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3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press

Page 80 of 154

  • National lieux de mémoire and the European Heritage Label. Some Reflections on the Case of the Gdańsk Shipyard

  • Edited by Ewa Kocój, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Łukasz Gaweł, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Faces of Identity and Memory
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 57-74

  • Summary

    Abstract: In the context of increasing interest in a common European heritage or European lieux de mémoire, this paper will propose reflections on Europeanization of national lieux de mémoire, exemplified by the intergovernmental and Union “European Heritage Label” initiative. Furthermore, the proposed reflection will examine the process of the institutional invention of European heritage in the context of a gradual expansion of the European Union and of a strong need to forge on the Old Continent a new representation of the past. The paper will refer as well to the concept of heritage, its political use and perspectives in which the concept of political myth/mythology is applicable.

    The article will examine the process, actors and context in which the Gdańsk Shipyards were/are used in the supranational context. The additional objective of this paper will be to focus on the change of meaning that this national site underwent while leaving the pure national context and reaching the European level. In other words the paper will try to answer the question of the nature of European semiotization / Europeanization of this national lieu de mémoire.

    Key words: European heritage, Europeanization, mythology, lieux de mémoire, Gdańsk Shipyard, European Heritage Label

    Introduction

    The fall of the Communist Bloc and the gradual expansion of the European Union has meant that a strong need has been felt on the Old Continent to forge a new representation of the past. On the one hand, this has to take into account the heterogeneous, multinational and cosmopolitan aspects of Europe, but also – on the other hand – must attempt to secure its common and irreducible element. Heritage plays an excellent role in this regard. By appealing to national history, memory and lieux de mémoire, heritage is becoming a new tool for describing a common, European past.

    Initiatives connected to the utilisation of the notion of heritage at the level of the European Union show its potential for building/reinforcing the European supranational community. One may say that today, at the start of the 21st century, the history experienced by the nations of Central Europe in the 1980s and 1990s has undergone a re-enchantment of the past and lieux de mémoire, in that they now possess an interpretive accent a l'européenne. This fascinating process is taking place within the European frame of reference.

  • The Thematisation of Public Space – a Problem or a Necessity?

    • By Agnieszka Pudełko, Institute of Culture, Faculty of Management and Social Communication of the Jagiellonian University
  • Edited by Łukasz Gaweł, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Ewa Kocój, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Cultural Heritage - Management, Identity and Potential
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 83-96

  • Summary

    Abstract: This work seeks to examine the thematisation process of revitalized spaces. This phenomenon is increasingly visible in Poland, a country where urban renewal and post-industrial spaces were not considered on a large scale until the beginning of the twenty-first century. The issue presented is based on the following examples – Gdańsk Shipyard, Kazimierz and Nowa Huta in Krakow, and Nikiszowiec estate in Katowice.

    Key words: disneylandization, gentrifi cation, public space, revitalization, thematisation

    The development of cheaper and faster means of transport, improvement of information fl ow processes and extended access to free time during the last 100 years, have been the reason for the rapid growth of mass tourism. However, the number of places, available to tourists is limited – due to financial and time reasons. Nowadays, tourist centers compete with one another to attract tourists, which is not an easy task. The tourists of today have very high expectations – they do not only want to visit landmarks, but also get to know the local cuisine, culture and traditions of the visited countries. When leaving a country they want to have the feeling that they have really explored that part of the world, even if they have spent there only a short period of time. To present public places under a certain theme (in this article called “thematisation”) or to transform them into an amusement park, (a phenomenon known as disneylandisation), are strategies which may help to make a site more attractive and more mentally accessible to visitors.

    Piotr Lorens defi nes disneylandisation as a process based on replacing real space by its unreal and safe equivalent where the new place lacks any characteristics of the original and is created of new parts emerging from nowhere. In another article Lorens writes that thematisation is a conscious and intentional action, transforming a given space into architectural forms referring to old times or other civilizations, which is related to the creation of an urban spectacle for mass audiences. Although Lorens equates disneylandisation with the thematisation of public places, in this article the two terms are not used synonymously. The main reason for this decision is that the following examples are mostly connected with cultural heritage, exploiting the history of the space and its authenticity rather than creating unreal spaces – so the term thematisation seems to be more suitable.

