Growth faltering is widespread in many low- and middle-income countries, but its effects on childhood bone mass accrual are unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate associations between length (conditional length-for-age z-scores, cLAZ) and weight (conditional weight-for-age z-scores, cWAZ) gain in three age intervals (ages 0–6, 6–12 and 12–24 months) with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-derived measures of bone mass (total body less head (TBLH) bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and bone area) at 4 years of age.

Associations between interval-specific growth parameters (cLAZ and cWAZ) and bone outcomes were estimated using linear regression models, adjusted for maternal, child and household characteristics.

Data collection occurred in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

599 healthy children enrolled in the BONe and mUScle Health in Kids Study.

cLAZ in each age interval was positively associated with TBLH BMC, aBMD and bone area at 4 years; however, associations attenuated towards null upon adjustment for concurrent height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) at age 4 years and confounders. cWAZ from 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 months was not associated with bone mass, but every sd increase in cWAZ between 12 and 24 months was associated with greater BMC (7·6 g; 95 % CI: 3·2, 12·0) and aBMD (0·008 g/cm2; 95 % CI: 0·003, 0·014) after adjusting for concurrent WAZ, HAZ and confounders.

Associations of linear growth (birth to 2 years) with bone mass at age 4 years were explained by concurrent HAZ. Weight gain in the second year of life may increase bone mass independently of linear growth in settings where growth faltering is common.

Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) commonly show memory deficits on neuropsychological tests. The BVMT-R is a widely used test of visual learning and memory that involves accurately reproducing an array of figures in the correct special location. The present study examined performance processes of visual memory in presurgical patients with TLE, including item (i.e., accuracy) and associative memory (i.e., location), which have been shown to be dissociable in studies of visual memory in other neurologic populations.

Participants included nine patients with left TLE (67% female; 67% left-handed; mean age = 46.15 years, range = 24-55; mean education = 14.8 years, range = 9-18) and six patients with right TLE (17% female; 33% left-handed; mean age = 57.64 years, range = 22-62; mean education = 15.52 years, range 11-18). Mean duration of epilepsy was 19 years. Participants had an average of two failed anti-seizure medications prior to surgery. TLE groups were compared to 22 healthy controls (36% female; 14% left-handed; mean age = 33.68 years, range = 2253; mean education = 17.66 years, range = 1620). All participants completed comprehensive neuropsychological testing at a large Northeastern medical center. The BVMT-R was scored using standard and novel scoring paradigms. All data were retrospectively reviewed from archival datasets.

MANCOVA results indicated a significant multivariate main effect for group membership and standard BVMT-R scoring after controlling for level of education, Wilks’ A = 0.59, F(4, 64) = 4.91, p = .002. The multivariate partial eta squared (np2) of .58 indicated a strong relationship between group membership and both immediate and delayed recall, with the control group performing better overall. The TLE groups did not perform significantly different from each other. A significant multivariate main effect for group and novel BVMT-R scoring was found (also controlling for education), Wilks’ A = 0.42, F(8, 58) = 3.97, p = .001. Overall, the control group demonstrated better item learning with no significant difference between TLE groups observed. Both the control (M = (16.5, SD = 2.04) and left TLE (M = 12.33, SD = 4.03) showed stronger associative learning compared to the right TLE group (M = 10.2, SD = 4.27). For item and location delayed recall, controls (M = 4.82, SD = 1.62) had more accurate recall compared to left TLE (M = 1.56, SD = 2.04) with a trend toward better performance compared to the right TLE patients (M = 2.6, SD = 1.82); the TLE groups performed similarly. No difference was observed for associative delayed recall between the three groups.

Patients with right TLE showed worse associative learning compared to left TLE, while performance was generally comparable to their right TLE counterparts on other novel BVMT-R scoring paradigms. Unsurprisingly, patients with TLE performed worse on BVMT-R using standard scoring procedures, though no lateralizing effect was observed. While these findings suggest that associative visual learning weakness may be characteristic of right TLE, findings should be interpreted cautiously the given small sample size and demographic considerations (i.e., uneven gender distribution, lack of data on ethnicity/race).

