This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the food choice questionnaire (FCQ) and determine food choice motives among different study subgroups.

This cross-sectional study was conducted using self-administered questionnaires, including socio-demographic information and body weight and height data. In addition, study samples were asked to complete the Persian version of the FCQ.

Educational and medical centres under the coverage of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran.

Study samples were 871 adults (60·5 % female) selected using a convenience sampling method.

Mean ± sd age and BMI were 33·4 ± 10·7 years and 24·3 ± 5·2 kg/m2, respectively. More than one-third of the study samples were overweight/obese (35·8 %). A nine-structure model including thirty-two items of the original FCQ showed acceptable fit indices as follows: χ2/df = 3·39, goodness-of-fit index = 0·905, incremental fit index = 0·92, comparative fit index = 0·92, root mean square error of approximation (90 % CI) = 0·052 (0·049, 0·055). Regarding food choice motives, the three most important motives for food choice ranked by study samples were sensory appeal, natural content and health, respectively. Study samples ranked ethical concern as the least important food choice motive.

These findings support the reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the FCQ. Additionally, results indicate the most important motives for food choice across various socio-demographic and weight status groups which can provide beneficial information for marketing practices in Iran and promote the food choices of Iranians.

To assess the clustering properties of residential urban food environment indicators across neighbourhoods and to determine if clustering profiles are associated with diet outcomes among adults in Brooklyn, New York.

Cross-sectional.

Five neighbourhoods in Brooklyn, New York.

Survey data (n 1493) were collected among adults in Brooklyn, New York between April 2019 and September 2019. Data for food environment indicators (fast-food restaurants, bodegas, supermarkets, farmer’s markets, community kitchens, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program application centres, food pantries) were drawn from New York databases. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify individuals’ food access-related profiles, based on food environments measured by the availability of each outlet within each participant’s 800-m buffer. Profile memberships were associated with dietary outcomes using mixed linear regression.

LPA identified four residential urban food environment profiles (with significant high clusters ranging from 17 to 57 across profiles): limited/low food access, (n 587), bodega-dense (n 140), food swamp (n 254) and high food access (n 512) profiles. Diet outcomes were not statistically different across identified profiles. Only participants in the limited/low food access profile were more likely to consume sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) than those in the bodega-dense profile (b = 0·44, P < 0·05) in adjusted models.

Individuals in limited and low food access neighbourhoods are vulnerable to consuming significant amounts of SSB compared with those in bodega-dense communities. Further research is warranted to elucidate strategies to improve fruit and vegetable consumption while reducing SSB intake within residential urban food environments.

Although previous studies have demonstrated that paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension remains distinct from that in adults, there are limited studies evaluating a direct comparison between children and adults. The aim of this head-to-head comparison study was to compare the gender, haemodynamic parameters, and prognosis between paediatric and adult pulmonary arterial hypertension.

We retrospectively assessed the clinical differences in 40 childhood-onset (under 20 years old) patients and 40 adult-onset patients with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension who were followed up at two centres. There was no female predominance among patients with childhood-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (child female: 42.5%, adult female: 80%). The percent of New York Heart Association functional class IV in adult-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension tended to be higher than those in childhood-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (22.5 and 10%, respectively), although children had worse haemodynamic parameters at diagnosis (mean pulmonary artery pressure (children versus adults); median 65 mmHg versus 49 mmHg, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the event-free survival rate between the two groups (95% vs. 85%) during the follow-up period (median, 96 months; range, 1–120 months).

Although paediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension patients had worse haemodynamic parameters at diagnosis than adults, children survived as long as adults with appropriate therapeutic strategies.

Aggressive challenging behavior in people with intellectual disability is a frequent reason for referral to secondary care services and is associated with direct harm, social exclusion, and criminal sanctions. Understanding the factors underlying aggressive challenging behavior and predictors of adverse clinical outcome is important in providing services and developing effective interventions.

This was a retrospective total-population cohort study using electronic records linked with Hospital Episode Statistics data. Participants were adults with intellectual disability accessing secondary services at a large mental healthcare provider in London, United Kingdom, between 2014 and 2018. An adverse outcome was defined as at least one of the following: admission to a mental health hospital, Mental Health Act assessment, contact with a psychiatric crisis team or attendance at an emergency department.

