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3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press

Page 79 of 154

  • The Reception and Illustration of Hafiz in Mid-Seventeeth-Century Iran

  • from Arts
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 231-242

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    While an extensive body of scholarship has been devoted to the ghazals of Hafiz, two areas of inquiry that remain under-studied are the historical reception of Hafiz's poetry and the intersection of Hafiz and the visual arts. This paper aims to briefly explore these twin lacunae by focusing on pictures from two illustrated Divan of Hafiz manuscripts, produced in Iran ca. 1640–1650.

    The importance of the poetry of Khwaja Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafiz-i Shirazi (1320s-1390 CE) to Persian culture is difficult to overstate. Since the early twentieth century, Hafiz's poems have generated an extensive body of scholarship, focusing on three main areas: the poet's life and historical context, the establishment of a divan-i sahih (or ‘true Divan,’ trimmed of all its accretions), and the critical analysis of individual ghazals. Two other topics, however, feature less prominently in the scholarly literature: the historical reception of Hafiz's poetry (particularly following the Timurid era) and the intersection of Hafiz and the visual arts. This essay addresses these two lacunae in Hafiz studies by focusing on the ways that artists of the mid-seventeenth century gave pictorial form the poet's ghazals in illustrated manuscripts of his Divan. Regarding reception and illustration as interrelated subjects of inquiry, this paper aims to demonstrate how later Safavid-era artists’ visualizations of Hafiz's ghazals reflect ways that contemporary readers interpreted and appreciated his poems.

    Two intact, mid-seventeenth-century Divans of Hafiz (Topkapi Saray Library Museum, H. 1010 and Chester Beatty Library, Per. 299), which form the focus of this study, share several characteristics. The manuscripts have comparable dimensions and share an unusually large quantity of illustrations, with almost one picture per ghazal. In each example, full text pages appearing on the verso (b) side of folios face illustrations on the recto (a) side of the following folios, prompting comparison to muraqqa's (albums), in which calligraphies and pictures often alternate. The illustrative programs of each of the manuscripts, comprised entirely of tinted drawings, appear to be executed in three distinct ‘hands.’ Several pictures from TSMK H.1010 are inscribed with artists’ names, while CBL Per. 299 lacks such inscriptions; nonetheless, the stylistic similarities of the two manuscripts’ illustrations suggest that the same group of artists may have been responsible for both programs.

  • Resiliency and the Meaning of Life

  • from I - RESILIENCE IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND THE EXISTENTIAL CONTEXTS
  • Tadeusz Marian Ostrowski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Iwona Sikorska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Krzysztof Gerc, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Resilience and Health in a Fast-changing World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 19-32

  • Summary

    Abstract

    The aim of the study was to replicate the activities necessary to verify the libertial-‑value-grounded theory of the meaning of life and to examine the question of the existential determinants of resiliency. The libertial-value-grounded theory propounds that the meaning of life is conditioned by the sense of personal freedom and individual sensitivity to values. The above three categories, namely the meaning of life, subjective freedom and axiological sensitivity, are treated as the hypothetical existential determinants of resiliency. The study was carried out on 42 women and 51 men, aged 22 to 79 years, by means of the following methods: the Ostrowski Attitude to Life Questionnaire, Ostrowski Personal Freedom Questionnaire, Ostrowski Sensitivity to Values Questionnaire and Ogińska-Bulik and Juczyński SPP-25 Resiliency Measurement Scale, the authors of which adhere to the understanding of resiliency as a disposition. The libertial-value-grounded theory of the meaning of life was positively verified, which demonstrated that the meaning of life is conditioned by subjective freedom and axiological sensitivity, in the path model which satisfactorily fits the empirical data (chi-squared (18) = 13.90; p = 0.74; RMR = 1.456; GFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.86; RMSEA < 0.01). 46% of the meaning of life variance was explained. The hypothesis which claimed that resiliency is conditioned by the existential predictors examined in the study, the meaning of life and subjective freedom in particular, was verified, and relevant correlations were presented in the path model which satisfactorily fits the data (chi-squared (54) = 48.62; p = 0.71; RMR = 1.63; GFI = 0.86; AGFI = 0.76; RMSEA < 0.01). The resiliency component variance was explained by Persistence (18%), Coping Skills (60%), Openness (67%), Focus in Difficult Situations (67%) and Tolerance of Failure (81%). Further research is required to explore the sequentiality of the meaning-of-life predictors, the correlation between resiliency and sensitivity to values and the resiliency component variation according to gender.

