Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T06:33:39.260Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 32 - Hypertension in Pregnancy (Content last reviewed: 11th November 2020)

from Section 5 - Late Pregnancy – Maternal Problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 November 2017

David James
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Philip Steer
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Carl Weiner
Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Bernard Gonik
Affiliation:
Wayne State University, Detroit
Stephen Robson
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle
Get access

Summary

The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy encompass a spectrum of conditions associated with high blood pressure, proteinuria, and, less commonly, multisystem disease during and for a short time after pregnancy. Gestational hypertension should resolve within 3 months postpartum. The disorders are common and every obstetrician is required to manage such patients on a regular basis. Their importance is highlighted by the association with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Type
Chapter
Information
High-Risk Pregnancy
Management Options
, pp. 846 - 898
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
First published in: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Knight, M, Bunch, K, Tuffnell, D, et al.; MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care: Lessons Learned to Inform Maternity Care from the UK and Ireland Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity 2015–17. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2019.Google Scholar
Roberts, CL, Ford, JB, Algert, CS, et al. Population-based trends in pregnancy hypertension and pre-eclampsia: an international comparative study. BMJ Open 2011; 1: e000101.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Management. NICE Guideline NG133. London: NICE, 2019. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng133 (accessed August 2020).Google Scholar
National Committee for Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths. Saving Mothers 2017: annual report on confidential enquiries into maternal death in South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Health, 2018.Google Scholar
Capeless, EL, Clapp, JF. Cardiovascular changes in early phase of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 16: 1449–53.Google Scholar
Gerber, JG, Payne, HA, Murphy, RC, et al. Prostacyclin produced by the pregnancy uterus in the dog may act as a circulating vasodepressor substance. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 632–6.Google Scholar
Duvekott, JJ, Cheriex, EC, Pieters, FA, et al. Early pregnancy changes in hemodynamics and volume homeostasis are consecutive adjustments triggered by a primary fall in systemic vascular tone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 1382–92.Google Scholar
Wilson, M, Morganti, AA, Zervoudakis, I, et al. Blood Pressure, the renin-aldosterone system and sex steroids throughout normal pregnancy. Am J Med 1980; 68: 97104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, MA, Lindheimer, MD, de Sweit, M, Van Assche, A, Moutquin, JM. The classification and diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: statement from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Hypertens Pregnancy 2001; 20 (1): ixxiv.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tranquilli, AL, Dekker, G, Magee, L, et al. The classification, diagnosis and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a revised statement from the ISSHP. Pregnancy Hypertens 2014; 4: 97104.Google Scholar
Franklin, SS, Thijs, L, Hansen, TW, et al. White-coat hypertension: new insights from recent studies. Hypertension 2013; 62: 982–7.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. Clinical Guideline CG127. London: NICE, 2011. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg127 (accessed December 2017).Google Scholar
Pickering, TG, Hall, JE, Appel, LJ, et al. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: part 1. Circulation 2005; 111: 697716.Google Scholar
Stone, P, Cook, D, Hutton, J, et al. Measurements of blood pressure, edema and proteinuria in a pregnant population of New Zealand. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 35: 32–7.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal Care for Uncomplicated Pregnancies. Clinical Guideline CG62. London: NICE, 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg62 (accessed December 2017).Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Hypertension in Pregnancy. Washington, DC: ACOG, 2013. http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Task-Force-and-Work-Group-Reports/Hypertension-in-Pregnancy (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