  • 4 - Delphi Automative S.A. – Drive values

  • from SECTION TWO - CASE STUDIES
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 221-234

  • Summary

    General information on concern

    The concern of Delphi Automotive is a leading worldwide supplier of electronic solutions and systemic technologies that have numerous applications, mainly in the automotive sector. The mission of the concern is to make their products (in particular passenger cars and trucks) safer, stronger and more efficient, while also better at communication with drivers and the world by means of equipping them with advanced technologies that serve these purposes. Products and technologies are prepared and the production of electrical and electronic appliances are executed that are particularly associated with the following: petrol and diesel driver engines, systems of safety for drivers and passengers, systems controlled from the steering wheel and from a console, electrical equipment, switches and fuel steam absorbers, ventilation systems, air-conditioning, cockpit heating, theft prevention systems, while also charges (alarms, immobilizers). Advanced technologies are prepared and tested that facilitates the improvement of the technical parameters, as well as miniaturization and the extremely long product life of the elements manufactured here, which in the case of car electronics is a particularly worthy acknowledgement.

    The concern possesses over 100 production plants and 15 technical centres in 33 countries that employ a combined total of 100,000 workers. The headquarters are located in the town of Gillingham in England, while there are subsidiaries in Luxembourg (Bascharage), Brazil (Sao Paulo), China (Shanghai) and in the USA (Troy, Michigan).

    The modern technological solutions provided by Delphi may be found in all the leading brands of cars in the world.

    As Rodney O'Neal, the Chief Executive Officer says, “Delphi is exceptionally focused on creating value for the shareholder by means of ensuring safe, ecological products that fulfil the needs of our clients via the high quality of production and operational perfection.”

    The data relating to the net revenue from sales and net profit have been presented in Table 1.

  • 1 - General information about research survey

  • from SECTION ONE - MANAGEMENT OF VALUE AND BY VALUE. SURVEY RESEARCH
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 15-20

  • Summary

    Research aims

    The aims of the research carried out in the years 2013–2014 were the following:

  • – establishing the significance of various groups of values in management and priorities in this field;

  • – specifying the impact of values on management in organizations of various types;

  • – establishing, which values gain in terms of importance and which ones lose importance;

  • – establishing the significance of the chosen economic values (long-term and medium-term profit, competitiveness, innovativeness and effectiveness);

  • – establishing the significance of the chosen non-economic values(sustainable growth, corporate responsibility, dignity-based values, trust, balancing professional work and other) dimensions of life (personal and family dimensions, spiritual dimensions, participation in culture, social and political life, etc.), broad perception of (not only in an economic dimension) quality, justice and honesty;

  • – establishing and analysing common values in the analysed organizations;

  • – recognising the values respected in the personnel policy (in terms of decisions relating to recruitment and redundancies, promotions and demotions, evaluation of work and employees, remuneration, intangible rewards);

  • – establishing to what extent and in what way values may be availed of in terms of professional management while taking account of the specifics of entities of various legislative and organizational forms.

    • Research thesis

    The main thesis adopted is as follows: Management that respects the acknowledged values, not only economic ones, increases the level of credibility and effectiveness of an organization, matches the contemporary needs and expectations of the management staff and employees, favours the integration of people in an organization and facilitates the running of personnel policies.

    Detailed thesis:

  • Values are always taken into account in management and have a driving force, even if this is not done in a very conscious manner. Understanding this fact may have positive impact on the attitude of the management staff and employees in terms of values.

  • A similar notion may be expressed in the following words: Management devoid of values is impossible and does not exist in practice even when the management staff renounce management that respects values. Hence, it is not the case of whether values are respected as certain values are always respected, but rather which values are acknowledged as being important and what their hierarchy is, while also which values in reality (and not only in postulates or desires) constitute the motivation to undertake action on their bases.

  • A Tale of Two Great Kings: Artabanus and Vologaeses

  • from History
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 203-210

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    In the 1st century AD the rise of Artabanus II to the throne of Parthia marks the first substantial attempt to reaffirm the power of the ruling dynasty after decades of crisis. This monarch tried to build up a reformed government system capable of reassigning to the Great King some of his traditional prerogatives through the alliance with political entities alternative to the nobility. The agreement with the Jewish communities proved to be the most effective while the parallel efforts made with the Greek communities resulted at the end in a failure. The new dynasty which came to the throne with Vologaeses I followed the path traced by Artabanus, improving his strategy. Purpose of this paper is to show how much the consolidation of the Arsacid monarchy achieved by Vologaeses owed to the political solutions spotted by Artabanus some years before.