    Key words: resiliency, meaning of life, subjective freedom, sensitivity to values, motivation Theory

    The question of the meaning of life is an inherent part of the studies on resiliency. Frankl (1984/1950) defined the meaning of life as a mechanism which protects the individual against mental disorders, noogenic neurosis and depression in particular.

Cognition, Meaning and Action
  • Lodz-Lund Studies in Cognitive Science
  • Edited by Piotr Łukowski, Aleksander Gemel, Bartosz Żukowski
  • Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015
  • The book is addressed to all readers interested in cognitive science, and especially in research combining a logical analysis with psychological, linguistic and neurobiological approaches. The publication is the result of a collaboration between the Department of Cognitive Science at University of Lodz and the Department of Cognitive Science at Lund University. It is intended to provide a comprehensive presentation of the key research issues undertaken in both Departments, including considerations on meaning, natural language and reasoning, linguistic as well as numerical competence, the theory of decision making, modelling of conceptual representations, cognitive and game theoretic approach to social interactions.
    Jacek Malinowski

  • The Smith-Connally Act: 57 Stat. 163 (1943)

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 25-25

  • Summary

    The problem of the growing participation of labor unions and organizations in campaign activities did not disappear after the implementation of the Hatch Act. Additionally, several strikes organized by the labor movement proved an effective tool in making labor leaders important actors in the political process. In order to limit their political power, in 1943 Congress passed the War Labor Disputes Act (or Smith-Connally Act). It was adopted over the veto of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose New Deal policies were backed by the representatives of the labor unions.

    According to the most important provision of the Smith-Connally Act, the president was granted the power to seize industrial war plants if organized strikes endangered the war industry. From the perspective of campaign finance restrictions, labor unions were prohibited from contributing to federal election campaigns in the same manner as the Tillman Act banned banks and corporations. But the effectiveness of the bill was only temporary – it expired after the end of World War II, leaving the regulation of the problem of campaign contributions by labor unions to the next Congress.

    An Act relating to the use and operation by the United States of certain plants, mines, and facilities in the prosecution of war, and preventing strikes, lock-outs, and stoppages of production, and for other purposes…

    SEC. 9. Section 313 of the Federal Corrupt Practices Act, 1925 is amended to read as follows: “SEC. 313. It is unlawful for any national bank, or any corporation organized by authority of any law of Congress, to make contribution in connection with any election to any political officer, or for any corporation whatever, or any labor organization to make a contribution in connection with any election at which Presidential and Vice Presidential electors or a Senator or Representative in, or a Delegate or candidate, political committee, or other person to accept or receive any contribution prohibited by this section. Every corporation or labor organization which makes any contribution in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $5,000; and every officer or director of any corporation, or officer of any labor organization, who consents to any contribution by the corporation or labor organization, as the case may be, in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.

  • The Citadel of Erbil. The Italian Archaeological and Topographic Activities

  • from Archaeology
    • By Julian Bogdani, University of Bologna; Sapienza, University of Rome; Studio 3R, Luca Colliva, University of Bologna; Sapienza, University of Rome; Studio 3R, Sven Stefano Tilia, University of Bologna; Sapienza, University of Rome; Studio 3R
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 253-266

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    The fruitful collaboration between the High Commission for the Erbil Citadel Revitalization, the Italian Cooperation Project of MAE-IsIAO and the Italian Archaeological Mission in Iraqi Kurdistan of Sapienza, University of Rome & IsIAO allowed to carry out a series of activities aimed at the study and documentation of the Citadel of Erbil. The main activities consist in a set of geophysical prospections with Ground Penetrating Radar and in a topographic survey of the Citadel, which has provided the basis for a GIS platform, essential for managing the collected data. These activities are still ongoing, and preliminary results are extremely interesting. The GIS platform and the topographic data proved to be crucial for a proper documentation of the site and the data obtained from the prospections, in addition to confirming the existence of a complex archaeological stratigraphy, provide interesting clues about the presence of large defensive structures.