Anterior temporal lobectomy is a common surgical approach for medication-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Prior studies have shown inconsistent findings regarding the utility of presurgical intracarotid sodium amobarbital testing (IAT; also known as Wada test) and neuroimaging in predicting postoperative seizure control. In the present study, we evaluated the predictive utility of IAT, as well as structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), on long-term (3-years) seizure outcome following surgery for TLE.

Patients consisted of 107 adults (mean age=38.6, SD=12.2; mean education=13.3 years, SD=2.0; female=47.7%; White=100%) with TLE (mean epilepsy duration =23.0 years, SD=15.7; left TLE surgery=50.5%). We examined whether demographic, clinical (side of resection, resection type [selective vs. non-selective], hemisphere of language dominance, epilepsy duration), and presurgical studies (normal vs. abnormal MRI, normal vs. abnormal PET, correctly lateralizing vs. incorrectly lateralizing IAT) were associated with absolute (cross-sectional) seizure outcome (i.e., freedom vs. recurrence) with a series of chi-squared and t-tests. Additionally, we determined whether presurgical evaluations predicted time to seizure recurrence (longitudinal outcome) over a three-year period with univariate Cox regression models, and we compared survival curves with Mantel-Cox (log rank) tests.

Demographic and clinical variables (including type [selective vs. whole lobectomy] and side of resection) were not associated with seizure outcome. No associations were found among the presurgical variables. Presurgical MRI was not associated with cross-sectional (OR=1.5, p=.557, 95% CI=0.4-5.7) or longitudinal (HR=1.2, p=.641, 95% CI=0.4-3.9) seizure outcome. Normal PET scan (OR= 4.8, p=.045, 95% CI=1.0-24.3) and IAT incorrectly lateralizing to seizure focus (OR=3.9, p=.018, 95% CI=1.2-12.9) were associated with higher odds of seizure recurrence. Furthermore, normal PET scan (HR=3.6, p=.028, 95% CI =1.0-13.5) and incorrectly lateralized IAT (HR= 2.8, p=.012, 95% CI=1.2-7.0) were presurgical predictors of earlier seizure recurrence within three years of TLE surgery. Log rank tests indicated that survival functions were significantly different between patients with normal vs. abnormal PET and incorrectly vs. correctly lateralizing IAT such that these had seizure relapse five and seven months earlier on average (respectively).

Presurgical normal PET scan and incorrectly lateralizing IAT were associated with increased risk of post-surgical seizure recurrence and shorter time-to-seizure relapse.

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) commonly show deficits on tests of visuospatial functioning. The Identi-Fi is a new measure of visual organization and recognition composed of two components. The Visual Recognition (VR) subtest asks persons to identify an object that has been broken its pieces and rearranged, akin to the Hooper Visual Organization Test, but using updated and colorful pictures. The Visual Matching (VM) subtest involves showing the same stimuli, but the examinee must select the correct response from among five choices (1 correct and 4 foils), placing greater demand on visuospatial discrimination. Together, the two subtests comprise the Visual Organization Index (VOI), reflecting overall visual processing and organization ability. The present study examined performance on the Identi-Fi in patients with PD and its association with other aspects of cognition.

Participants were 23 patients with PD (95% male; mean age = 69.7 years [SD = 7.8], range = 47-79) and 12 patients with cognitive concerns (CC) who were intact on neuropsychological testing (excluding consideration of Identi-Fi scores; 50% male, mean age = 71.08 [SD = 6.27], range = 60-78) seen for a neuropsychological evaluation at a large Northeastern medical center. As part of a larger battery, patients completed the Identi-Fi, Trail Making Test (TMT), Category Fluency, Test of Premorbid Functioning (TOPF), and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test, Revised (BVMT-R).

The PD group performed significantly worse than the CC group on VR and VM, as well as VOI, of the Identi-Fi (p < .001). Within the PD group, poorer VR, VM, and VOI performance was associated with lower scores on the TOPF (p < .05), BVMT-R learning (p < .05) and delayed recall (p < .05), as well as TMT Parts A and B (p < .05). VR was significantly correlated with Category Fluency (p < .05), while a trend was seen for the association between VOI and Category Fluency (p = .094).

