Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ttngx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-01T10:43:23.928Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 17 - Cerebral venous thrombosis

from Part II - Stroke syndromes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2016

Louis R. Caplan
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Caplan's Stroke
A Clinical Approach
, pp. 544 - 566
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kalbag, RM, Woolf, AL: Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. London: Oxford University Press, 1967.Google Scholar
Caplan, LR: Posterior Circulation Disease: Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, and Management. Boston: Blackwell Science, 1996.Google Scholar
Ribes, MF: Des recherches faites sur la phlebite. Revue Medicale Francaise et etrangere et Jornal de clinique de l’Hotal-Dieu et de la Charite de Paris 1825;3:541.Google Scholar
Abercrombie, J: Pathological and Practical Researches on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal Cord. Edinburgh: Waugh & Innes, 1828;8385.Google Scholar
Tonnelle, M-L: Memoire sur les maladies des sinus veineux de la dure-mere. J Hebd Med 1829;5:337403.Google Scholar
Cruveilhier, J: Anatomie pathologique du corps humain: descriptions avec figures lithographiées et caloriées ddes diverses alterations morbides dont le corps humain est susceptible. Paris: J B Bailliere, 1835–1842.Google Scholar
Quinke, H: Ueber meningitis serosa. Inn Med Nr 1891;23:655694.Google Scholar
Quinke, H: Ueber meningitis serosa und verwandte Zustande. Dtsch Z Nervenheilk 1896;9:149168.Google Scholar
Symonds, CP: Otitic hydrocephalus. Brain 1931;54:5571.Google Scholar
Symonds, CP: Hydrocephalus and focal cerebral symptoms in relation to thrombophlebitis of dural sinuses and cerebral veins. Brain 1937;60:531550.Google Scholar
Symonds, CP: Cerebral thrombophlebitis. BMJ 1940;2:348352.Google Scholar
Symonds, CP: Otitic hydrocephalus. Neurology 1956;6:681685.Google Scholar
Bousser, M-G, Chiras, J, Bories, J, Castaigne, P: Cerebral venous thrombosis – a review of 38 cases. Stroke 1985;16:199213.Google Scholar
Einhaupl, KM, Kempski, O, Baethman, A: Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. New York: Plenum, 1990.Google Scholar
Einhaupl, KM, Masuhr, F: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. An update. Eur J Neurol 1994;1:109126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bousser, M-G, Ross Russell, R: Cerebral Venous Thrombosis. London: Saunders, 1997.Google Scholar
Biousse, V, Bousser, M-G: Cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurologist 1999;5:326349.Google Scholar
Stam, J: Thrombosis of cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med 2005;352:17911798.Google Scholar
Ehtisham, A, Stern, BJ: Cerebral venous thrombosis: A review. Neurologist 2006;12:3238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehdiratta, M, Kumar, S, Selim, M, Caplan, LR: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. In Caplan, LR (ed): Uncommon Causes Of Stroke, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008; 497594.Google Scholar
Bousser, M-G, Ferro, JM: Cerebral venous thrombosis: An update. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:162170.Google Scholar
Coutinho, JM, Zuurbier, SM, Aramideh, M, Stam, J. The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis: a cross-sectional study. Stroke 2012;43:33753377.Google Scholar
Einhäupl, K, Stam, J, Bousser, M-G, et al: European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol 2010;17:12291235.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berfelo, FJ, Kersbergen, KJ, Van Ommen, CH, et al: Neonatal cerebral sinovenous thrombosis from symptom to outcome. Stroke 2010;41:13821388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
deVeber, G, Andrew, M, Adams, C, et al: Canadian pediatric ischemic stroke study group. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children. N Engl J Med 2001;345:417423.Google Scholar
Southwick, FS, Richardson, EP, Swartz, MN: Septic thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986;65:82106.Google Scholar
Tveteras, K, Kristensen, S, Dommerby, H: Septic cavernous and lateral sinus thrombosis. J Laryngol Otol 1988;102:877882.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Canhao, P, Stam, J, et al: Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Stroke 2004;35:664670.Google Scholar