Magee, LA, Pels, A, Helewa, M, Rey, E, von Dadelszen, P; Canadian Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Working Group. Diagnosis, evaluation, and management of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: executive summary. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline No. 307. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2014; 36: 416–41.Google Scholar
Nathan, HL, Duhig, K, Hezelgrave, NL, et al. Blood pressure measurement in pregnancy. TOG 2015; 17: 91–8.Google Scholar
O’Brien, E, Petrie, J, Littler, W, et al. The British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J Hypertens 1993; 11 (Suppl 2): S43–62.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, E, Pickering, T, Asmar, R, et al. Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol for validation of blood pressure monitoring devices in adults. Blood Press Monit 2002; 7: 317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, E, Atkins, N, Stergiou, G, et al. European Society of Hypertension International Protocol revision 2010 for the validation of blood pressure monitoring devices in adults. Blood Press Monit 2010; 15: 23–8. Erratum in: Blood Press Monit 2010; 15: 171–2.Google ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Self-Monitoring of Blood Pressure in Pregnancy: Information for Healthcare Professionals. Version 1. London: RCOG, 2020. www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/2020-03-30-self-monitoring-of-blood-pressure-in-pregnancy.pdf (accessed August 2020).Google Scholar
Lowe, SA, Bowyer, L, Lust, K, et al.; Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand (SOMANZ). The SOMANZ guideline for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014. https://somanz.org/documents/HTPregnancyGuidelineJuly2014.pdf (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
Holt, JL, Mangos, GJ, Brown, MA. Measuring protein excretion in pregnancy. Nephrology 2007; 12: 425–30.Google Scholar
Kyle, PM, Fielder, JN, Pullar, B, et al. Comparison of methods to identify significant proteinuria in pregnancy in the outpatient setting. BJOG 2008; 115: 523–7.Google Scholar
Saudan, PJ, Brown, MA, Farrell, T, et al. Improved methods of assessing proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 1159–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramos, JG, Martins-Costa, SH, Mathias, MM, et al. Urinary protein/creatinine ratio in hypertensive pregnant women. Hypertens Pregnancy 1999; 18: 209–18.Google Scholar
Waugh, J, Hooper, R, Lamb, E, et al. Spot protein-creatinine ratio and spot albumin-creatinine ratio in the assessment of pre-eclampsia: a diagnostic accuracy study with decision-analytic model-based economic evaluation and acceptability analysis. Health Technol Assess 2017; 21 (61): 190. doi: 10.3310/hta21610.Google Scholar
Webster, S, Waugh, JJS. Point-of-care testing in prenatal care. In Price, CP, St John, A, Kricka, LJ (eds), Point-of-Care Testing: Needs, Opportunity and Innovation, 3rd edn. Washington, DC: AACC Press, 2010, p. 471.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Magee, LA, Kenny, LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis and management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 13: 291310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2018.05.004.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Buddle, ML. Inadequacy of dipstick proteinuria in hypertensive disease. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1995; 35: 366–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, SC, Halligan, AW, Martin, A, et al. The role of observer error in antenatal dipstick proteinuria analysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 1177–80.Google Scholar
Waugh, JJ, Bell, SC, Kilby, MD, et al. Optimal bedside urinalysis for the detection of proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy: a study of diagnostic accuracy. BJOG 2005; 112: 412–17.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol 2020; 135: e237–60. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891.Google Scholar
O’Brien, E, Parati, G, Stergiou, G, et al.; European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 2013; 31: 1731–67.Google Scholar
Bateman, BT, Bansil, P, Hernandez-Diaz, S, et al. Prevalence, trends, and outcomes of chronic hypertension: a nationwide sample of delivery admissions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206: 134.e1–8.Google Scholar
Roberts, CL, Bell, JC, Ford, JB, et al. The accuracy of reporting of the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in population health data. Hypertens Pregnancy 2008; 27: 285–97.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Mangos, G, Davis, G, et al. The natural history of white coat hypertension during pregnancy. BJOG 2005; 112: 601–6.Google Scholar
