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3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press

Page 82 of 154

  • 2 - Nature of Values and Catalogue of Values in Management

  • from SECTION THREE - CHOSEN AXIOLOGICAL ISSUES 235
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 271-320

  • Summary

    Nature of values

    There is no singular definition of values. The assumption adopted here is closer to the perception of social values, in that value is a general abstract principle that marks out the patterns of behaviour in a given organization / community / society which, as a result of the process of socialization – the members of a given community value highly and around which the integration of individual and social aims are executed.

    The prototype of values was that of virtue (Greek arete, Latin virtus). Two and a half thousand years ago during the times of the sophists and Socrates, five of them were known: wisdom, prudence, valour, moderation and piety. Two hundred years later, Aristotle described 18 virtues in total. Nowadays, the term virtue is more seldom utilized and has been pushed out by values, whose number is enormous and impossible to establish precisely.

    The purpose of this paper is adopted to a significant extent from Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950), Władysław Tatarkiewicz (1886–1980) and Hans Joasem (born in 1948), in terms of the following assumptions:

  • – Philosophy, while also morality and ethics have certain constant achievements of a transhistorical significance, which also include virtues and values, while also being the universal trophy of these sciences.

  • – Values exist in an objective way, while the ideal entity from the other types, for instance mathematics, in which it is distinguished by the fact that they do not express necessity, but obligation is a significant feature of values.

  • – Each value that is excessively one-sided and displayed may be a threat to other values and for mankind itself. Hartmann termed this the “tyranny of value”. As we know from the experience of the 20th century, such values became a threat in the form of social justice, the happiness of future generations, the good of Germans (in the Third Reich), patriotism and courage. Contemporary threats are becoming values such as freedom, efficiency and competitiveness, while doubtless to say the good of the Russians, albeit by itself, without the excessive and pathological display they are, as in the previous cases, positive notions.

  • I Am Your Father! Dynasties and Dynastic Legitimacy on Pre-Islamic Coinage between Iran and Northwest India

  • Edited by Edward Dąbrowa, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Central Asia and Iran - Greeks, Parthians, Kushans and Sasanians
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 173-200

  • Summary

    Abstract: The present paper intends to explore the way in which the new kingdoms born from the dissolution of the Greco-Macedonian powers east of the Tigris employed coinage in order to promote kingship ideology based on kinship and family relationships. At the same time, it will try to show the interplay as well as the differences between Greco-Macedonian and local cultures in using family as a tool of propaganda.

    Key words: kingship ideology, Seleucids, Bactria, India, Arsacids, Persis, Elymais, Characene, Sakas, Indo-Scythians, Kushans, Sasanians.

    Coins and communication

    Aside from being a financial instrument, coinage has always been an important means of spreading messages related to ideology from a central power towards subjects. This practice became all the more widespread from the Hellenistic period onwards, when the dynasties emerging from the disintegration of Alexander's empire had to claim their legitimacy to rule in the face of their opponents. Thus, coins were a suitable way of communicating basic concepts of kingship, legitimacy and even ethnic identity. This kind of communication operated at several levels: the most immediate was the use of a particular iconography, which included the portrait of the ruling king, images recalling the myths of foundation of the dynasty, military victories, gods or personification of virtues protecting the king and his family. At a regional level, iconography would refer to indigenous features and traditions such as local shrines and deities. A second level was represented by written communication, which was intended for all those people capable of reading the messages carved on one or both the faces of the coin. Apart from giving more technical details such as the location of the mint, the weight of the coin and the name of the magistrate charged with the task of supervising the mintage, coin legends provided information about the identity of the ruler, the royal titles he bore and, accordingly, the ideology of his kingship. Those who were able to understand both the non-written and the written messages of a coin could then access a small but effective compendium of the public image a sovereign wanted to show to his subjects (as well as to those living outside his kingdom).

