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6 - Neurotransmitters and neurotrophins

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2009

By
Rachael A. Pearson
Edited by
Evelyne Sernagor ,
Stephen Eglen ,
Bill Harris  and
Rachel Wong
Rachael A. Pearson
Affiliation:
Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
Evelyne Sernagor
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Stephen Eglen
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Bill Harris
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Rachel Wong
Affiliation:
Washington University, St Louis
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Summary

Introduction

In addition to intrinsic control mechanisms (see Chapter 5 and Cepko et al., 1996), the production of neurons by progenitor cells and the determination of their fate are regulated via an array of diffusible factors, two families of which are considered in this chapter: neurotransmitters and neurotrophins. Neurotrophins are now known to play an essential role in both the formation and the maintenance of the nervous system throughout development and adult life. There is growing evidence that besides their role as molecules mediating communication between nerve cells in the mature nervous system, a variety of both slow and fast neurotransmitters also play important roles during neuronal development. This chapter reviews recent evidence that demonstrates that a number of non-synaptic neurotransmitter release mechanisms, together with many neurotransmitters and their receptors, are present in the developing retina prior to the onset of synapse formation and that these early neurotransmitters act to modulate a range of events in neural development. Their precise mechanisms of action are still being elucidated but, as described here, the ability to modulate [Ca2+]i is one feature common to these early neurotransmitter systems, and is thought to underlie a number of their developmental actions. It is becoming clear that both neurotransmitters and neurotrophins play important regulatory roles in the early stages of retinal development, including the modulation of proliferation, differentiation, cell survival and circuit formation.

Type
Chapter
Information
Retinal Development , pp. 99 - 125
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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