Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T03:14:49.799Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Passive activation and instantiation of inferences during reading

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 May 2015

By
Anne E. Cook  and
Edward J. O’Brien
Edited by
Edward J. O'Brien ,
Anne E. Cook  and
Robert F. Lorch, Jr
Edward J. O'Brien
Affiliation:
University of New Hampshire
Anne E. Cook
Affiliation:
University of Utah
Robert F. Lorch, Jr
Affiliation:
University of Kentucky
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Inferences during Reading , pp. 19 - 41
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, J. E., & Myers, J. L. (1995). Role of context in accessing distant information during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(6), 1459–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Albrecht, J. E., & Myers, J. L. (1998). Accessing distant text information during reading: effects of contextual cues. Discourse Processes, 26(2–3), 87–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albrecht, J. E., & O’Brien, E. J. (1991). Effects of centrality on retrieval of text-based concepts. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17(5), 932–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Albrecht, J. E., & O’Brien, E. J. (1995). Goal processing and the maintenance of global coherence. In Lorch, R. F. & O’Brien, E. J. (eds.) Sources of Coherence in Reading, (pp. 263–78). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Calvo, M. G. (2000). The time course of predictive inferences depends on contextual constraints. Language and Cognitive Processes, 15(3), 293–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campion, N. (2004). Predictive inferences are represented as hypothetical facts. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(2), 149–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Casteel, M. A. (2007). Contextual support and predictive inferences: what do readers generate and keep available for use? Discourse Processes, 44(1), 51–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. E. (2014). Processing anomalous anaphors. Memory & Cognition, 42, 1171–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cook, A. E., & Guéraud, S. (2005). What have we been missing? The role of general world knowledge in discourse processing. Discourse Processes, 39(2–3), 265–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. E., Lassonde, K. A., Splinter, A. F., Guéraud, S., Stiegler-Balfour, J. J., & O’Brien, E. J. (2014). The role of relevance in activation and instantiation of predictive inferences. Language, Cognition, and Neuroscience, 29, 244–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. E., Limber, J. E., & O’Brien, E. J. (2001). Situation-based context and the availability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 44(2), 220–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. E., & Myers, J. L. (2004). Processing discourse roles in scripted narratives: the influences of context and world knowledge. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(3), 268–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. E., Myers, J. L., & O’Brien, E. J. (2005). Processing an anaphor when there is no antecedent. Discourse Processes, 39(1), 101–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cook, A. E., & O’Brien, E. J. (2014). Knowledge activation, integration, and validation during narrative text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 51, 26–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corbett, A. T., & Chang, F. R. (1983). Pronoun disambiguation: accessing potential antecedents. Memory & Cognition, 11(3), 283–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Corbett, A. T., & Dosher, B. A. (1978). Instrument inferences in sentence encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 17(4), 479–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dell, G. S., McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1983). The activation of antecedent information during the processing of anaphoric reference in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(1), 121–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dosher, B. A., & Corbett, A. T. (1982). Instrument inferences and verb schemata. Memory & Cognition, 10(6), 531–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duffy, S. A., & Rayner, K. (1990). Eye movements and anaphor resolution: effects of antecedent typicality and distance. Language and Speech, 33(2), 103–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fincher-Kiefer, R. (1993). The role of predictive inferences in situation model construction. Discourse Processes, 16(1–2), 99–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fincher-Kiefer, R. (1995). Relative inhibition following the encoding of bridging and predictive inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 981–95.Google Scholar
Fincher-Kiefer, R. (1996). Encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences. Discourse Processes, 22(3), 225–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, C. R., & Bloom, C. P. (1988). Causal reasoning in the comprehension of simple narrative texts. Journal of Memory and language, 27(3), 235–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrod, S., O’Brien, E. J., Morris, R. K., & Rayner, K. (1990). Elaborative inferencing as an active or passive process. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(2), 250–57.Google ScholarPubMed
Garrod, S., & Sanford, A. (1977). Interpreting anaphoric relations: the integration of semantic information while reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 77–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerrig, R. J., & McKoon, G. (1998). The readiness is all: the functionality of memory-based text processing. Discourse Processes, 26(2–3), 67–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerrig, R. J., & O’Brien, E. J. (2005). The scope of memory-based processing. Discourse Processes, 39(2–3), 225–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graesser, A. C., & Kreutz, R. J. (1993). A theory of inference generation during text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 16(1–2), 145–60.Google Scholar