Bliss, SJ, Flanders, SA, Saint, S: A pain in the neck. N Engl J Med 2004;350:10371042.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantu, C, Barinagarrementeria, F: Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with pregnancy and puerperium. Review of 67 cases. Stroke 1993;24:18801884.Google Scholar
Estanol, B, Rodriguez, A, Conte, G, et al: Intracranial venous thrombosis in young women. Stroke 1979;10:680684.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, K: Cerebral venous and arterial thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium, a study of 135 patients. Angiology 1983;34:733746.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chopra, JS, Banerjee, AK: Primary intracranial sinovenous occlusions in youth and pregnancy. In Vinken, PJ, Bruyn, GW, Klawans, HL (eds): Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 10. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989;425452.Google Scholar
Narayan, D, Kaul, S, Ravishankar, K, Suryaprabha, T, Srinivasarao Bandaru, VCS: Risk factors, clinical profile, and long-term outcome of 428 patients of cerebral sinus venous thrombosis: Insights from Nizam’s Institute Venous Stroke Registry, Hyderabad. Neurology India 2012;60:154159.Google Scholar
Lanska, DJ, Kryscio, R: Stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis during pregnancy and puerperium. Neurology 1998;51:16221628.Google Scholar
Coutinho, JM, Ferro, JM, Canhao, P, et al: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in women. Stroke 2009;40:23562361.Google Scholar
Bousser, M-G, Crassard, I. Cerebral venous thrombosis, pregnancy and oral contraceptives. Thrombosis Research 2012;130:1922.Google Scholar
Martinelli, I, Sacchi, E, Landi, G, et al: High risk of cerebral-vein thrombosis in carriers of a prothrombin-gene mutation and in users of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med 1998;338:17931797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Bruijn, SF, Stam, J, Koopman, MM, Vandenbroucke, JP: The cerebral venous sinus thrombosis study group. Case-control study of risk of cerebral sinus thrombosis in oral contraceptive users and in carriers of hereditary prothrombotic conditions. BMJ 1998;316:589592.Google Scholar
Dentali, F, Crowther, M, Ageno, W: Thrombophilic abnormalities, oral contraceptives, and risk of cerebral vein thrombosis: A meta-analysis. Blood 2006;107:27662773.Google Scholar
Fugate, JE, Robinson, MT, Rabinstein, AA, Wijdicks, EF: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis associated with a combined contraceptive ring. Neurologist 2011;17:105106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Man, BL, Hui, AC: Cerebral venous thrombosis secondary to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Hong Kong Med J 2011;17:155156.Google Scholar
Jaillard, AS, Hommel, M, Mallaret, M: Venous sinus thrombosis associated with androgens in a healthy young man. Stroke 1994;25:212213.Google Scholar
Shiozawa, Z, Yamada, H, Mabuchi, C, et al: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis associated with androgen therapy for hypoplastic anemia. Ann Neurol 1982;12:578580.Google Scholar
Peralta, AR, Canhao, P: Hypothyroidism and cerebral vein thrombosis – a possible association. J Neurol 2008;255:962966.Google Scholar
Squizzato, A, Gerdes, VE, Brandjes, DP, Büller, HR, Stam, J. Thyroid diseases and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 2005;36:23022310.Google Scholar
Hickey, WF, Carnick, MB, Henderson, IC, Dawson, DM: Primary cerebral venous thrombosis in patients with cancer – a rarely diagnosed paraneoplastic syndrome. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 1982;73:740750.Google Scholar
Poe, LB, Manzione, JV, Wasenko, JJ, Kellman, RM: Acute internal jugular vein thrombosis associated with pseudoabscess of the retropharyngeal space. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:892896.Google Scholar
Mitchell, D, Fisher, J, Irving, D, et al: Lateral sinus thrombosis and intracranial hypertension in essential thrombocythaemia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:218219.Google Scholar