    INTRODUCTION

    Thanks to the agreements between the Italian Cooperation Project, co-directed by Prof. Carlo G. Cereti and Dr. Roberta Giunta, the Italian Archaeological Mission in Iraqi Kurdistan of Sapienza, University of Rome & IsIAO (MAIKI), co-directed by Prof. Maria Vittoria Fontana and Dr. Luca Colliva, and the High Commission for the Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR), headed by Arch. Dara Talaat Mohammed Ali al-Yaqoobi, the Italian team started a series of topographic surveys and geophysical prospections in one of the most impressive and significant archaeological sites across Iraq: the Citadel of Erbil. The main activities carried out by the Italian team, with the valuable contributions of BraDypUS sa., Studio 3R sas. and ENEA, consist in a set of geophysical prospections using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and in a topographic survey of the citadel, which provided the basis for a GIS platform, essential for managing all the collected data. The activities are still ongoing and the first results are extremely interesting. The GIS platform and the topographic data proved to be essential for a proper documentation of the site and for an optimal planning of future interventions. The data obtained from the GPR prospections not only confirm the existence of an imposing and complex archaeological stratigraphy, but seem to provide interesting clues about the presence of large defensive structures of Ottoman or perhaps Begteginid period.

  • Crépuscule de l'Empire parthe – Les dernières drachmes

  • Edited by Edward Dąbrowa, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Central Asia and Iran - Greeks, Parthians, Kushans and Sasanians
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 155-158

  • Summary

    Abstract: The silver drachms issued for the two competing Arsacid brothers Vologases VI and Artabanus V may be conveniently divided into two distinct groups. However, the ensuing political instability from the rivalry between the two sons of Vologases V was not without numismatic consequence. It has, in fact, left its marks on some very rare and important outputs from the turbulent period c. AD 208–224 of Parthian history. We have several « mule » or « hybrid » drachms that are struck from different obverse and reverse dies, each belonging to one of the two brother kings. These testify to the political confusion that persisted up until the fall of the Arsacid dynasty.

    Key words: Vologases VI, Artabanus V, Arsacids, Parthian numismatics, Parthian history.

    A la mort de Vologèses V, en 208, son fils aîné Vologèses VI monte sur le trône. Une partie de la noblesse lui préfère pourtant son frère Artaban V. Ces querelles de succession affaiblissent une fois de plus le royaume. Après plusieurs années de guerre civile Artaban finit par l'emporter, mais laisse malgré tout à Vologèses l'administration d'une partie des provinces orientales du royaume.

    En 216, Caracalla spécule sur les divisions entre les successeurs de Vologèses V pour mener une offensive contre les Parthes. Après quelques mois de pillage sans gloire les Romains sont contraints de s'enfuir devant les forces regroupées des Parthes. Caracalla est assassiné et c'est Macrin qui est amené à signer une capitulation désastreuse pour Rome, après une terrible bataille.

    Pourtant la cohésion fragile qui avait permis aux Parthes de vaincre les forces romaines se brise sitôt la guerre terminée. C'est d'autant plus dramatique qu'Artaban n'a pas pris la mesure de la rébellion qui se fomente contre l'autorité centrale parthe, depuis qu'en 208 Ardashir a placé son père Papak sur le trône de Perside. En 223 et 224 Ardashir franchit une nouvelle étape en s'emparant facilement de l'Elymaïde, de la Characène et de la Susiane, sans véritable réaction d'un pouvoir parthe exsangue.