    Starting from the publication in 1938 of Debevoise's book Political History of Parthia the Parthian empire gradually began to emerge from the shadows of history to became a better defined political subject whose role and historical importance were no less worth studying than those of the more famous oriental empires which preceded it, like the Achaemenid one, or followed like the Sasanid kingdom.

    Of course Debevoise's work presented some indisputable limits. Among these the almost exclusive use of Roman sources, both Greek and Latin. In 53 BC in northern Mesopotamia the Roman legions led by the triumvir Crassus suffered a disastrous defeat. From that time on until the early decades of the 3rd century A.D., the Parthians were considered the only political power which was able to oppose Rome's expansionist goals in the East. This political situation had a significant influence on how the Parthians were perceived by the western people. In fact most of what is nowadays known about the Parthian kingdom history and structure is mainly based on the incomplete and largely stereotyped accounts drawn up by Roman and Greek imperial writers. Since they saw the Arsacids as the ‘eastern enemies’ their interest in their state remained restricted to the provinces of this vast domain lying closer to the Roman borders and to the historical episodes more closely connected with Rome's policy in Western Asia.

    Since Debevoise an increasing number of scholars have dealt with Parthian antiquities.

  • Two Snake-Brothers on Their Way – Mani's Scriptures as a Source of Manichaean Central Asian Parables?

  • from Literature
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 91-104

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Central Asian Manichaean parables are mostly based on the model of Buddhist tales. But studies on the parable ‘On the Religion and the Ocean’ in the Sogdian ‘Book of Parables’ (āzand-nāme) have uncovered parallels with the Middle Persian text on the ‘Ten Advantages of the Religion’ belonging to a hagiographic sermon as well as with the Coptic Kephalaion 151. Consequently, the core of this story must have been part of the earliest Manichaean tradition. This paper asks whether the ‘Parable of the Two Snakes’ on the very same scroll is also dependent on early Manichaean texts or even on one of Mani's own scriptures. We will see that the snake-parable shares a number of dogmatic features and keywords with the Šābuhragān and related texts. Mani's book was widespread in the East and could have inspired the Manichaean Central Asian storytellers.

    As the extant Manichaean literature shows, the Manichaeans liked to dress their dogmatic teachings up in parables and allegories. According to their literary form, two kinds of parables1 can be distinguished: those incorporated into didactic sermons and following the tradition of the Christian Gospel, and parables as a distinct literary category strongly inspired by Buddhist Jātakaand Avadāna-stories, often transmitted as parable collections. Despite this literary classification, the narrative motives of the parables were not restricted to certain areas but wandered around between East and West.

    The Manichaean Sogdian ‘Book of Parables’ (āzand-nāme) in Sogdian script is an appropriate example for such intercultural and intertextual relations. According to its colophon, the text was recorded from oral recitation and contained originally about twelve parables of which only two and the end of a third one are extant. One of the fully preserved parables is that ‘On the Religion and the Ocean,’ an adaptation of the Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra and similar Buddhist texts with an allegory of the world ocean. Recent studies6 have clearly demonstrated parallels with the Middle Persian text on the ‘Ten Advantages of Mani's Religion’ as well as with the Coptic Kephalaion 151. Consequently, the core of this story must have been part of the earliest Manichaean tradition.

    This raises the question whether the other parables in the very same book might also depend on early Manichaean texts.

  • The Revenue Act: 85 Stat. 497 (1971)

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 28-33

  • Summary

    After a series of pieces of legislation concerning labor unions and their impact on political campaigns, a number of initiatives designed to reform campaign finance were brought up in Congress in the 1960s, with the most serious proposal coming from Louisiana Senator Russel B. Long. He pressed for new measures which would limit the amount of money pumped into federal campaigns, which would be essential in reducing the inequality stemming from the participation of rich donors in the electoral process. His argument rested on the concept of creating a system of public funding of elections, i.e. collecting subsidies for political parties which could be spent on political campaigns. He proposed establishing a special fund, called the Presidential Election Campaign Fund, financed from tax check-offs from federal taxes. Unfortunately for Long, his initiative did not survive strong opposition in Congress, and was defeated in 1967.

    The concept of public funding through reform of the taxation system offered by Long remained one of the key ideas in the next Congress, which resulted in the passing of the Revenue Act of 1971, which was the first regulation to grant public subsidies to institutions and candidates involved in election campaigns. The Act created a system of voluntary tax check-offs for public funding programs, as well as minimum tax deductions for those who decided to give small contributions to candidates for federal offices. It established a system of public funding of presidential elections based on Long's Presidential Election Campaign Fund, and determined the circumstances of public and private contributions in these races. The issue of public funding was further reformed in 1974 when Congress adopted amendments to the Federal Election Campaign Act.