Haan, J, Caebeke, JFV, van der Meer, FJM, Wintzen, AR: Cerebral venous thrombosis as a presenting sign of myeloproliferative disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:12191220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, RV, Kaplan, SR, Blailock, Z: Cerebral venous thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Neurology 1970;20:681686.Google Scholar
Agah, R, Rice, L, Winikates, J: Fatal cerebral venous thrombosis as the initial manifestation of the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996;98:189191.Google Scholar
Vidailhet, M, Piette, J-C, Wechsler, B, et al: Cerebral venous thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Stroke 1990;21:12261231.Google Scholar
Feldenzer, JA, Bueche, MJ, Venes, JL, Gebarski, SS: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis with infarction in sickle cell trait. Stroke 1987;18:656660.Google Scholar
Schutta, HS, Williams, EC, Baranski, BG, Sutula, TP: Cerebral venous thrombosis with plasminogen deficiency. Stroke 1991;22:401405.Google Scholar
Kim, MJ, Cho, A-H, No, Y-J, et al: Recurrent cerebral venous thrombosis associated with elevated factor VIII. J Clin Neurol 2006;2:286289.Google Scholar
Anadure, RK, Nagaraja, D, Christopher, R: Plasma factor VIII in non-puerperal cerebral venous thrombosis: A prospective case-control study. J Neurol Sci 2014;339:140143.Google Scholar
Pohl, C, Harbrecht, U, Greinacher, A, et al: Neurologic complications in immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Neurology 2000;54:12401245.Google Scholar
Lauw, MN, Barco, S, Coutinho, JM, Middeldorp, S: Cerebral venous thrombosis and thrombophilia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2013;39:913927.Google ScholarPubMed
Voetsch, B, Jin, RC, Bierl, C, et al: Role of promotor polymorphisms in the plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx-3) gene as a risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 2008;39:303307.Google Scholar
Reuenr, KH, Jenetzky, E, Aleu, A, et al: Factor XII C46T gene polymorphism and the risk of cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology 2008;70:129132.Google Scholar
Barthelemy, M, Bousser, M-G, Jacobs, C: Thrombose veineuse cerebrale au cours d’un syndrome nephrotique. Nouv Presse Med 1980;9:367369.Google Scholar
Cognat, E, Crassard, I, Denier, C, Vahedi, K, Bousser, M-G: Cerebral venous thrombosis in inflammatory bowel diseases: Eight cases and literature review. Int J Stroke 2011;6:487549.Google Scholar
Wechsler, B, Vidailhet, M, Piette, JC, et al: Cerebral venous thrombosis in Behçet’s disease: Clinical study and long-term follow-up of 25 cases. Neurology 1992;42:614618.Google Scholar
Daif, A, Awada, A, Al-Rajeh, S, et al: Cerebral venous thrombosis in adults. A study of 40 cases from Saudi Arabia. Stroke 1995;26:11931195.Google Scholar
Uluduz, D, Kürtüncü, M, Yapici, Z, et al: Clinical characteristics of pediatric-onset neuro-Behçet disease. Neurology 2011;77:19001905.Google Scholar
Vandenberghe, N, Debouverie, M, Anxionnat, R, Clavelou, P, Bouly, S, Weber, M: Cerebral venous thrombosis in four patients with multiple sclerosis. Euro J Neurol 2003;10:6366.Google Scholar
Berroir, S, Grabli, D, Héran, F, Bakouche, P, Bousser, M-G: Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis in two patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;17:912.Google Scholar
Schievink, WI, Maya, MM: Cerebral venous thrombosis in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Headache 2008;48:15111519.Google Scholar
Ameri, A, Bousser, M-G: Cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurol Clin 1992;10:87111.Google Scholar
Einhaupl, K, Villringer, A, Haberl, RL, et al: Clinical spectrum of sinus venous thrombosis. In Einhaupl, K, Kemski, O, Baethmann, A (eds): Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis, Experimental and Clinical Aspects. New York: Plenum, 1990;149155.Google Scholar
Schaller, B, Graf, R: Cerebral venous infarction: The pathophysiological concept. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004;18:179188.Google Scholar
Villringer, A, Mehraein, S, Einhaupl, KM: Pathophysiological aspects of cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (SVT). J Neuroradiol 1994;21:7280.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Canhao, P, Stam, J, et al: Delay in the diagnosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Influence on outcome. Stroke 2009;40:31333138.Google Scholar