Bramham, K, Parnell, B, Nelson-Piercy, C, et al. Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2014; 348: g2301.Google Scholar
Davison, JM, Nelson-Piercy, C, Kehoe, S, Baker, P. Renal Disease in Pregnancy: 54th RCOG Study Group. London: RCOG, 2008.Google Scholar
Redman, GW, Sargent, IL. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 2005; 308: 1592–4.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Chronic hypertension in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 203. Obstet Gynecol 2019; 133: e2650. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000003020Google Scholar
Henderson, JT, Whitlock, EP, O’Connor, E, et al. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: a systematic evidence review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160: 695–70.Google Scholar
Askie, LM, Duly, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, et al. Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2007; 369: 1791–8.Google Scholar
Duley, L, Henderson-Smart, DJ, Meher, S, et al. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; (2): CD004659.Google Scholar
Rolnik, DL, Wright, D, Poon, LC, et al. Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2017; 377: 613–22. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1704559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, D, Rolnik, DL, Syngelaki, A, et al. Aspirin for evidence-based preeclampsia prevention trial: effect of aspirin on the length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 218: 612.e1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2018.02.014.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, GJ, Lawrie, TA, Atallah, AN, et al. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 (6): CD001059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Guideline: Calcium Supplementation in Pregnant Women. Geneva: WHO, 2013.Google Scholar
Barakat, R, Pelaez, M, Cordero, Y, et al. Exercise during pregnancy protects against hypertension and macrosomia: randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 214: 649.e1649.e6498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.11.039.Google Scholar
Poston, L, Briley, AL, Seed, PT, et al. Vitamin C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for pre-eclampsia (VIP trial): randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2006; 367: 1145–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conde-Agudelo, A, Romero, R, Kusanovic, JP, Hassan, SS. Supplementation with vitamins C and E during pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia and other adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204: 503.e1–12.Google Scholar
Groom, KM, McGowan, LM, MacKay, LK, et al. Enoxaparin for the prevention of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in women with a history: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216: 296.e1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.014.Google Scholar
Magee, LA, von Dadelszen, P, Rey, E, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 407–17.Google Scholar
Abalos, E, Duley, L, Steyn, DW. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; (2): CD002252.Google Scholar
Butalia, S, Audibert, F, Côté, AM, et al. Hypertension Canada’s 2018 guidelines for the management of hypertension in pregnancy. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34: 526–31. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.02.021.Google Scholar
Duley, L, Meher, S, Jones, L. Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 (7): CD001449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Emergent therapy for acute-onset, severe hypertension during pregnancy and the postpartum period. ACOG committee opinion 692, April 2017.Google Scholar
Sibai, BM, Abdella, TN, Anderson, GD. Pregnancy outcome in 211 patients with mild chronic hypertension. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 61: 571–6.Google Scholar
Hutcheon, JA, Lisonkova, S, Magee, LA, et al. Optimal timing of delivery in pregnancies with pre-existing hypertension. BJOG 2011; 118: 4954.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. The Investigation and Management of the Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetus, 2nd edn. Green-top Guideline No. 31. London: RCOG, 2014.Google Scholar
Ananth, CV, Basso, O. Impact of pregnancy-induced hypertension on stillbirth and neonatal mortality in first and higher order births: a population-based study. Epidemiology 2010; 21: 118–23.Google Scholar
Wallis, AB, Saftlas, AF, Hsia, J, et al. Secular trends in the rates of preeclampsia, eclampsia and gestational hypertension, United States, 1987–2004. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21: 521–6.Google Scholar