    An Act to provide a job development investment credit, to reduce individual income taxes, to reduce certain excise taxes, and for other purposes…

    SEC. 801. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN FUND ACT

    The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 is amended… CHAPTER 95—PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN FUND

    For purposes of this chapter-

  • The term ‘authorized committee’ means, with respect to the candidates of a political party for President and Vice President of the United States, any political committee which is authorized in writing by such candidates to incur expenses to further the election of such candidates.

  • Sibā-Zeynab-Zibā: the Metamorphoses of an Iranian Woman

  • from Literature
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 81-98

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Zibā Nāvak's three-volume autobiography provides not only an alternative account of the Islamic Revolution but also offers a fascinating counter-narrative of post-revolutionary prison experience. Once a communist revolutionary, a repentant prisoner (tavvāb) and a fanatical supporter of Xomeyni, who eventually became a liberated blogger, Nāvak makes an attempt to construct a coherent narrative identity of her multiple selves. To achieve it, she resorts to the rhetoric of sincerity, metaphorical figures and the literary patterns of a mystical quest which are dominant in Persian literature and in which an apparent fall might prove an indispensable stage of spiritual progress.

    It hardly needs to be said that Iran underwent dramatic political and social changes during the second half of the 20th century. The rapid modernization and westernization of the country resulted in the anti-monarchial and anti- Western revolution that turned the country upside down and led to the creation of the Islamic Republic. The intense ideological ferment which accompanied these political changes constantly undermined the dominant values, which undeniably influenced the question of personal identity and inevitably re-shaped many ‘selves’.

    Most vulnerable to the changes was undoubtedly the generation who reached adulthood at the outbreak of the revolution and became its main victim. Those ‘children of the revolution’ who survived it, the war which followed and the oppressions of the 1980s, have been slowly recovering from their traumas and trying to retell them. Post-traumatic testimonies constitute an essential part of the recovery process, an attempt to ‘read oneself in the text’ and make oneself ‘a subject of one's own understanding’ (de Man, Anderson), as well as an effort to renegotiate one's identity with the world. These take various forms, ranging from what are generally perceived as more fictional novels and short stories4 to more intimate memoirs5 and autobiographies, a genre which has been rather under-represented in Persian literature so far and is commonly rejected as being inappropriate in a culture which strictly divides the world into public and private spheres (biruni and andaruni). This conservative attitude towards self-narration in Persian culture particularly applies to women, who, traditionally, were expected to practice self-concealment, hiding themselves behind veils, being proud of their inaccessibility and remembering that ‘self-representation may turn into self-destruction.’

  • The Crisis of Adolescence in the Context of Resilience – Positive Prevention

  • from III - PROMOTING OF RESILIENCE AND ASSISTED RESILIENCE
  • Tadeusz Marian Ostrowski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Iwona Sikorska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Krzysztof Gerc, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Resilience and Health in a Fast-changing World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 167-178

  • Summary

    Abstract

    This article presents a curious outlook on the phenomenon of identity crisis among young people from the perspective of positive psychology and pedagogy. The subject is significant for the reason that it illustrates the methods of coping with identity crisis which untreated may lead to serious consequences for the individual and their environment. The positive psychology approach can bring a new point of view for social rehabilitation and the preventive measures.

    The previous preventative and rehabilitative solutions did not produce any expected results; consequently, rehabilitation remains a utopia. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate new, accurate approaches and forms of interaction. It is hoped that positive psychology which within the last three decades has provided an alternative for the traditional approach focusing on human defects is the answer.

    The current achievements of positive psychology appear promising for better diagnosis, understanding and developing the theory of personality disorders, substance abuse, and conflicts. Knowing and focusing on the positive resources of an individual allows to create a theoretical basis enabling a positive prevention.

    The state of the art of positive psychology may contribute to the initiation and possibly a shift in perceiving rehabilitation of youth and its outcome, and strengthening faith in people. What is essential is the idea of the transformation of thinking, which can be instilled in a new generation of socially maladjusted youth mentors for it is impossible to rehabilitate effectively without a conviction that actions bring meaning.