Gutschera-Wang, L: Zur klinik von Letalen Hirnvenen – Und Sinus Thrombosen Anhand Von 102 Fallen. Munich: Erwachsener, 1982.Google Scholar
Cervos-Navarro, J, Kannuki, S: Neuropathological findings in the thromboses of cerebral veins and sinuses: Vascular aspects. In Einhaupl, K, Kempski, O, Baethmann, O (eds): Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. New York: Plenum, 1990;1525.Google Scholar
Cumurciuc, R, Crassard, I, Sarov, M, et al: Headache as the only neurological sign of cerebral venous thrombosis: A series of 17 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:10841087.Google Scholar
Bousser, M-G, Barnett, HJM: Cerebral venous thrombosis. In Barnett, HJM, Mohr, JP, Stein, BM, Yatsu, F (eds): Stroke Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management, 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992;517537.Google Scholar
Bousser, M-G, Einhäupl, K: Cerebral venous thrombosis. In Olesen, J, Tfelt-Hansen, P, Welch, KMA (eds): The Headaches, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000;929939.Google Scholar
de Bruijn, SF, de Haan, RJ, Stam, JF: Clinical features and prognostic factors of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in a prospective series of 59 patients. Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:105108.Google Scholar
Tsai, F, Wang, A-M, Matovich, VB, et al: MR staging of acute dural sinus thrombosis: Correlation with venous pressure measurements and implications for treatment and prognosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:10211029.Google Scholar
Coutinho, JM, Stam, J, Canhäo, P, et al. on behalf of the ISCVT Investigators: Cerebral venous thrombosis in the absence of headache. Stroke 2015;46:245247.Google Scholar
Newman, DS, Levine, SR, Curtis, VL, Welch, KMA: Migraine like visual phenomena associated with cerebral venous thrombosis. Headache 1989;29:8285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crassard, I, Bousser, M-G. Cerebral venous thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage. In Carhuapoma, JR, Mayer, SA, Hanley, DF (eds). Intracerebral Hemorrhage. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009;84100.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Canhao, P, Bousser, M-G, et al: Early seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Risk factors and role of antiepileptics. Stroke 2008;39:11521158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehraein, S, Schmidtke, K, Villringer, A, et al: Heparin treatment in cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis: Patients at risk of fatal outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;15:1721.Google Scholar
Masuhr, F, Mehraein, S: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Patients with a fatal outcome during intravenous dose-adjusted heparin treatment. Neurocrit Care 2004;1:355361.Google Scholar
Damak, M, Crassard, I, Wolff, V, Bousser, M-G. Isolated lateral sinus thrombosis. A series of 62 patients. Stroke 2009;40:476481.Google Scholar
Dunsker, SB, Torres-Reyes, E, Peden, JC Jr: Pseudotumor cerebri associated with idiopathic cryofibrinogenemia: Report of a case. Arch Neurol 1970;23:120127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaplan, RE, Springate, JE, Feld, LG, Cohen, ME: Pseudotumor cerebri associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, internal jugular vein thrombosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr 1985;107:266268.Google Scholar
Yavagal, DR, Geng, D, Akar, S, Buonanno, F, Kesari, S: Superficial siderosis of the central nervous system due to bilateral jugular vein thrombosis. Arch Neurol 2010;67:12691271.Google Scholar
DiNubile, MJ: Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinus. Arch Neurol 1988;45:567572.Google Scholar
Yarington, CT Jr: The prognosis and treatment of cavernous sinus thrombosis: Review of 878 cases in the literature. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngo 1961;70:263267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yarington, CT Jr: Cavernous sinus thrombosis revisited. Proc R Soc Med 1977;70:456459.Google ScholarPubMed
Ebright, JR, Pace, MT, Niazi, AF: Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Intern Med 2001;161:26712676.Google Scholar