Saudan, P, Brown, MA, Buddle, ML, et al. Does gestational hypertension become pre-eclampsia? BJOG 1998; 105: 1177–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchbinder, A, Sibai, BM, Caritis, S, et al. Adverse perinatal outcomes are significantly higher in severe gestational hypertension than in mild preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186: 6671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koopmans, CM, Bijlenga, D, Groen, H, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant monitoring for gestational hypertension or mild pre-eclampsia after 36 weeks’ gestation (HYPITAT): a multicentre, open-label randomized control trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 979–88.Google Scholar
Vijgen, SMC, Koopmans, CM, Opmeer, BC, et al. An economic analysis of induction of labour and expectant monitoring in women with gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia at term. BJOG 2010; 117: 1577–85.Google Scholar
Broekhuijsen, K, van Baaren, GJ, van Pampus, MG, et al. Immediate delivery versus expectant monitoring for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation (HYPITAT-II): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 2492–501. Erratum in: Lancet 2016; 387: 848.Google Scholar
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Antenatal Corticosteroids to Reduce Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality. Green-top guideline No.7. London: RCOG, 2010.Google Scholar
Roberts, D, Dalziel, SR. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (3): CD004454.Google Scholar
Leduc, D, Biringer, A, Lee, L, Dy, J; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Induction of labour. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline No. 296. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013; 35: 840–60.Google Scholar
Xenakis, EM, Piper, JM, Conway, DL, et al. Induction of labor in the nineties: conquering the unfavorable cervix. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 235–9.Google Scholar
Thornton, CE, Dahlem, HG, Ogle, R, et al. Birth outcomes and induction success in hypertensive women: a population based data linkage study (2000–2011). Pregnancy Hypertens 2015; 5: 73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tranquilli, AL, Brown, MA, Zeeman, GG, et al. The definition of severe and early-onset preeclampsia. Statements from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Pregnancy Hypertens 2013; 3: 44–7.Google Scholar
Brennan, LJ, Morton, JS, Davidge, ST. Vascular dysfunction in preeclampsia. Microcirculation 2014; 21: 414.Google Scholar
Roberts, JM, Bell, MJ. If we know so much about preeclampsia, why haven’t we cured the disease? J Reprod Immunol 2013; 99: 19.Google Scholar
Hytten, FE, Thomson, AM, Taggart, N, et al. Total body water in normal pregnancy. BJOG 1966; 73: 553–61.Google Scholar
Bosio, PM, McKenna, PJ, Conroy, R, et al. Maternal central hemodynamics in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 978–84.Google ScholarPubMed
Easterling, TR, Benedetti, TJ, Schmucker, RN, et al. Maternal hemodynamics in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies:a longitudinal study. Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 76: 1061–9.Google Scholar
Mabie, WC, Ratts, TE, Sibai, BM. The central hemodynamics of severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 1443–8.Google Scholar
Creasy, RK, Resnik, R, Iams, JD (eds). Creasy and Resnik’s Maternal–Fetal Medicine, 6th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2009, pp. 661–2.Google Scholar
Strevens, H, Wide-Swensson, D, Hansen, A, et al. Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG 2003; 110: 831–6.Google Scholar
Spargo, BH, McCartney, C, Winemiller, R. Glomerular endotheliosis in toxemia of pregnancy. Arch Pathol 1959; 13: 593–9.Google Scholar
Burke, N, Flood, K, Murray, A, et al. Platelet reactivity changes significantly throughout all trimesters if pregnancy compared with the nonpregnant state: a prospective study. BJOG 2013; 120: 1599–604.Google Scholar
Giles, C, Inglis, TC. Thrombocytopenia and macrothrombocytosis in gestational hypertension. BJOG 1981; 88: 1115–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yang, Z, Ye, R, Miao, L. Study of the liver changes by B-ultrasound and histopathology in severe pregnancy induced hypertension. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1998; 33: 453–5.Google Scholar
Dani, R, Mendes, GS, Medeiros, JdeL, Péret, FJ, Nunes, A. Study of the liver changes occurring in pre-eclampsia and their possible pathogenetic connection with acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 292–4.Google Scholar
Nelson-Piercy, C. Handbook of Obstetric Medicine, 2nd edn. London: Taylor & Francis, 2002.Google Scholar
Cipola, MJ. Control of cerebral blood flow. In The Cerebral Circulation. San Rafael, CA: Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, 2009, chapter 5.Google Scholar