    Key word: a critical transition, adolescence, young people maladjusted, positive prevention

    Introduction

    Adolescence is a specific stage in life of every human being when young people commence to look for their own identity and try to answer the question: “who am I?,” and a time of intense biological, psychological and sociological changes. The way of dealing with identity crisis depends on many factors, including the resources of resistant youth. The inability to cope with the crisis may result in dangerous activities (e.g. self-destructive behavior), or socially maladjusted behavior.

    Socially maladjusted young people and volunteers represent different ways of coping with the crisis of adolescence. The first category manifests rebellion against the recognized principles, and tries to find its own identity in the group, which confirms their antisocial beliefs. The second one, by engaging in pro-social activities and helping others, realizes themselves and meets the need to feel wanted.

  • New Insights on the Fiscal System of the Early Ilkhanids through the Analysis of al-Murshid fī al-Ḥisāb, an Unknown Accounting Manual

  • from History
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 197-204

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Scholars have noticed that the Ilkhanid fiscal administration in Iran led to the economical crisis until the seventh Ilkhan Ghāzān Khān's enthronement. However the fiscal management system of the early Ilkhanid dīwān is not clear. This paper through the preliminary analysis of Al-Murshid fī al-Ḥisāb, an unknown accounting manual before Ghāzān's reforms, provided new information regarding some important aspects of the early Ilkhanid fiscal system: the method of census to assess qupchūr (the poll tax) and extraordinary levies for military expenditures.

    INTRODUCTION

    The Mongol rule in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries had various impacts on Iranian society. In order to understand the political, social, and cultural conditions of Iran in this period, we need more detailed studies on the ruling systems of the Ilkhanids (1256–1355), including the taxation system introduced by the Mongols, which levied taxes such as the poll tax (qupchūr) and commercial tax (tamghā).

    Many scholars have agreed that the fiscal policy of the Ilkhanids led to a catastrophic financial crisis until the enthronement of the seventh Ilkhan, Ghāzān Khān (r. 1295–1304), who made various administrative reforms to restore the fiscal condition of the dynasty. However, we have very little information regarding the fiscal management system of the Ilkhanid dīwān (a ministry office) led by the ṣāḥib-dīwān or wazīr. We do not have reliable resources to find what kind of dīwānī system contributed to the fiscal crisis in the early Ilkhanid period. As historical resources of the fiscal system in the fourteenth century, we have some Persian accounting manuals, Sa‘ādat Nāma, Jāmi’ al-Ḥisāb, Risala’-i Falakiya, and so on. It is well known that various characteristics of the Mongol fiscal system can be observed in these manuals written for fiscal bureaucrats. However, since they were written after Ghāzān's reign and after the fall of the Ilkhanids, they include very little information available regarding the Mongol fiscal system in the early Ilkhanid period.

    This paper analyzed some examples in Al-Murshid fī al-Ḥisāb, an accounting manual written in the end of the thirteenth century, to provide some useful information regarding the fiscal bureaucratic system in the early Ilkhanid period.

    AL-MURSHID FĪ AL-ḤISĀB AND ITS CONTENTS

    Al-Murshid fī al-Ḥisāb was written by al-Ḥasan b. ‘Alī. According to his autobiography in the preface, he had served in the fiscal bureau for many years.

  • Alexander the Great at Bactra: A Burning Question

  • Edited by Edward Dąbrowa, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Central Asia and Iran - Greeks, Parthians, Kushans and Sasanians
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 9-16

  • Summary

    Abstract: Scholars have generally claimed that Alexander the Great's extraordinary order that his army burn all of its non-essential personal possessions occurred in Hyrcania, on the eve of the Bactrian invasion. The evidence, however, shows that the event more likely happened at Bactra several years later, at the end of the Bactrian campaign.

    Key words: Alexander the Great, Hyrcania, Bactria, India, logistics.

    Alexander the Great spent more of his reign in Bactria and Sogdiana than in any other part of his vast empire, including Macedonia and Greece. Yet, many aspects of the king's long sojourn in Central Asia remain obscure due to the poor quality of the surviving narrative sources. All five of these accounts are late and derivative; one of them (Arrian) chooses at just this point to switch from a chronological to a thematic approach, and another (Diodorus) suffers a frustrating lacuna (Holt 2012, 165–172). In some cases, archaeological and documentary evidence can be marshaled to good effect (Naveh/Shaked 2012; Rtveladze 2002), but nagging problems still remain. One of these is the question of when, why, and where Alexander issued the extraordinary order for his entire army to burn its personal baggage. This was certainly a demoralizing loss of valuable loot that had been gathered along the triumphant march through Persia, some of it already carried for many miles only to be abandoned by royal decree. Departing from the opinion of most scholars, this paper argues that the event occurred at Bactra at the end of spring 327 BC in circumstances that signal a new experiment in Alexander's logistical thinking.