    Artaban V se décide enfin à réagir en avril 224, mais l'affrontement tourne à l'avantage d'Ardashir. Artaban est tué au combat à la bataille d'Hormizdgan. C'est la fin des Arsacides et l'avènement d'une nouvelle dynastie, les Sassanides.

  • Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce: 494 U.S. 652 (1990)

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 81-84

  • Summary

    Despite the fact that most Supreme Court cases referred to the scope of federal campaign finance laws, there were also important disputes over the scope of state campaign regulations, which raised the problem of money as a form of expression, as well as donations made by corporations. Both of these issues occurred in Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, which was decided by the Supreme Court in 1990. From the analysis of judicial reasoning in such decisions, one can derive important arguments regarding the discussion over First Amendment guarantees with regard to financial participation in the electoral process.

    The controversy concerned the actions of the Michigan Chamber of Commerce, which intended to publish – even though its ad discussed the issues – materials promoting a candidate to the state legislature. Classified as independent expenditure, it was also prohibited by state law (Michigan Campaign Finance Act of 1976). The law allowed corporate expenditures only if they were made from independent sources, known as ‘segregated funds,’ but the Michigan Chamber of Commerce used its general funds instead. In a 6–3 decision, the Supreme Court upheld the Michigan regulations, arguing that there was a compelling interest of the state to control the financial participation of corporations in a campaign election. The Justices stated that despite First Amendment protection, the government should manage the process whereby political candidates were controlled by corporate entities. According to the majority, the fact that the Michigan law provided for independent expenditures by corporations reduced the threat of corruption in the system. In a dissenting opinion Justice Antonin Scalia pointed out that the Court should have interpreted the First Amendment free speech guarantees from an originalist perspective and acknowledged a right to political speech by corporations. In 2010, the Supreme Court overruled the Austin decision permitting corporate funding in Citizens United v. F.E.C.

    MR. JUSTICE MARSHALL delivered the opinion of the Court

    In this appeal, we must determine whether § 54(1) of the Michigan Campaign Finance Act violates either the First or the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. Section 54(1) prohibits corporations from using corporate treasury funds for independent expenditures in support of or in opposition to any candidate in elections for state office. Mich.

  • Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar: 575 U.S. 13–1499 (2015)

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 129-133

  • Summary

    There are at least two controversies over putting the Williams-Yulee Supreme Court decision among other documents relating to federal campaign finance laws. Firstly, it refers to rules which were created by the Florda Bar and applied to the professional conduct of lawyers within the state of Florida. Secondly, the election process, which became of the Court's interest, was a judicial election and action undertaken by a candidate for Florida county court, not the legislative or executive departments. Still, there is a necessity to include the decision, as it also concerns the general problem of conducting electoral campaigns, and the Court's argumentation is connected with the interpretation of the First Amendment's freedom of speech clause. Additionally, it is important to acknowledge that, despite the existence of a conservative block on the Court, Chief Justice John Roberts, jr. decided to move towards a more liberal approach, and delivered the majority opinion, thus revealing possible divisions in Justices’ ideology in future campaign finance cases.

    Lanell Williams-Yulee participated in the judicial election campaign in Florida, during which she decided to personally solicit campaign donations, which was inconsistent with the rules of the Florida Bar. She also made some inaccurate statements in the media during her campaigning process, misleading public opinion about her opponent in the judicial race. Although there was a possibility of ending the disciplinary procedure against her with a formal reprimend, William-Yulee decided to file a suit, in which she claimed that her freedom of speech rights were infringed by the rules of the Florida Bar. When the case reached the Supreme Court, five Justices ruled against Williams-Yulee, arguing that the ban on personal solicitation of campaign funds by candidates for judicial posts was consistent with compelling state interest. The majority underlined the value of freedom of speech, especially in election campaigns, but the Justices wanted to protect the integrity and sovereignty of the judicial department, which was endangered by such conduct as Williams-Yulee's. Therefore the Court, despite harsh criticism from four conservatives, demonstrated that the interpretation of campaign finance regulations depends mainly on the individual approaches of the Justices towards the scope of First Amendment guaranteees, as well as the meaning of ‘compelling state interest’, which may be different in cases regarding different branches of government.