Chen, JS, Mukherjee, , Dillon, WP, Wintermark, M: Restricted diffusion in bilateral optic nerves and retinas as an indicator of venous ischemia caused by cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006;27:18151816.Google Scholar
Samuel, J, Fernandes, CM: Lateral sinus thrombosis: A review of 45 cases. J Laryngol Otol 1987;101:12271229.Google Scholar
Mathews, TJ: Lateral sinus pathology: 22 cases managed at Groote Schuur hospital. J Laryngol Otol 1988;102:118120.Google Scholar
Tveteras, K, Kristensen, S, Dommerby, H: Septic cavernous and lateral sinus thrombosis; modern diagnostic and therapeutic principles. J Laryngol Otol 1988;102:877882.Google Scholar
Singh, B: The management of lateral sinus thrombosis. J Laryngol Otol 1993;107:803808.Google Scholar
Crassard, I, Biousse, V, Bousser, M-G, Meyer, B, Marsot-Dupuch, K: Hearing loss and headache revealing lateral sinus thrombosis in a patient with factor V Leiden mutation. Stroke 1997;28:876878.Google Scholar
Gattringer, T, Enzinger, C, Birner, A, et al: Acute unilateral hearing loss as an early symptom of lateral cerebral sinus venous thrombosis. Arch Neurol 2012;69:15081511.Google Scholar
Bots, GAM: Thrombosis of the Galenic system veins in the adult. Acta Neuropathol 1971;17:227233.Google Scholar
Haley, EC, Brashear, R, Barth, JT, et al: Deep cerebral venous thrombosis: Clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropsychological correlates. Arch Neurol 1989;46:337340.Google Scholar
Pfefferkorn, T, Crassard, I, Linn, J, Dichgans, M, Boukobza, M, Bousser, M-G: Clinical features, course and outcome in deep cerebral venous system thrombosis: An analysis of 32 cases. J Neurol 2009;256:18391845.Google Scholar
Sagduyu, A, Sirin, H, Mulayim, S, et al: Cerebral cortical and deep venous thrombosis without sinus thrombosis: Clinical MRI correlates. Acta Neurol Scand 2006;114:245260.Google Scholar
Jacobs, K, Moulin, T, Bogousslavsky, J, et al: The stroke syndrome of cortical vein thrombosis. Neurology 1996;47:376382.Google Scholar
Selim, M, Fink, J, Linfante, I, et al: Diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis with echo-planar T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol 2002;59:10211026.Google Scholar
Duncan, IC, Fourie, PA: Imaging of cerebral isolated cortical vein thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005;184:13171319.Google Scholar
Urban, PP, Müller-Forell, W: Clinical and neuroradiological spectrum of isolated cortical vein thrombosis. J Neurol 2005;252:14761481.Google Scholar
Dorndorf, D, Wessel, K, Kessler, C, Kompf, D: Thrombosis of the right vein of Labbé: Radiological and clinical findings. Neuroradiology 1993;35:202204.Google Scholar
Thomas, B, Krishnamurthy, T, Purkayastha, G. Isolated left vein of Labbé thrombosis. Neurology 2005;65:1135.Google Scholar
de Sousa, DA, Ferro, JM, Canhäo, P, et al. for the ISCVT Investigators: Cerebral venous thrombosis causing posterior fossa lesions: Description of a case series and assessment of safety of anticoagulation. Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;38:384388.Google Scholar
Rousseaux, P, Lesoin, F, Barbaste, P, Jomin, M: Infarctus cerebelleux pseudotumoral d’origine veineuse. Rev Neurol 1987;144:209211.Google Scholar
Eng, LJ, Longstreth, WT, Shaw, CM, et al: Cerebellar venous infarction: Case report with clinicopathologic correlation. Neurology 1990;40:837838.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Sandoval, JL, Chiquete, E, Navarro-Bonnet, J, et al: Isolated vein thrombosis of the posterior fossa presenting as localized cerebellar venous infarctions or hemorrhages. Stroke 2010;41:23582361.Google Scholar
Fink, JN, Mc Auley, DL: Mastoid air sinus abnormalities associated with lateral venous sinus thrombosis. Cause or consequence? Stroke 2002;33:290292.Google Scholar
Singh, V, Gress, DR: Cerebral venous thrombosis. In Babikian, VL, Wechsler, LR, Higashida, RT (eds): Imaging Cerebrovascular Disease. Philadelphia: Butterworth–Heinemann, 2003;209221.Google Scholar
Patronas, NJ, Duda, EE, Mirfakhraee, M, Wollmann, RL: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis diagnosed by computed tomography. Surg Neurol 1981;15:1114.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buonanno, FS, Moody, DM, Ball, MR, Laster, DW: Computed cranial tomographic findings in cerebral sinovenous occlusions. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1978;2:281290.Google Scholar