    Historical sources give two versions of when and where the Macedonian army first destroyed its spoils of war. According to Curtius, the order was issued in Hyrcania soon after the death of Darius in 330 BC. Curtius situates the burning at the end of an infamous series of stories: Alexander rescues his beloved horse Bucephalus from the Mardi (6.5.11–21); Alexander receives as a gift the beloved eunuch Bagoas (6.5.22–23); Alexander meets and mates with the queen of the Amazons (6.5.24–32); Alexander begins to succumb to his passions under the corrupting influence of Persian luxury, which alienates his veteran soldiers (6.6.1–10); Alexander avoids mutiny with gifts and bonuses, then circumvents the men's dangerous idleness through an opportune war against the rebel Bessus (6.6.11–13).

  • New Data on the Development of the Indo-Iranians in the Bronze Age

  • from History
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 223-236

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Gray and Atkinson (2003) dated the initial Indo-European divergence to 7000 BC, but Dyen, Krushkal and others (1992) put it at 3000 BC. This led them to opposite conclusions on the IE homeland. Starostin and Burlak (2005) thought that the disintegration of the IE protolanguage took place in the 3rd millennium BC, but they did not specify where, whether in Anatolia or on the European steppes.

    Resolving these problems requires a comparison of linguistic and archaeological data. The common Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word ‘metal’ (cuprum), old Indo-Aryan (IA) ajra- ‘non-cultivated field, pasture’ and PIE agros- ‘pasture’ (Burlak, Starostin 2005, p. 241), the existence of words for cattle, sheep, goat and pig (which fell out of IA and means ‘wild boar’), the horse and its cult, as well as words for oar, wheel and transport, astronomical terms such as ‘Milky Way’, and ‘Coachman’ (Nikonov 1980) all suggest a location for the Indo-European homeland on the banks of major rivers, and reveal the role of wheeled transport in their rapid migrations.

    The Iranian languages belong to the Indo-Iranian (IIr) branch of the Indo- European (IE) group. The Old Iranian language was discovered by the French scholar Anquetil-Duperron, who in 1771 published a translation of the Parsees’ religious text, the Avesta. In 1786 the English linguist William Jones demonstrated the links between Sanskrit, Latin, Greek and the Germanic languages. This marked the beginning of Indo-European linguistic studies. However, for 250 years the location of the IE homeland has remained an unsolved problem.

    The German scholar August Schleicher (1821–1868) reconstructed the IE protolanguage. His compatriot Otto Schrader (1901) placed the IE homeland in Europe between the Rhein, the Danube and the Dnieper on the basis of certain words connected with the local environment, including the names of wild animals, birds, trees, terms relating to the climate and toponyms in the area. He placed the Indo-Iranians on the Eurasian steppes because of the absence in IIr of words for spruce, pine tree, marsh etc.

    Many reconstructions of the IE language tree and the split of PIE have been proposed, and the works of J.P. Mallory (1989; 2002) are now prominent in the field.

  • 3 - Direct Application of the Constitution as the Condition for the Horizontal Effect of Constitutional Rights and Freedoms

  • Monika Florczak-Wątor, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Applying the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in Horizontal Relations
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 35-50

  • Summary

    Normative Content of the Principle of Direct Application of the Constitution

    The principle of direct application of the Constitution is of fundamental importance for the horizontal effect of individual's rights. It is expressed in Art. 8 para. 2 of the Polish Constitution, according to which the provisions of the Constitution shall apply directly, unless the Constitution provides otherwise. The content of this provision first raises a question about the sense of its inclusion in the fundamental law. After all, with regard to other normative acts, the Constitution as a rule does not communicate the principle of their direct application. It is assumed that, because these acts are in force, they should be applied. Moreover, the requirement of applying the Constitution is derived not only from Art. 8 para. 2 of the Constitution, but also from many other provisions thereof. According to them, the Constitution is the supreme law (Art. 8 para. 1) and a universally binding law (Art. 87 para. 1 of the Constitution), while the organs of public authority must function on the basis of, and within the limits of, the law (Art. 7 of the Constitution). Last but not least, if citizens have the duty to respect the law of the Republic of Poland (Art. 83 of the Constitution), and the Constitution itself is an element of this law, then it is included in the body of laws to which they must adhere. All of these points lead to the conclusion that the purpose of Art. 8 para. 2 of the Constitution was therefore not to prescribe that the Constitution must be applied, but to highlight that it must be applied in a special way, that is directly, unless otherwise provided therein. In connection with the foregoing there arises the question of how one should understand the concept of ‘direct application of the Constitution.’