Identi-Fi performance was worse in the PD group than the CC group, which is consistent with prior research indicating that visuospatial processing is often abnormal in patients with PD. Furthermore, findings indicate that poorer performance on the Identi-Fi in the PD group is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in other domains (i.e., visuospatial learning and memory, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and semantic fluency), as well as lower premorbid intellectual functioning. While these findings suggest that the Identi-Fi is useful in identifying visuospatial dysfunction in PD, findings should be interpreted with caution given the small sample sizes and uneven gender distribution

Patients with Post-Acute COVID Syndrome (PACS) are reported to commonly experience a variety of cognitive, physical, and neuropsychiatric symptoms well beyond the acute phase of the illness. Notably, concerns involving mood, fatigue, and physical symptoms (e.g., pain, headaches) following COVID-19 appears to be especially prevalent. It is unclear, however, the extent to which such symptoms are associated with cognitive problems in patients with PACS. In the present study, we examined the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a sample of patients with PACS, as well as the relationship between cognitive functioning and several non-cognitive symptoms.

Participants were 38 patients with PACS [71.1% female; mean age = 48.03 years (SD = 11.60) and years of education = 15.26 years (SD = 2.60)] seen for a neuropsychological evaluation at a large Northeastern medical center at least three months from the time of COVID-19 diagnosis (per PCR test). As part of a larger battery, patients completed the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test- Revised (HVLT, learning and delayed recall), Trail Making Test (TMT; time to complete parts A and B), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT total correct), and Animals (total correct). They also were administered the Chalder Fatigue Scale-11 (CFS-11), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15). The percentage of patients with scores in the impaired range (z < -1.5) on cognitive tests was determined. Correlations between cognitive and non-cognitive measures were also examined.

The most frequent impairment was seen for COWAT (21.2%), followed by TMT-A and TMT-B (both 13.9%), then category fluency (9.1%). No patients were impaired on HVLT-R Learning and only one (4%) for HVLT-R Delayed Recall. Overall, the sample endorsed considerable depression, anxiety, fatigue, as well as physical symptoms. Greater fatigue was associated with worse verbal learning, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, and verbal fluency (letter and category). Worse physical symptom severity was related to poorer verbal delayed recall and cognitive flexibility. Greater anxiety was also associated with worse cognitive flexibility, while more severe depression was related to poorer category fluency.

In our sample of patients with PACS, seen for evaluation several months since contracting COVID-19, phonemic fluency was the most common cognitive impairment, though less than a quarter were impaired on any given cognitive test. Importantly, several associations were observed between cognitive test performance and non-cognitive symptoms commonly endorsed by patients with PACS. These findings highlight the importance of assessing multiple factors potentially contributing to cognitive impairment in these patients. Interventions designed to address such symptoms may be helpful in ameliorating cognitive functioning in those with PACS.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is characterized by subjective and objective memory concerns, though additional cognitive concerns are commonly reported, including changes in executive functions (EF). Rabin et al. (2006) showed that a sample of research participants with MCI endorsed problems with their EFs, especially working memory. Similarly, those with subjective cognitive dysfunction (SCD) also reported greater difficulty with aspects of their EF than a healthy comparison sample of older adults (HC). In the present study, we investigated subjective EF in clinical samples of older adults with MCI or SCD, which represents a more naturalistic sample relative to a research sample. Furthermore, we evaluated whether subjective EF varied in these groups depending on whether patients were "young-old" versus "old-old" given prior research indicating objective cognitive differences between these age groups.

Participants were 135 older adults (53 MCI, 52 SCD, and 30 HC) matched for age (p = .116) and education (p = .863). Dichotomous categorization of age used the sample median (72 years) as cutoff score with 72 participants in the young-old group (mean age = 65.8 ± 4.7 years) and 63 in the old-old group (mean age = 78.1 ± 3.7 years). Participants completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult (BRIEF-A), assessing executive functions in everyday life over the past month. The BRIEF-A yields an overall score (Global Executive Composite [GEC]) composed of two index scores (Behavioral Regulation Index [BRI] and Metacognition Index [MI]) and nine clinical scales (Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Self-Monitor, Initiate, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task Monitor, and Organization of Materials). A diagnosis by age-group multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with post-hoc comparisons for diagnosis using a Tukey HSD correction was conducted using SPSS Version 24.