Graesser, A. C., Singer, M., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension. Psychological Review, 101(3), 371–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greene, S. B., Gerrig, R. J., McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1994). Unheralded pronouns and management by common ground. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(4), 511–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guéraud, S., Tapiero, I., & O’Brien, E. J. (2008). Context and the activation of predictive inferences. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15(2), 351–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harmon-Vukić, M., Guéraud, S., Lassonde, K. A., & O’Brien, E. J. (2009). The activation and instantiation of instrumental inferences. Discourse Processes, 46(5), 467–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keefe, D. E., & McDaniel, M. A. (1993). The time course and durability of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4), 446–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keenan, J. M., Baillet, S. D., & Brown, P. (1984). The effects of causal cohesion on comprehension and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23(2), 115–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: a construction-integration model. Psychological Review, 95(2), 163–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kintsch, W., & Van Dijk, T. A. (1978). Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psychological Review, 85(5), 363–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klin, C. M., Guzmán, A. E., & Levine, W. H. (1999). Prevalence and persistence of predictive inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 40(4), 593–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klin, C. M., Guzmán, A. E., Weingartner, K. M., & Ralano, A. S. (2006). When anaphor resolution fails: partial encoding of anaphoric inferences. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(1), 131–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klin, C. M., Murray, J. D., Levine, W. H., & Guzmán, A. E. (1999). Forward inferences: from activation to long-term memory. Discourse Processes, 27(3), 241–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klin, C. M., Weingartner, K. M., Guzmán, A. E., & Levine, W. H. (2004). Readers’ sensitivity to linguistic cues in narratives: how salience influences anaphor resolution. Memory & Cognition, 32(3), 511–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lassonde, K. A., & O’Brien, E. J. (2009). Contextual specificity in the activation of predictive inferences. Discourse Processes, 46(5), 426–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, R. B. (1995). Online evidence for elaborative logical inferences in text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(6), 1469–82.Google ScholarPubMed
Lea, R. B., & Mulligan, E. J. (2002). The effect of negation on deductive inferences. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(2), 303–17.Google ScholarPubMed
Lea, R. B., Mulligan, E. J., & Walton, J. L. (2005). Accessing distant premise information: how memory feeds reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 31(3), 387–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Levine, W. H., Guzmán, A. E., & Klin, C. M. (2000). When anaphor resolution fails. Journal of Memory and Language, 43(4), 594–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linderholm, T., & van den Broek, P. (2002). The effects of reading purpose and working memory capacity on the processing of expository text. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(4), 778–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, D. L., & Lea, R. B. (2005). Have we been searching for meaning in all the wrong places? Defining the “search after meaning” principle in comprehension. Discourse Processes, 39(2–3), 279–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, M. M., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Carlson, G. N. (1990). Levels of representation in the interpretation of anaphoric reference and instrument inference. Memory & Cognition, 18(6), 611–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDaniel, M. A., Schmalhofer, F., & Keefe, D. E. (2001). What is minimal about predictive inferences? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(4), 840–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1980). The comprehension processes and memory structures involved in anaphoric reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19(6), 668–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1981). The comprehension processes and memory structures involved in instrumental inference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 20(6), 671–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1986). Inferences about predictable events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(1), 82–91.Google ScholarPubMed
McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Inference during reading. Psychological Review, 99(3), 440–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Millis, K. K., & Graesser, A. C. (1994). The time-course of constructing knowledge-based inferences for scientific texts. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(5), 583–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, J. D., Klin, C. M., & Myers, J. L. (1993). Forward inferences in narrative text. Journal of Memory and Language, 32(4), 464–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, J. L., Cook, A. E., Kambe, G., Mason, R. A., & O’Brien, E. J. (2000). Semantic and episodic effects on bridging inferences. Discourse Processes, 29(3), 179–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, J. L., & O’Brien, E. J. (1998). Accessing the discourse representation during reading. Discourse Processes, 26(2–3), 131–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, J. L., Shinjo, M., & Duffy, S. A. (1987). Degree of causal relatedness and memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 26(4), 453–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narvaez, D., van den Broek, P., & Ruiz, A. B. (1999). The influence of reading purpose on inference generation and comprehension in reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(3), 488–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noordman, L. G., Vonk, W., Cozjin, R., & Frank, S. (2014, this volume). Causal inferences and world knowledge. In O’Brien, E. J., Cook, A. E., & Lorch, R. F. (eds.). Inferences during Reading. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Noordman, L. G., Vonk, W., & Kempff, H. J. (1992). Causal inferences during the reading of expository texts. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(5), 573–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, E. J. (1987). Antecedent search processes and the structure of text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13(2), 278–90.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, E. J. (1995). Automatic components of discourse comprehension. In Lorch, R. F. & O’Brien, E. J. (eds.) Sources of Coherence in Reading (pp. 159–76). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