    In search for the answer to this question, it is worth noting the call, in the Preamble to the Constitution, to ‘all those who will apply this Constitution for the good of the Third Republic.’ In this case there is no doubt that this 36 requires a very broad interpretation of the term ‘application of the Constitution,’ which goes beyond the application of the law by state authorities.

  • Intrapsychic and Sociodemographic Correlates of the Quality of Life in Mothers of Children with Motoric Disability of Neurologic Etiology

  • from IV - THREATS TO MENTAL HEALTH
  • Tadeusz Marian Ostrowski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Iwona Sikorska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Krzysztof Gerc, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Resilience and Health in a Fast-changing World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 181-204

  • Summary

    Abstract

    This article gives the description of subjective sense of quality of life and its intrapsychic correlates in 31 randomly chosen mothers of children with motor disability and who constantly receive rehabilitation and therapeutic support in Specialised Psychological and Pedagogic Guidance Service in Skawina and Malopolska Centre of Rehabilitation in Radziszów. The following variables: Big Five personality traits, a sense of alienation, stress management style, an evaluation of resources, socio-demographic variables (sex, age, place of living, family standard of living) and basic information on health of the child with motor disability have been tested in relation to sense of quality of life in the research group.

    The statistically significant correlation between socio-demographic as well as related to health of the child variables and the sense of quality of life of the mothers has not been proved. Yet statistically significant correlation between the sense of quality of life in the mothers and their chosen personality traits (neuroticism, openess, conscientioussness) as well as the sense of alienation has been found. Also the relation between stress management and coping strategies (assertive activities, searching for social support) and the sense of quality of life has been proved.

    Key words: subjective sense of quality of life mothers of children with motor disability

    Introduction

    The study presented in the article adheres to the quality of life theory propounded by R.L. Schalock (2000) and R.A. Cummins (2005, 2007) and to S. Hobfollʼs (2006) conservation of resources theory, both interpreted in the light of the contemporary understanding of resilience with particular emphasis on flexible coping skills, competences necessary for good functioning despite adversity, resilience defined not as an individual resource but as an individual characteristic (Fredrikson, 2001; Smith, 2009; Luthar, Zelazo, 2003; Heszen, Sęk, 2007; Hee Lee et al., 2013; Ogińska-Bulik, 2014a; Ostrowski, 2014; Sikorska, 2014) and the systemic approach to family functioning (Olson et al., 1979; Margasiński, 2011; Plopa, 2011). The article also draws upon the sense of alienation theory propounded by B. Kmiecik-Baran (1995). The concept of alienation provoked both subjective and objective interpretations. The theory in question propounds that the areas which prove significant to individuals and can become alien to them include: the principles of social interaction, values, personal opinions and beliefs, individual behaviours and other people.

  • 13 - Respecting values in the personnel policies of an organization

  • from SECTION ONE - MANAGEMENT OF VALUE AND BY VALUE. SURVEY RESEARCH
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 127-142

  • Summary

    One of the most significant and most difficult issues in management by values that is significantly decisive in terms of the sense and effectiveness of such management is the relation of values deemed to be important for the personnel policy and management of human capital. Due to the nature of material, it does not seem that there would be more possibilities of creating close, algorithmic ties in connection with all the values that are acknowledged to be important. Nevertheless, we present the view that such ties should not be restricted to the issue of notions, or designating directions, but it would be necessary to move one by establishing at least sensible principles that are possible to accept and which are binding within the personnel policy and management of human capital.

    In the afore said research, we asked the respondents to take account of the values in terms of the following:

  • – recruitment and selection of staff;

  • – evaluation of employees;

  • – promotions;

  • – remuneration;

  • – non-material motivation.

    • Taking account of values during the recruitment and selection of people

    This is a compelling and promising, yet a difficult issue from a substantive viewpoint. On the basis of personal experience and contacts, as well as subject- related literature, we thought that values acknowledged by a candidate for work are rarely analysed profoundly in routine procedures. It is usually the requirements of the work position that are taken into account, which are defined in the profile of the position either in the professiogram or in more modest terms, in the analysis by the specialist of issues of personnel or “head-hunters” with the manager the one to commission such activity in search of an employee. In smaller organizations, the entrepreneur /employer generally runs the interview with the candidate and asks him about professional issues that he feels are significant from the viewpoint of his own expectations. Likewise, he also takes account of the general impression and tries to imagine if the candidate would “fit” into the organization, tasks and with other people.