Roos, NM, Wiegman, MJ, Jansonius, NM, et al. Visual disturbances in (pre)eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2012; 67: 242–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neurdorfer, M, Spierer, O, Goder, M, et al. The prevalence of retinal and optical coherence tomography findings in pre-eclamptic women. Retina 2014; 34: 1376–83.Google Scholar
Digre, KB, Varner, MW, Schiffman, JS. Neuroophthalmologic effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 163: 1848–52.Google Scholar
Robertson, WB. Uteroplacental vasculature. J Clin Path 1976; 10: 917.Google Scholar
Staff, AC, Dechend, R, Redman, CW. Review: Preeclampsia, acute atherosis of the spiral arteries and future cardiovascular disease: two new hypotheses. Placenta 2013; 34: S73–8.Google Scholar
Bakker, R, Steegers, EA, Hofman, A, et al. Blood pressure in different gestational trimesters, fetal growth, and the risk of adverse birth outcomes: the generation R study. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174: 797806.Google Scholar
MBRRACE-UK. Perinatal Mortality Surveillance Report: UK perinatal deaths for births from January to December 2014. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, 2016. https://www.npeu.ox.ac.uk/downloads/files/mbrrace-uk/reports/MBRRACE-UK-PMS-Report-2014.pdf (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar
Churchill, D, Duley, L, Thornton, JG, et al. Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (7): CD003106.Google Scholar
Nilsson, E, Salonen Ros, H, Cnattingius, S, et al. The importance of genetic and environmental effects for pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension: a family study. BJOG 2004; 111: 200–6.Google Scholar
Jebbink, J, Wolters, A, Fernando, F, et al. Molecular genetics of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: a review. Biochim Biophys Acta 2012; 1822: 1960–9.Google Scholar
Zusterzeel, PLM, te Morsche, R, Rajmakers, MTM, et al. Paternal contribution to the risk for pre-eclampsia. J Med Genet 2002; 39: 44–5.Google Scholar
Lie, RT, Rasmussen, S, Brunborg, H, et al. Fetal and maternal contributions to risk of pre-eclampsia: population based study. BMJ 1998; 316: 1343–7.Google Scholar
North, RA, McCowan, LM, Dekker, GA, et al. Clinical risk prediction for pre-eclampsia in nulliparous women: development of model in international prospective cohort. BMJ 2011; 342: d1875.Google Scholar
Wang, Z, Wang, P, Liu, H, et al. Maternal adiposity as an independent risk factor for pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev 2013; 14: 508–21.Google Scholar
Duckitt, K, Harrington, D, et al. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2005; 330: 565.Google Scholar
Jacobs, DJ, Vreeburg, SA, Dekker, GA, et al. Risk factors for hypertension during pregnancy in South Australia. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 43: 421–8.Google Scholar
Kho, EM, McCowan, LM, North, RA, et al. Duration of sexual relationship and its effect on preeclampsia and small for gestational age perinatal outcome. J Reprod Immunol 2009; 82: 6673.Google Scholar
Robertson, L, Wu, O, Langhorne, P et al.; TREATS study. Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Br J Haematol 2006; 132: 171–96.Google Scholar
Rodger, MA, Betancourt, MT, Clark, P, et al. The association of factor V leiden and prothrombin gene mutation and placenta-mediated pregnancy complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med 2010; 7 (6): e1000292Google Scholar
Alfirevic, Z, Roberts, D, Martlew, V. How strong is the association between thrombophilia and adverse pregnancy outcome? A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2002; 101: 614.Google Scholar
Opdahl, S, Henningsen, AA, Tiitinen, A, et al. Risk of hypertensive disorders in pregnancies following assisted reproductive technology: a cohort study from the CoNARTaS group. Hum Reprod 2015; 30: 1724–31.Google Scholar
Poon, LC, Kametas, NA, Chelemen, T, et al. Maternal risk factors for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: a multivariate approach. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24: 104–10.Google Scholar
Myatt, L, Clifton, RG, Roberts, JM, et al. Can changes in angiogenic biomarkers between the first and second trimesters of pregnancy predict development of pre-eclampsia in a low-risk nulliparous patient population? BJOG 2013; 120: 1183–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chappell, LC, Duckworth, S, Seed, PT, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of placental growth factor in women with pre-eclampsia. Circulation 2013; 128: 2121–31.Google Scholar