There were 1,515 patient episodes related to 1,225 individuals, of which 1,019 episodes were reported as displaying aggressive challenging behavior. Increased episode length, being younger, psychotropic medication use, pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), more mentions of mood instability, agitation, and irritability, more contact with mental health professionals, and more mentions of social and/or home care package in-episode were all associated with increased odds of medium-high levels of aggression. Risk factors for an adverse clinical outcome in those who exhibited aggression included increased episode length, personality disorder, common mental disorder (CMD), more mentions of agitation in-episode, and contact with mental health professionals. PDD predicted better outcome.

Routinely collected data confirm aggressive challenging behavior as a common concern in adults with intellectual disability who are referred for specialist support and highlight factors likely to signal an adverse outcome. Treatment targets may include optimizing management of CMDs and agitation.

Prolonged exposure to Video games may have several negative cognitive and emotional consequences.However, a few investigations have explored the effects of video games addiction on sleep.

To study the effects of gaming addiction on sleep patterns in young adults

We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study.Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on social networks targeting young adults between 18–40 years. We used the gaming addiction scale (GAS) in its validated Arabic short version. We also used the validated Arabic version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to assess the sleep quality of our participants.

One hundred and nine participants were included. The mean age was 29.6 ± 10.3. Males accounted for 60.6% of the study population. The mean Gas score was 13.11± 6.08.According to the GAS,25.7% were addicted gamers. The mean PSQI score was 7.25± 3.15. A poor sleep quality pattern (score > 6) was found in 59.6% of the participants. We found that the GAS score was significantly correlated to the total score of PSQI( P=0.003). We also found that the group with poor sleep quality had higher GAS scores (p= 0.014). We found a correlation between the GAS score and the following components of the PSQI: subjective sleep quality ( p= 0.01), sleep disturbances (p=0.024) and the use of sleep-promoting medication ( p=0.046)

Our study showed that video gaming behavior had a significant effect on sleep quality. This can have negative consequences on life quality, together with an impaired performance at awakening.

No significant relationships.

With the advancement of technology over the last years, gaming is no longer reserved to adolescents. It has become a growing phenomenon within young adults which should,’t be overlooked as it is accompanied with the risk of addiction.

To study the factors involved in video games addiction behaviors in adults

We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on social networks. We solicited adults between 18–40 years. We used the gaming addiction scale (GAS) in its validated Arabic short version.

A hundred and nine participants were included. The mean age was 29.6 ±10.3 with a sex ratio of 1.5.The mean age of the beginning of regular gaming was 16.3± 8.64. we found that40.4% of our participants preferred the mode Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG) while others played casual single player games. A play time of over 20 hours per week was reported by 11.9%of participants. According to the GAS, 25.7%were addicted gamers. Our participants spent an average of 7.94±6.71 hours before they play their first game of the day. We found that the score of Gas was significantly correlated to the male gender of the participants (p<0.000), a higher number of weekly gaming hours (p<0.000),a lower number of hours before gaming (P<0.000) and the mode of games (p<0.000).

Our study showed that contextual factors play an important role in understanding gaming addiction in young adults as a holistic phenomenon,embedding the problematic behavior within the context of the individual the game and gaming practices.

No significant relationships.

Research has shown that emotional suppression, a form of emotion regulation, is often used by individuals with disordered eating behaviour. Moreover, eating disorder symptomatology is associated with inappropriate eating behaviours (e.g. excessive consumption of high-calorie foods and comfort foods).

The objective of the present study was to investigate the differences in eating behaviour among adults with different levels of emotional suppression and eating disorder symptomatology.

Two hundred seventy adults (Mage = 29.44 ± 9.32) completed the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (eating behaviour), the Eating Attitudes Test (eating disorder symptomatology) and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (emotional suppression).

Three clusters were identified through cluster analysis: cluster 1 (N = 115) presenting low emotional suppression and low eating disorder symptomatology; cluster 2 (N = 43) presenting high emotional suppression and high eating disorder symptomatology and cluster 3 (N = 112) presenting high emotional suppression and low eating disorder symptomatology. Our results showed that individuals in cluster 2 had significantly greater levels of cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating than individuals in clusters 1 and 3. Moreover, individuals in clusters 1 and 3 did not differ significantly in terms of any of the TFEQ subscales.