MCI and SCD groups endorsed worse EF on all three index scores (ps < .005) and all nine clinical scales (ps < .05) relative to the HC group, and the MCI group reported worse initiation relative to the SCD group. Additionally, worse executive functions on all three index scores (ps < .05) and four clinical scales (ps < .05; emotional control, self-monitoring, planning/organization, and task monitoring) were reported by the young-old group relative to the old-old group. No diagnosis by age-group interactions were observed.

Problems with aspects of EF were endorsed by older adults with MCI and SCD compared to HCs across all indices and clinical scales; however, only initiation was reported to be worse in MCI than those with SCD. Additionally, the young-old group endorsed having worse EF than the old-old group across BRIEF-A indices and several more specific aspects of EF, without a moderating effect of diagnosis. These findings highlight the importance of assessing subjective EF in older adults, as they may be early indicators of cognitive change, prior to objective evidence of cognitive decline. Furthermore, results also point to differences in how the young-old and old-old perceive their EF in everyday life.

Research indicates improvements in negative symptoms and empathy for schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) after mindfulness-based interventions (MBI). Current treatment approaches for SSD remain limited regarding their effectiveness on negative symptoms and sociocognitive deficits. After oxytocin (OXT) administration, especially in a positive social context, an increase in empathy could be shown. The effect of mindfulness in combination with OXT has not yet been examined.

This study investigates the additional effect of OXT administration combined with MBI on empathy and negative symptoms in patients with SSD.

An experimental, randomised, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled study is proposed. Based on power calculations, 140 participants with SSD will be recruited at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. A dose of intranasal oxytocin with 24 I.U. or placebo will be administered 45 minutes before each session. Following each administration, a total of four MBI interventions will take place for two weeks. Empathy as primary outcome will be measured using validated psychometric questionnaires. Outcomes, including negative symptoms and OXT plasma levels, will be measured at baseline and post-intervention. A 2x2 mixed-model ANCOVA design with time as within- and group as between-subject factor will be calculated to assess empathy and negative symptom changes.

The study hypothesises that applying intranasal oxytocin in combination with MBI will increase empathy and reduce negative symptoms in patients with SSD.

Findings could provide insight into enhancing therapies like MBI by utilising OXT as a possible supplementary treatment option. Findings could therefore pave the way for a personalised psychiatric medicine treatment for individuals with SSD.

No significant relationships.

To test the impact of using different idioms in epidemiological interviews on the prevalence and correlates of poor mental health and mental health service use.

We conducted a randomised methodological experiment in a nationally representative sample of the US adult population, comparing a lay idiom, which asked about ‘problems with your emotions or nerves’ with a more medical idiom, which asked about ‘problems with your mental health’. Differences across study arms in the associations of endorsement of problems with the Kessler-6 (a validated assessment of psychological distress), demographic characteristics, self-rated health and mental health service use were examined.

Respondents were about half as likely to endorse a problem when asked with the more medical idiom (18.1%) than when asked with the lay idiom (35.1%). The medical idiom had a significantly larger area under the ROC curve when compared against a validated measure of psychological distress than the lay idiom (0.91 v. 0.87, p = 0.012). The proportion of the population who endorsed a problem but did not receive treatment in the past year was less than half as large for the medical idiom (7.90%) than for the lay idiom (20.94%). Endorsement of problems differed in its associations with age, sex, race/ethnicity and self-rated health depending on the question idiom. For instance, the odds of endorsing problems were threefold higher in the youngest than the oldest age group when the medical idiom was used (OR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.47–6.41) but did not differ across age groups when the lay idiom was used (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.43–1.36).

Choice of idiom in epidemiological questionnaires can affect the apparent correlates of poor mental health and service use. Cultural change within populations over time may require changes in instrument wording to maintain consistency in epidemiological measurement of psychiatric conditions.