  • Appendix 1. Survey research

  • from SECTION ONE - MANAGEMENT OF VALUE AND BY VALUE. SURVEY RESEARCH
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 148-156

  • Summary

    Significance of values in management and priorities

    1. Economic values – such as the value of a firm, effectiveness, profitability, competitiveness, the rate of return on the invested capital, innovativeness, the exchange rate, rationality, flexibility and others from this group – I perceive the company in the context of policies and the prevalent practices as: (please choose and mark in one variant):

  • a) the most important alongside adherence to the law from the viewpoint of the management of the enterprise;

  • b) values of key significance; adherence to the law is also of key significance, ethical norms and good practices;

  • c) non-economic values – ethical, cultural, civic, those associated with development, ecology are deemed to be equally important by us as economic values;

  • d) another response, namely ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

    • 2. Ethical and cultural values – such as responsibility, honesty, justice, involvement, amiability, credibility, reliability, trust, respect, cooperation, solidarity, skill of achieving compromise, tolerance, generosity, empathy, understanding, civil courage, moderation, loyalty, others from this group – I perceive the company in the context of policies and the prevalent practices as: (please choose one variant that is closest to your beliefs)

  • a) important for realization of the mission, aims and image of the organization, as well as the promoted culture; they are appreciated and sufficiently displayed in the system of managing the firm;

  • b) important for realization of the mission, aims and image of the organization, as well as the promoted culture, although not appreciated and insufficiently displayed in the system of managing the firm;

  • c) treated in general as second-rate in the set with economic values;

  • d) another response, namely ………………………………………………………………

    • 3. Competence and developmental values – such as education and knowledge, experience and skills, leadership, creativity, activity, communicativeness, approaches and behaviour, health and psychophysical condition, professionalism, ability to achieve aims and realization of tasks, professional development, others from this group – I perceive the company in the context of policies and the prevalent practices as:

  • a) neuralgic for its existence, competitiveness and development and treated so;

  • b) significant values, although not always sufficiently displayed in the policies of the firm;

  • c) in general rather secondary, although primary in some areas of activity;

  • Alfred Marshall's Puzzles (and How to Solve Them)

  • Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska, Rafał Matera
  • Book:
    Ethics in Economic Thought
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 33-48

  • Summary

    Marshall's approach to economics hides a kind of paradox. On one hand, the ‘father’ of neoclassical economics, who usually shunned explicit statements on the methodological issues, in an straightforward way favoured conducting economics as a positive science. His adoption of such an attitude is understandable as it was, in a way, a natural consequence of the development of the 19th century methodological reflections formulated by John Stuart Mill (1844; 1974), William Nassau Senior (1836, 1852), John Elliot Cairnes (1875) and John Neville Keynes (1891). It may be treated as signum temporis too, as the last quarter of that century was the time of professionalisation of economics, recognizing it is a science focused on researching facts, free from subjective evaluation, providing instead objective knowledge about certain aspects of social reality. The ideal of economics as a positive science facilitated it in establishing its position as an independent science and academic discipline. The fact that Marshall was such a consistent and determined advocate of conducting economics as a positive science is, however, also puzzling for at least two reasons. First of all, even a quick overview of his works allows to notice that, despite his calls for avoiding value judgments in theoretical considerations, his texts are full to the brim with moral teachings. Secondly, while in referring to the problems of economic policy, as he did in various memoranda, petitions or as a member of government committees, he referred to the theory of economics, he also frequently took into account ethical aspects, often giving pre-eminence to ethical arguments over conclusions stemming from research grounded only on the theory of economics. As an example of such an approach may be seen his questioning of his own the theoretically-conceived idea of reform of the fiscal system, i.e. taxing those industries whose production falls under the law of diminishing returns and handing them down to those industries that generate increasing returns. In his opinion, the potential benefits resulting from introducing this solution were too difficult to estimate, especially when juxtaposed with the danger of the emergence of a situation fostering corruption, embezzlement or the squandering of resources which could result from transferring some of the funds and energy of the entrepreneurs away from managing their own companies to attempts to influence those persons who would decide on the allocation of the subsidies (Marshall [1920] 1947, 472−473, 475).