Rao, CV, Knipp, HC, Wagner, EJ: Computed tomographic findings in cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis. Radiology 1981;140:391398.Google Scholar
Chiras, J, Bousser, M-G, Meder, JF, Koussa, A, Bories, J: CT in cerebral thrombophlebitis. Neuroradiology 1985;27:145154.Google Scholar
Mawet, J, Crassard, I, Bousser, M-G: Cerebral venous thrombosis. In Caplan, LR, van Gijn, J (eds): Stroke Syndromes, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress, 2012;542553.Google Scholar
Linn, J, Ertl-Wagner, B, Seelos, KC, et al: Diagnostic value of mutidetector-row CT angiography in the evaluation of thrombosis of the cerebral venous sinuses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007;28:946952.Google Scholar
Ozsvath, RR, Casey, SO, Lustrin, ES, et al. Cerebral venography: Comparison of CT and MR projection venography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997;169:16991707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wetzel, SG, Kirsch, E, Stock, KW, et al: Cerebral veins: Comparative study of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:249255.Google Scholar
Yuh, WTC, Simonson, TM, Wang, A-M, et al: Venous sinus occlusive disease: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15:309316.Google Scholar
Boukobza, M, Crassard, I, Bousser, M-G, et al: MR imaging features of isolated cortical vein thrombosis: diagnosis and follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009;30:344348.Google Scholar
Leach, JL, Fortuna, RB, Jones, BV, et al: Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis: current techniques, spectrum of findings, and diagnostic pitfalls. Radiographics 2006;26:1941.Google Scholar
Poon, CS, Chang, JK, Swarnkar, A, et al: Radiologic diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis: Pictorial review. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189:6475.Google Scholar
Ducreux, D, Oppenheim, C, Vandamme, X, et al: Diffusion-weighted imaging patterns of brain damage associated with cerebral venous thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:261268.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, T, Abe, O, Tsuchiya, K, et al: Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of dural sinus thrombosis. Neuroradiology 2002;44:481488.Google Scholar
Forbes, KP, Pipe, JG, Heiserman, JE: Evidence for cytotoxic edema in the pathogenesis of cerebral venous infarction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:450455.Google Scholar
Mullins, ME, Grant, PE, Wang, B, et al: Parenchymal abnormalities associated with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Assessment with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25:16661675.Google Scholar
Dormont, D, Axionnat, R, Evrard, S, et al: IRM des thromboses veineuses cerebrales. J Neuroradiol 1994;21:8199.Google Scholar
Isensee, Ch, Reul, J, Thron, A: Magnetic resonance imaging of thrombosed dural sinuses. Stroke 1994;25:2934.Google Scholar
Mas, J-L, Meder, JF, Meary, E: Dural sinus thrombosis: Long-term follow-up by magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebrovasc Dis 1992;2:137144.Google Scholar
Mas, J-L, Meder, J-F, Meary, E, Bousser, M-G: Magnetic resonance imaging in lateral sinus hypoplasia and thrombosis. Stroke 1990;21:13501356.Google Scholar
Idbaih, A, Boukobza, M, Crassard, I, et al: MRI of clot in cerebral venous thrombosis: High diagnostic value of susceptibility-weighted images. Stroke 2006;37:991995.Google Scholar
Ayanzen, RH, Bird, CR, Keller, PJ, et al: Cerebral MR venography: Normal anatomy and potential diagnostic pitfalls. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:7478.Google Scholar
Ko, SB, Kim, D-E, Kim, SH, Roh, J-K: Visualization of venous system by time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. J Neuroimaging 2006;16:353356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krayenbuhl, H: Cerebral venous thrombosis. The diagnostic value of cerebral angiography. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatry 1954;74:261287.Google Scholar
Kosinski, CM, Mull, M, Schwartz, M, et al: Do normal d-dimer levels reliably exclude cerebral sinus thrombosis? Stroke 2004;35:28202825.Google Scholar