  • Aspects of Hymnology in the Manichaean Community in Turfan

  • from Religion
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 121-138

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    This paper covers various aspects of the hymnology in the Middle Iranian languages Middle Persian and Parthian of the Manichaean community in Turfan. The presentation of the texts in the manuscripts, the use of initial letters, the indication of melodies, and features of cantillation are covered. The origin of the features used in cantillation is discussed and compared with some features of Armenian xaz. A farther agreement with Armenian manuscripts is in the orientation of images.

    Manichaean community life was dominated by hymns. The list or index of hymns in the mahr nāmag ‘book of hymns,’ one of the folios in the bifolio M 1, gives a very high number of hymns and this is confirmed by the great number of hymns and fragments of hymns in the Turfan Collection in Berlin. Though the Manichaean community in Turfan was in a Turkish/Uigur speaking area where Sogdian (and other languages) had some currency, the community used Middle Persian and Parthian litanies, hymn-cycles and a great number of individual hymns. Since the only other Manichaean community from which we have extensive original texts, the Egyptian one with its Coptic texts, also used a large number of hymns it is quite clear that hymns played a central role in Manichaean community life and that many hymns will go back to Aramaic originals used by the community in Mesopotamia.

    Many examples of individual Middle Persian and Parthian verse texts and of hymn-cycles have been published in the more than hundred years since F.W.K. Müller was able to announce the discovery of original Manichaean texts in the textual materials recovered by the First German expedition to Turfan 1902–1904 on which three others followed. The desolate state of many fragments and the fact that no complete book was among the damaged remains has meant that much painstaking work had to be done in order to reconstruct longer texts from the fragments (e.g. the Parthian Hymncycles reconstructed by M. Boyce) whereas shorter texts are often quite well preserved (e.g. the individual hymns, many of high quality published by Henning from Andreas’ papers, Andreas-Henning 1932–4). The two hymncycles published by Boyce 1954, Angad rōšnān and Huyadagmān, are in Parthian, but extensive fragments of a Middle Persian cycle, the Gōwišn ī grīw zīndag ‘Discourse of the Living Soul’ are preserved and have been prepared for imminent publication by W. Sundermann.

  • Resilience from a Variety of Theoretical Perspectives: an Introduction

  • Tadeusz Marian Ostrowski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Iwona Sikorska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Krzysztof Gerc, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Resilience and Health in a Fast-changing World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 7-16

  • Summary

    The fast-changing world creates a challenging environment because each change calls for an effort to adjust. The world has been changing since time immemorial. Our times, namely the 21st century, is unique in that it bears witness to change which both accelerates and expands to a variety of areas. Change has turned into a cultural norm. Social approval to change is on the rise, and we are now also more inclined to ignore change or respond to it with surprise. We live in a period of rapid change affecting civilisation, culture, science, technology and customs or traditions. Change progresses so fast in certain areas that it is difficult to keep up with its pace. Thus, each personal resource which allows individuals to experience change in a positive or constructive way proves to be both inspiring for scientists and important pragmatically. One of these resources is also resilience, a particular disposition which marks the ability to bounce back after a crisis or when faced with difficulty or a protracted and stressful situation. The ability to bounce back from the depths of depression, helplessness or loneliness and return to normal life is one of the descriptive definitions of resiliency understood as a personal disposition. In this sense, resiliency is one of the conceptual categories which belong in the realm of “psychology in spite of all,” which identifies processes and mechanisms that protect individuals against the negative effect of risk factors and help them live healthy and normal lives despite justified fears of impending destruction. This pertains to situations which involve strong pathogenic factors that are likely to cause a crisis, illness and developmental disorders; and which, as expected, usually cause widely related health problems in a large proportion of the subjects involved in psychological studies. That being said, researchers working with people with mental health problems come across individuals who are able to withstand destruction, e.g. Werner (1996), who, in her longitudinal study carried out in the Hawaii on infants exposed to reproductive and environmental risk factors, demonstrated that, after 40 years, the same infants developed into resilient, caring, competent and confident adults; or Antonovsky (1987, 1991), who identified resilient individuals in a group of the then elderly Nazi concentration camp survivors.

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