  • Introduction

    • By Ewa Kocój, Institute of Culture, Faculty of Management and Social Communication of the Jagiellonian University
  • Edited by Ewa Kocój, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Łukasz Gaweł, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Faces of Identity and Memory
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 7-10

  • Summary

    Cultural Heritage of Central and Eastern Europe is still little known, but is increasingly being exposed as an area for scientific research. This region of Europe has experienced exceptional historical events in the twentieth century. Along the majority societies associated with different states, there lived communities of the minority and stateless, torn by totalitarian regimes of the previous century. The politics of assimilation aimed at the national, ethnic, and religious minorities has taken an enormous toll on their cultural heritage. The empty, devastated Jewish synagogues, Orthodox, Greek and Roman Catholic churches serving as warehouses are still to be seen on these lands. We encounter fallen mansions or houses abandoned in a hurry of those who once lived their life in a colourful multicultural reality of the borderland. The fall of communism in this part of Europe has restored the memory of the “absent” and triggered activities to rescue their tangible and intangible cultural heritage. In Central-Eastern Europe, the passing decades have been characterized by many interesting and new projects created within the framework of the forgotten and uncomfortable heritage, undertaken by many public, self-government, private and non-profit institutions They are supported by the organizers and implementers of culture, as well as regional activists and enthusiasts who realize there will be a big void in the history and collective memory of this region if the minorities’ heritage is to disappear.

    The monographincludes papers from international researchers tackling various issues on cultural heritage and its management. They present multiple involvements of this area of culture within different European countries’ politics or ideology. The monographincludes a heft y number of articles on identity and collective memory – the old, the new and the newly built – related to specific nations or ethnicities of Central European culture. The opening articles undertakes the issues of Romania and Lithuania, countries enjoying now more and more scientific and social projects as well as increasing care of the state in respect to their cultural heritage. The article of Ewa Kocoj refers to the specifics of post-memory within the framework and management of cultural heritage in Romania and the institutions responsible for this area of culture.

  • Female Religious Practitioners in the Context of Contemporary Transformations of Islam in Tajikistan

  • from Religion
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 129-148

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    This paper analyses the issue of the place of the female informal religious practitioners termed bibi otun/bibi khalifa within the social landscape of Tajikistan. These women play the role of spiritual leaders primarily among the female part of the traditionally sedentary population of Central Asia. Otuns deal with a variety of issues related to spiritual life, teaching children and women religion, and performing rituals and prayers for the female part of the community. They are trained in Arabic as well as Islamic texts. Sometimes otuns, apart from religious activities, assist women in various social matters. In spite of the widespread opinion about the subordinate role of women in Central Asia, otuns have a high social status as religious authorities, and their informal influences often go beyond just the women's domain. Dynamic and continual changes within the social and political life in Tajikistan have also left their mark on the place and role of these religious practitioners.

    INTRODUCTION

    This paper addresses the function of the female religious figures termed bibi otun in Tajik society. Despite the common view that the participation of women in the lives of these communities is minor, female religious authorities are important social actors. Due to the special status of spiritual and religious leaders in Tajik society, female spiritual authorities enjoy a prestigious position among the people and they wield considerable influence among the female part of the community. Their activities are deeply rooted in the traditional practices of communal life through performing life-cycle rituals and celebrations. Dynamic and continual changes within the social and political life in Tajikistan have also impacted the place and role held by these religious practitioners.

    The main purpose of this paper is to present the various aspects related to the role of female religious professionals. It also analyses various theoretical issues regarding the origin and history of otuns, and the contemporary changes within Islam in Tajikistan.