Dentali, F, Squizzato, A, Marchesi, C, Bonzini, M, Ferro, JM, Ageno, W: d-dimer testing in the diagnosis of cerebral vein thrombosis: A systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature. J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:582589.Google Scholar
Crassard, J, Soria, C, Tzourio, Ch, et al: A negative d-dimer assay does not rule out cerebral venous thrombosis: A series of 73 patients. Stroke 2005;36 17161719.Google Scholar
Becker, G, Bogdahn, U, Gehlberg, C, et al: Trans-cranial color-coded real-time sonography of intracranial veins. J Neuroimaging 1994;5:8794.Google Scholar
Valdueza, JM, Schultz, M, Harms, L, Einhaupl, KM: Venous transcranial Doppler ultrasound monitoring in acute dural sinus thrombosis. Report of two cases. Stroke 1995;26:11961199.Google Scholar
Chik, Y, Gottesman, RF, Zeiler, SR, Rosenberg, J, Llinas, RH: Differentiation of transverse sinus thrombosis from congenitally atretic cerebral transverse sinus with CT. Stroke 2012;43:19681970.Google Scholar
Saposnik, G, Barinagarrementeria, F, Brown, RD, et al: Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011;42:11581192.Google Scholar
Einhaupl, K, Bousser, M-G, de Bruijn, SFTM, et al: EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:553559.Google Scholar
Canhao, P, Cortesao, A, Cabral, M, et al: Are steroids useful to treat cerebral venous thrombosis? Stroke 2008;39:105110.Google Scholar
Cundiff, DK: Anticoagulants for cerebral venous thrombosis. Harmful to patients? Stroke 2014;45:298304.Google Scholar
Diaz, JM, Schiffman, JS, Urban, ES: Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. A syndrome rediscovered. Acta Neurol Scand 1992;86:390396.Google Scholar
Stansfield, FR: Puerperial cerebral thrombophlebitis treated by heparin. BMJ 1942;1:436438.Google Scholar
Martin, JP, Sheenan, HL: Primary thrombosis of cerebral veins (following childbirth). BMJ 1941;1:349.Google Scholar
Krayenbuhl, H: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Clin Neurosurg 1967;14:124.Google Scholar
Bousser, M-G: In a worsening situation, treatment can do more good than harm. Pratical Neurology 2003;3:112115.Google Scholar
Jacewicz, M, Plum, F: Aseptic cerebral venous thrombosis. In Einhaupl, K, Kempski, O, Baethmann, A (eds), Cerebral Sinus Thrombosis: Experimental and Clinical Aspects. New York: Plenum, 1990, pp 157170.Google Scholar
Einhaupl, KM, Villringer, A, Meister, W, et al: Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet 1991;338:597600.Google Scholar
de Bruijn, SF, Stam, J: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 1999;30:484488.Google Scholar
Coutinho, J, de Bruijn, SF, deVeber, G, Stam, J: Anticoagulation for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;8:CD002005.Google Scholar
Bousser, M-G: Cerebral venous thrombosis. Nothing, heparin or local thrombolysis? Stroke 1999;30:481483.Google Scholar
Canhao, P, Falcao, F, Ferro, JM: Thrombolysis for cerebral sinus thrombosis. A systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;15:159166.Google Scholar
Ciccone, A, Canhao, P, Falcao, F, et al: Thrombolysis for cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;1:CD003693.Google Scholar
Stam, J, Majoie, CB, van Delden, OM, et al: Endovascular thrombectomy and thrombolysis for severe cerebral sinus thrombosis: A prospective study. Stroke 2008;39:14871490.Google Scholar
Mehraein, S, Schmidtke, K, Villringer, A, et al: Heparin treatment in cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis: patients at risk of fatal outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;15:1721.Google Scholar
Masuhr, F, Mehraein, S: Cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis. Patients with a fatal outcome during intravenous dose-adjusted heparin treatment. Neurocrit Care 2004;1:355361.Google Scholar
Coutinho, JM, Majoie, CBLM, Coert, BA, Stam, J: Decompressive hemicraniectomy in cerebral sinus thrombosis. Consecutive case series and review of the literature. Stroke 2009;40:22332235.Google Scholar
Théaudin, M, Crassard, I, Bresson, D, et al: Should decompressive surgery be performed in malignant cerebral venous thrombosis? A series of 12 patients. Stroke 2010;41:727731.Google Scholar