These preliminary findings may suggest that the tendency to persistently suppress emotions exacerbate disordered eating behaviour. Therefore, this factor together with symptoms of eating disorders should to be considered when planning prevention and intervention programs among adults presenting disordered eating behaviour.

No significant relationships.

Although gaming addiction has received a great deal of attention from researchers, few studies have evaluated its effect on health related quality of life in adults

To study the relationship between gaming addiction and perceived health status

We conducted a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study.Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on social networks targeting adults between 18 and 40 years. We used the gaming addiction scale (GAS) in its validated Arabic short version. we also used the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire (SF-36) in its validated Arabic version

One hundred and nine participants were included. The mean age was 29.6 ±10.3. Males accounted for 60.6% of the study population. A history of anxiety or depression was found in 4.6 % of participants and 3.6% had an organic affection .The mean GAS score was 13.11± 6.08. According to this scale, 25.7% were addicted gamers. We found a significant difference between the group of participants considered addicts and those who were not in the following items: vitality (p=0.002), mental health (p=0.004) and role limitation due to emotional health (p=0.05). We found a correlation between the GAS score and role limitation due to physical problems ( p= 0.41), role limitations due to emotional problems (p=0.004 ), vitality( p=0.005) and mental health ( p= 0.001).

Our data showed significantly lower health related quality of life related to higher exposure to games especially in the psychological health.In future researches, the effect of gaming addiction on other domains of quality of life can be investigated

No significant relationships.

Neurofeedback regimes in the treatment of adult ADHD are commonly EEG-based and have several shortcomings, including a weak signal-to-noise ratio, low transfer rates from laboratory to everyday environments and ambiguous evidence in respect to adequate brain signals of interest.

To investigate, if an eyetracking-based real-time feedback in a virtual environment can enhance attentional performance, as measured by behavioral, EEG and eyetracking parameters.

Overall, n=18 adult patients with ADHD and n=18 healthy controls (HC) performed a continuous performance task (CPT) in a virtual seminar room, while distracting virtual events occurred. In case the participant’s gaze drifted away from the task an automated audiovisual feedback indicated the participant to refocus on the task. Three 20-minutes blocks were presented in counter-balanced order, that differed in respect to whether real feedback, sham feedback or no feedback was additionally provided.

Mixed ANOVAs with within-subject factors ‘Condition’ (real feedback, sham feedback, no feedback) and ‘Phase’ (distractor phases vs. non-distractor phases) and a between-factor ‘Group’ (ADHD patients vs. HC) revealed better task performances in HC than ADHD patients in respect to omission errors (p = .023), mean reaction times (p = .042) and reaction time variabilities (p = .007; cf. Figure 1). Moreover, omission errors turned to be higher during distractor-present than distractor-absent trials (p = .007), especially in ADHD.

Figure 1.

CPT results. DP=distractor-phases, NDP=non-distractor-phases

While the virtual CPT turns out to discriminate well between patients with ADHD and HC, the behavioral results do not indicate an attentional performance enhancement based on the gaze-dependent feedback.

No significant relationships.

Many internationally studies, in the last two decades, found problematic internet use associated with a variety of psychosocial problems, but in Portugal this is a recent research question specially in adults.

To explore the relationship between problematic Internet use, emotional regulation and self-esteem.

138 Portuguese subjects (77.5% females), with a mean age of 27.76 years old (SD = 8.98, range: 18-58) filled in the Portuguese versions of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.

Negative consequences subscale of generalized problematic internet use was positively correlated with all the emotional regulation difficulties subscales and negatively with Self-Esteem, and positively with daily hours of internet usage. A similar result was found for Self-Deficient Regulation subscale, except for Clarity subscale. Mood Regulation was correlated with Strategies, Goals and Self-Esteem. Males showed higher levels of Negative Consequences. Age and age onset of Internet use were negatively correlated with Mood Regulation, Self-Deficient Regulation and Negative Consequences. A statistically significant difference in Mood Regulation, Self-Deficient Regulation and Negative Consequences in marital status levels, and in professional situation, with higher median scores in divorced and single without a relationship and in student subjects; no significant differences were found in educational level.

Generalized problematic Internet use, especially their Negative Consequences, is associated with higher emotional dysregulation, low self-esteem, lower age and lower age of Internet onset, being divorced or single without a relationship and being student, and it is more prevalent in males.