    The idea for a project regarding female religious authorities in Central Asia was developed over several years of conducting my academic research and working for the NGO sector in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. During this time, I had the opportunity to participate in religious education classes for women, various rituals, as well as to meet with female religious authorities.

  • Economics as a Positive Science. Reflections after Reading Tomáš Sedláček's Economics of Good and Evil

  • Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska, Rafał Matera
  • Book:
    Ethics in Economic Thought
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 81-90

  • Summary

    Belief may be no more, in the end,

    than a source of energy,

    like a battery

    which one clips into an idea to make it run.

    (Coetzee 2003, 42)

    Almost from the very moment economics became an independent science one of its fundamental methodological problems has been the following: are economists, when building their theoretical concepts, able to confine themselves to describing and analysing facts pertaining to economic life only, without evaluating them? Is it possible to conduct economics without value judgments, by dealing with the economic reality instead? In other words – is economics a positive science? Although the postulate of avoiding value judgments has been voiced ever louder since the end of the 19th century, and its ‘implementation’ has eventually become the criterion of scientificity of economic theories, the issue still remains a subject of debate, or even disputes.

    An incredibly loud voice on the subject is Economics of Good and Evil by the Czech economist Tomáš Sedláček, who puts forward a thesis that ‘all of economics is, in the end, economics of good and evil’ (Sedláček 2011), and – what follows – it is full to the brim with value judgments. It is evil in itself, and contrary to the conviction of most mainstream economists, it is a normative science.

    This chapter is devoted to an analysis of Sedláček's argumentation, confronting his standpoint with the approach of other researchers, and evaluating to what extent his approach may be attractive for economists today.

    Positive economics and value judgments: evolution of the approaches

    When discussing positive and normative economics, the thesis known as ‘Hume's guillotine’ is assumed as the starting point. This term refers to the idea David Hume's put forth in Treatise of Human Nature (1739−1740), the essence of which is the statement that descriptive judgments about facts (‘is’ or ‘is not’ statements) do not allow for the introduction of any judgments about values. They do not allow for the formulation of statements such as ought to or ought not to (Hume 1963, 259−260).1 Adopting such a viewpoint leads to the conclusion that distinguishing between normative and positive economics is not only legitimate, but even necessary.

    The term positive economics emerged in the discussions about methodology much later. The very name was introduced by John Neville Keynes in The Scope and Method of Economic Science, published in 1891.

  • California Medical Association v. F.E.C.: 453 U.S. 182 (1981)

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 68-71

  • Summary

    It seemed that after major changes in the original version of the Federal Election Campaign Act, which, among other reasons, resulted from a judicial review of the law by the Supreme Court, there would be no serious challenge to the constitutionality of campaign finance law. The analysis of the political and legal history of the 1980s and 1990s, however, reveals quite an opposite situation. In these two decades there were several suits in the federal courts, which raised various problems on the scope of the legislation, both from the procedural as well as substantive perspectives. One of the first important cases regarding the constitutionality of FECA was California Medical Association, et al. v. F.E.C., decided by the Supreme Court in 1981.

    The petitioners, a non-profit medical organization, had created in the mid 1970s a political action committee (the California Medical Political Action Committee), the goal of which was to support candidates in legislative elections. As a formal committee, it was subject to the limitations imposed on similar organizations, stemming from the provisions of Federal Election Campaign Act. When the Federal Election Commission, responsible for overseeing the enforcement of federal campaign finance laws, found out that the committee had exceeded the acceptable contribution limits, it filed a lawsuit against the California Medical Association. After winning in the District Court, and losing in the Court of Appeals, the association brought the case to the Supreme Court. The issue was similar to the earlier challenges of the campaign finance laws, as it referred to the accordance of the Federal Election Campaign Act with the First Amendment's freedom of speech guarantees. The Court found that free speech was not violated by the contribution limits set by FECA, arguing that such limits served a compelling state interest: the protection of the integrity of the electoral process. The precedent was reached by a 5–4 margin, proving that the Justices were divided over the meaning of campaign finance restrictions, and the scope of the First Amendment's protection of candidates and other participants of the process.

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