Powe, CE, Levine, RJ, Karumanchi, SA. Preeclampsia, a disease of the maternal endothelium: the role of anti-angiogenic factors and implications for later cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2011; 123: 2856–69.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. PlGF-based testing to help diagnose suspected pre-eclampsia (Triage PlGF test, Elecsys immunoassay sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, DELFIA Xpress PlGF 1-2-3 test, and BRAHMS sFlt-1 Kryptor/BRAHMS PlGF plus Kryptor PE ratio. NICE Diagnostics Guidance DG23. London: NICE, 2016. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/dg23 (accessed September 2019).Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Magee, LA, Kenny, LC, et al. The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis and management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 13: 291310. doi: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.05.004.Google Scholar
Duhig, KE, Shennan, AH. Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia. F1000Prime Reports 2015, 7: 24.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, A, Langlois, S, MacFarlane, J, et al. Prediction of obstetrical risk using maternal serum markers and clinical risk factors. Prenat Diagn 2014; 34: 172–9.Google Scholar
Kenny, LC, Black, MA, Poston, L, et al. Early pregnancy prediction of preeclampsia in nulliparous women, combining clinical risk and biomarkers: the Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints (SCOPE) international cohort study. Hypertension 2014; 64:644–52.Google Scholar
Velauthar, L, Plana, MN, Kalidindi, M, et al. First-trimester uterine artery Doppler and adverse pregnancy outcome: a meta-analysis involving 55974 women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 43: 500–7.Google Scholar
Tan, MY, Wright, D, Syngelaki, A, et al. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of early screening for pre-eclampsia by NICE guidelines and a method combining maternal factors and biomarkers: results of SPREE. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2018;51: 743–50. doi: 10.1002/uog.19039.Google Scholar
Douglas, KA, Redman, CWG. Eclampsia in the United Kingdom. BMJ 1994; 309: 1395–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knight, M; UKOSS. Eclampsia in the United Kingdom 2005. BJOG 2007; 114: 1072–8.Google Scholar
Eclampsia Trial Collaborative Group. Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet 1995; 345: 1455–63.Google Scholar
Altman, D, Carroli, G, Duley, L, et al. Do women with pre-eclampsia and their babies benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1877–90.Google Scholar
Duley, L, Gulmezoglu, AM, Henderson-Smart, DJ, et al. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (11): CD000025.Google Scholar
Van Pampus, MG, Wolf, H, Westenberg, SM, et al. Maternal and perinatal outcome after expectant management of the HELLP syndrome compared with pre-eclampsia without HELLP syndrome. Eur J Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998; 76: 31–6.Google Scholar
Woudstra, DM, Chandra, S, Justus Hofmeyr, G, et al. Corticosteroids for HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets) syndrome in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; (9): CD008148.Google Scholar
Ganzevoort, W, Rep, A, Bonsel, GJ, et al. A randomised controlled trial comparing two temporizing management strategies, one with and one without plasma volume expansion, for severe and early-onset pre-eclampsia. BJOG 2005; 112: 1358–68.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, AF, Skjeldestad, FE, Sandset, PM. Ante- and postnatal risk factors of venous thrombosis: a hospital-based case–control study. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 905–12.Google Scholar
Lindqvist, P, Dahlback, B, Marsal, K. Thrombotic risk during pregnancy: a population study. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 595–9.Google Scholar
Kramer, MS, Berg, C, Abenhaim, H, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and temporal trends in severe postpartum haemorrhage. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209: 449.e1–7.Google Scholar
Dennis, AT. Management of pre-eclampsia: issues for anaesthetists. Anaesthesia 2012; 67: 1009–20.Google Scholar
van Veen, JJ, Nokes, TJ, Makris, M, et al. The risk of spinal haematoma following neuraxial anaesthesia or lumbar puncture in thrombocytopenic individuals. Br J Haematol 2010; 148: 1525.Google Scholar
Aya, AG, Vialles, N, Tanoubi, I, et al. Spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension: a risk comparison between patients with severe preeclampsia and healthy women undergoing preterm cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 869–75.Google Scholar
Davis, EF, Lazdam, M, Lewandowski, AJ, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in children and young adults born to preeclamptic pregnancies: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e1552–61.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×