No significant relationships.

Treatment options for ADHD in adults consist of psycho-education, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), pharmacotherapy or a combination thereof. Current studies do not yet provide insights into the additive effects of CBT and pharmacotherapy regarding the quality of life in adults with ADHD.

In this study, we investigated the effect of CBT combined with pharmacotherapy on the quality of life in adults with ADHD compared to pharmacotherapy alone.

In this multicenter prospective cohort study a total of 627 patients were included, 305 where included in the pharmacotherapy only group and 322 in de combination group (CBT and pharmacotherapy). The Adult ADHD Quality-of-Life scale (AAQoL) was conducted at baseline and at the end of treatment.

No significant differences were found in gender or age between groups at baseline. The average improvement in the AAQoL total score in the pharmacotherapy group was 26.81(17.12) and in the combination group 25.45(16.33) and showed no significant difference (t(543) = 0.96, p = 0.34). At baseline the average total score in the pharmacotherapy group was 45.5(12.37) and 42.22(12.73) in the combination group (t(543)=2.86, p = 0.004). The average total score at the end of treatment in the pharmacotherapy and combination group was 72.31(12.99) and 67.67(12.45), respectively (t(543)=426, p <0.001).

To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the value of CBT in addition to pharmacotherapy on the quality of life in adults with ADHD. Contrary to our expectations, there was no significant effect of CBT in addition to pharmacotherapy on the quality of life.

No significant relationships.

The body of evidence regarding self-management programs (SMPs) for adult chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) is steadily growing, and regular updates are needed for effective decision-making.

To systematically identify, critically appraise, and summarize the findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SMPs for CNCP.

We searched relevant databases from 2009 to August 2021 and included English-language RCT publications of SMPs compared with usual care for CNCP among adults (18+ years old). The primary outcome was health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). We conducted meta-analysis using an inverse variance, random-effects model and calculated the standardized mean difference (SMD) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI) and statistical heterogeneity using the I2 statistic.

From 8538 citations, we included 28 RCTs with varying patient populations, standards for SMPs, and usual care. No RCTs were classified as having a low risk of bias. There was no evidence of a significant improvement in overall HR-QoL, irrespective of pain type, immediately post-intervention (SMD 0.01, 95%CI −0.21 to 0.24; I2 57%; 11 RCTs; 979 participants), 1–4 months post-intervention (SMD 0.02, 95%CI −0.16 to 0.20; I2 48.7%; 12 RCTs; 1160 participants), and 6–12 months post-intervention (SMD 0.07, 95%CI −0.06 to 0.21; I2 26.1%; 9 RCTs; 1404 participants). Similar findings were made for physical and mental HR-QoL, and for specific QoL assessment scales (e.g., SF-36).

There is a lack of evidence that SMPs are efficacious for CNCP compared with usual care. Standardization of SMPs for CNCP and better planned/conducted RCTs are needed to confirm these conclusions.

Pica and rumination disorder are known as feeding disorder diagnoses in childhood, but little is known about their occurrence in adulthood. This study aimed to assess prevalence rates of one-time and recurrent pica and rumination behaviours (PB and RB) in adults, including sociodemographic subgroups, and to examine associations with other eating disorder and general psychopathology.

The representative population sample (N = 2403) completed measures on PB and RB, symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), body image and symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Any PB and RB were reported in 5.33 and 5.49%, respectively, while recurrent PB or RB occurred in 1.08 and 0.71%, respectively. Co-occurrence was high, with 35.29% of recurrent PB in RB, and 23.08% vice versa. Prevalence rates of recurrent PB or RB did not differ by gender, weight status, educational or migration history from those without recurrent behaviours. Adults with v. without recurrent PB and RB showed more symptoms of ARFID, general eating disorders depression and anxiety, and behavioural symptoms of eating disorders (with the exception of compensatory behaviours in recurrent PB), and less positive body image. However, there were no differences regarding age and body mass index.

Our findings highlight the clinical significance of PB and RB in adults regarding both prevalence and associations with other psychopathological symptoms. In particular, associations with body image need to be investigated further, as in contrast to other eating disorders, body image disturbance is not yet represented in the diagnostic criteria for pica and rumination disorder. In sum, the findings highlight the need for clinical attention for these disorders and related behaviours in adults.

No funding