Weber, J, Spring, A: Unilateral dekompressive kraniektomie bei thrombose des linken sinus transversus und sigmoideus. Zentralbl Neurochir 2004;65:135140.Google Scholar
Zuurbier, SM, Coutinho, JM, Majoie, CBLM, Coert, BA, van den Munckhof, P, Stam, J: Decompressive hemicraniectomy in severe cerebral venous thrombosis: A prospective case series. J Neurol 2012;259:10991105.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Crassard, I, Coutinho, JM, et al: Decompressive surgery in cerebrovenous thrombosis. A multicenter registry and a systematic review of individual patient data. Stroke 2011;42:28252831.Google Scholar
Aaron, S, Alexander, M, Moorthy, RK, et al: Decompressive craniectomy in cerebral venous thrombosis: A single centre experience. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;84:9951000.Google Scholar
Crassard, I, Canhao, P, Ferro, JM, Bousser, M-G, Barinagarrementeria, F, Stam, J: Neurological worsening in the acute phase of cerebral venous thrombosis in ISCVT (International study on cerebral venous thrombosis). Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:60.Google Scholar
Haghighi, AB, Edgell, RC, Cruz-Flores, S, et al: Mortality of cerebral venous-sinus thrombosis in a large national sample. Stroke 2012;43:262264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nasr, DM, Brinjikji, W, Cloft, HJ, Saposnik, G, Rabinstein, AA: Mortality in cerebral venous thrombosis: Results from the national inpatient sample database. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013;35:4044.Google Scholar
Canhao, P, Ferro, JM, Lindgren, AG, et al: Causes and predictors of death in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 2005;36:17201725.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Bacelar-Nicolau, H, Rodrigues, T, et al: ISCVT and VENOPORT Investigators. Risk score to predict the outcome of patients with cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009;28:3944.Google Scholar
Koopman, K, Uyttenboogaart, M, Vroomen, PC, van der Meer, J, de Keyser, J, Luijckx, GJ: Development and validation of a predictive outcome score of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol Sci 2009;276:6668.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, RW, Studer, A, Arnold, M, Georgiadis, D: Recanalisation of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003;74:459461.Google Scholar
Strupp, M, Covi, M, Seelos, K, Dichgans, M, Brandt, T: Cerebral venous thrombosis: correlation between recanalization and clinical outcome: A long-term follow-up of 40 patients. J Neurol 2002;249:11231124.Google Scholar
Martinelli, I, Bucciarelli, P, Passamonti, SM, Battaglioli, T, Previtali, E, Mannucci, PM: Long-term evaluation of the risk of recurrence after cerebral sinus-venous thrombosis. Circulation 2010;121:27402746.Google Scholar
Miranda, B, Ferro, JM, Canhao, P, et al: The ISCVT Investigators. Venous thromboembolic events after cerebral vein thrombosis. Stroke 2010;41:19011906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palareti, G, Cosmi, B, Legnani, C, et al: PROLONG Investigators. d-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med 2006;355:17801789.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Correia, M, Rosas, MJ, et al: Seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;15:7883.Google Scholar
Ferro, JM, Lopez, MG, Rosas, MJ, Ferro, MA, Fontes, J: Long-term prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the VENOPORT study. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002;13:272278.Google Scholar
Breteau, G, Mounier-Vehier, F, Godefroy, O, et al: Cerebral venous thrombosis 3-year clinical outcome in 55 consecutive patients. J Neurol 2003;250:2935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koopman, K, Uyttenboogaart, M, Vroomen, PC, et al: Long-term sequelae after cerebral venous thrombosis in functionally independent patients. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009;18:198202.Google Scholar
Madureira, S, Canha, P, Ferro, JM: Cognitive and behavioural outcome of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001;11:108.Google Scholar
de Bruijn, , Budde, M, Teunisse, S, de Haan, RJ, Stam, J: Long-term outcome of cognition and fuctional health after cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurology 2000;54:16871689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×