O’Brien, E. J., & Albrecht, J. E. (1991). The role of context in accessing antecedents in text. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17(1), 94–102.Google Scholar
O’Brien, E. J., Albrecht, J. E., Hakala, C. M., & Rizzella, M. L. (1995). Activation and suppression of antecedents during reinstatement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(3), 626–34.Google Scholar
O’Brien, E. J., Cook, A. E., & Guéraud, S. (2010). Accessibility of outdated information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36, 979–91.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, E. J., Cook, A. E., & Peracchi, K. A. (2004). Updating situation models: a reply to Zwaan and Madden. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30, 289–91.Google Scholar
O’Brien, E. J., Duffy, S. A., & Myers, J. L. (1986). Anaphoric inference during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12(3), 346–52.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, E. J., & Myers, J. L. (1987). The role of causal connections in the retrieval of text. Memory & Cognition, 15(5), 419–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, E. J., & Myers, J. L. (1999). Text comprehension: a view from the bottom up. In Goldman, S. R., Graesser, A. C., & van den Broek, P. (eds.) Narrative Comprehension, Causality, and Coherence: Essays in Honor of Tom Trabasso, 35–53.Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
O’Brien, E. J., Plewes, P. S., & Albrecht, J. E. (1990). Antecedent retrieval processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(2), 241–9.Google ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, E. J., Raney, G. E., Albrecht, J. E., & Rayner, K. (1997). Processes involved in the resolution of explicit anaphors. Discourse Processes, 23(1), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Brien, E. J., Shank, D. M., Myers, J. L., & Rayner, K. (1988). Elaborative inferences during reading: do they occur online? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14(3), 410–20.Google ScholarPubMed
Peracchi, K. A., & O’Brien, E. J. (2004). Character profiles and the activation of predictive inferences. Memory & Cognition, 32(7), 1044–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potts, G. R., Keenan, J. M., & Golding, J. M. (1988). Assessing the occurrence of elaborative inferences: lexical decision versus naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 27(4), 399–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rader, A. W., & Sloutsky, V. M. (2002). Processing of logically valid and logically invalid conditional inferences in discourse comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(1), 59–68.Google ScholarPubMed
Rapp, D. N., Gerrig, R. J., & Prentice, D. A. (2001). Readers’ trait-based models of characters in narrative comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 45(4), 737–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizzella, M. L., & O’Brien, E. J. (1996). Accessing global causes during reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(5), 1208–18.Google Scholar
Sanford, A. J., & Garrod, S. C. (1989). What, when, and how? Questions of immediacy in anaphoric reference resolution. Language and Cognitive Processes, 4(3–4), SI235–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanford, A. J., & Garrod, S. C. (2005). Memory-based approaches and beyond. Discourse Processes, 39(2–3), 205–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M. (1979). Processes of inference during sentence encoding. Memory & Cognition, 7(3), 192–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M. (1993). Causal bridging inferences: validating consistent and inconsistent sequences. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale, 47(2), 340–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M., & Ferreira, F. (1983). Inferring consequences in story comprehension. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22(4), 437–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M., & Gagnon, N. (1999). Detecting causal inconsistencies in scientific text. In Goldman, S. R., Graesser, A. C., & van den Broek, P. (eds.) Narrative Comprehension, Causality, and Coherence: Essays in Honor of Tom Trabasso (pp. 179–94).Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Singer, M., Graesser, A. C., & Trabasso, T. (1994). Minimal or global inference during reading. Journal of Memory and Language, 33(4), 421–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M., & Halldorson, M. (1996). Constructing and validating motive bridging inferences. Cognitive Psychology, 30(1), 1–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, M., Halldorson, M., Lear, J. C., & Andrusiak, P. (1992). Validation of causal bridging inferences in discourse understanding. Journal of Memory and Language, 31(4), 507–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steele, V. R., Bernat, E. M., van den Broek, P., Collins, P. F., Patrick, C. J., & Marsolek, C. J. (2012). Separable processes before, during, and after the N400 elicited by previously inferred and new information: evidence from time-frequency decompositions. Brain Research, 1492, 92–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trabasso, T., & Sperry, L. L. (1985). Causal relatedness and importance of story events. Journal of Memory and Language, 24(5), 595–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Broek, P., Lorch, R. F., Linderholm, T., & Gustafson, M. (2001). The effects of readers’ goals on inference generation and memory for texts. Memory & Cognition, 29(8), 1081–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van den Broek, P., Risden, K., & Husebye-Hartmann, E. (1995). The role of readers’ standards for coherence in the generation of inferences during reading. In Lorch, R. F. & O’Brien, E. J. (eds.) Sources of Coherence in Reading, (pp. 353–73). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Whitney, P., Ritchie, B. G., & Crane, R. S. (1992). The effect of foregrounding on readers’ use of predictive inferences. Memory & Cognition, 20(4), 424–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wiley, J., & Myers, J. L. (2003). Availability and accessibility of information and causal inferences from scientific text. Discourse Processes, 36(2), 109–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×