary Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 54: 1545–52.Google Scholar
Prusa, A-R, Kasper, DC, Sawers, L, Walter, E, Hayde, M, Stillwaggon, E. Congenital toxoplasmosis in Austria: Prenatal screening for prevention is cost-saving. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017; 11: e0005648.Google Scholar
Mandelbrot, L, Kieffer, F, Sitta, R, Laurichesse-Delmas, H, Winer, N, Mesnard, L, et al. Prenatal therapy with pyrimethamine + sulfadiazine vs spiramycin to reduce placental transmission of toxoplasmosis: a multicenter, randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018; 219: 386. e1–386.Google Scholar
Rothova, A, Meenken, C, Buitenhuis, HJ, Brinkman, CJ, Baarsma, GS, Boen-Tan, TN, et al. Therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993; 115: 517–23.Google Scholar
McCabe, R, Remington, JS. Toxoplasmosis: the time has come. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318: 313–15.Google Scholar
Foulon, W, Naessens, A, Lauwers, S, De Meuter, F, Amy, JJ. Impact of primary prevention on the incidence of toxoplasmosis during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1988; 72: 363–6.Google Scholar
Bouthry, E, Picone, O, Hamdi, G, Grangeot-Keros, L, Ayoubi, J-M, Vauloup-Fellous, C. Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes. Prenat Diagn. 2014; 34: 1246–53.Google Scholar
Dimech, W, Grangeot-Keros, L, Vauloup-Fellous, C. Standardization of assays that detect anti-rubella virus IgG antibodies. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016; 29: 163–74.Google Scholar
Miller, E, Cradock-Watson, JE, Pollock, TM. Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet. 1982; 2: 781–4.Google Scholar
Daffos, F, Forestier, F, Grangeot-Keros, L, Capella Pavlovsky, M, Lebon, P, Chartier, M, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella. Lancet. 1984; 2: 1–3.Google Scholar
Enders, G, Nickerl-Pacher, U, Miller, E, Cradock-Watson, JE. Outcome of confirmed periconceptional maternal rubella. Lancet. 1988; 1: 1445–7.Google Scholar
Givens, KT, Lee, DA, Jones, T, Ilstrup, DM. Congenital rubella syndrome: ophthalmic manifestations and associated systemic disorders. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993; 77: 358–63.Google Scholar
Forrest, JM, Turnbull, FM, Sholler, GF, Hawker, RE, Martin, FJ, Doran, TT, et al. Gregg’s congenital rubella patients 60 years later. Med J Aust. 2002; 177: 664–7.Google Scholar
O’Neill, JF. The ocular manifestations of congenital infection: a study of the early effect and long-term outcome of maternally transmitted rubella and toxoplasmosis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1998; 96: 813–79.Google Scholar
Macé, M, Cointe, D, Six, C, Levy-Bruhl, D, Parent du Chatelet, I, Ingrand, D, et al. Diagnostic value of reverse transcription PCR of amniotic fluid for prenatal diagnosis of congenital rubella infection in pregnant women with confirmed primary rubella infection. J Clin Microbiol; 2004; 42: 4818–20.Google Scholar