Cultural Heritage - Management, Identity and Potential
  • Edited by Łukasz Gaweł, Ewa Kocój
  • Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015
  • Cultural heritage is one of the concepts that have made an unusual career in the 20th century. The cultural codes associated with it - senses, meanings, and ideas, characteristic for specific local or national communities, and the tangible and intangible assets, became a space for new fascinations as well as scientific, regional, social and amateur exploration. These multiple searches for the truth showed that the essence of heritage is portrayed in the choice transforming the cultural goods into "our heritage". The areas of culture, which are given axiological sense by individuals or communities, are usually protected and communicated to the next generations. There are various forms of communication - individual as well as collective oral tradition, institutional - public, private and non-governmental distinctive for organizations which select the phenomena and artefacts important from the point of view of their meanings.
    The texts included in the monograph present an enormous potential of the group of phenomena belonging to the tangible and intangible cultural heritage as well as its management. They also bring new findings and research perspectives, point to interesting meanings and associations, which are characteristic of this area of interdisciplinary research. By touching the local and universal as well as private and institutional, the authors show that the field of cultural heritage and its management can still offer a lot to explore…
    Ewa Kocój, Introduction

  • 8 - Perception of innovativeness

  • from SECTION ONE - MANAGEMENT OF VALUE AND BY VALUE. SURVEY RESEARCH
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 67-70

  • Summary

    Innovativeness is a value which has been debated in detail for many years, indicating both its significance in the creation of new demand and development of markets, as well as its ties with an economy based on knowledge and Polish backwardness (our country is to be found at the end of the EU ranking in terms of innovativeness). On the other hand however, it is worth being aware of the fact that in a multitude of cases, these attributes are not innovations, but traditional (classical) solutions and technologies; while in monopolies and oligopolies innovativeness does not have to be in first place. Such opinions are convergent with the later views of P.F. Drucker, who claimed that not everyone must be innovative: it is necessary not to set innovative goals before people, those responsible for maintenance, utilization and the optimization of the existing processes. He also drew attention to the fact that innovative activities that take firms away from their current activities rarely become a success.

    A certain impact on the registered changes (not actual changes) in the sphere of the level of innovativeness is also exerted by ownership changes in the structure of the economy. In large foreign and international corporations present in Poland, very frequently the designing, construction and technologies are solely created by the parent organizations abroad, while the Polish employees deal exclusively with the general execution (production, sales, etc.). A further factor is the insufficient number of educated engineers and surplus of humanists, with the former being in general more innovative.

    Information about how respondents perceive innovativeness in their enterprises is presented in Tables 31–32.

    Table 30 reveals that 72% of respondents acknowledge innovativeness to be a value of key significance (the total responses in variants 1 and 2), although more frequently insufficiently supported rather than strongly supported. Nevertheless, almost 30% of the respondents deemed that in their organizations, competitiveness is not a value of key significance.

    In joint-stock companies the pressure on innovativeness is greater than in other types of enterprises (Table 31).

Central Asia and Iran - Greeks, Parthians, Kushans and Sasanians
  • Edited by Edward Dąbrowa
  • Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015
  • The volume contains 12 studies presenting political, social, economic and religious aspects of history of Central Asia and Iran in period from IVth century BCE to Vth century CE. Their authors are leading specialists in the field. They are interpreting and reconstructing the past of the area researching various kinds of evidence: literary, archaeological, linguistic and numismatic. In some papers are the first time presented results of recent archaeological excavations in Old Nisa and Uzbekistan.

  • In Search of the Elusive Town of Persepolis

  • from Archaeology
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 239-252

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    The authors present the preliminary results of the excavations of the Iranian-Italian Joint Archaeological Mission in Fars, confirming the first evidence of the settlement in the site of Persepolis West indicated by geophysic surveys: a kiln and an adjacent dump area point to the existence of a craft area of a settlement in Area B, while a grid of ditches associated with a fencing wall suggests the existence of a garden in Area C. In Area A, Area D and Area E the excavations have shown the great alteration of the ground carried out after 1970. The pottery recovered from the stratigraphic sequences of the various trenches excavated, associated to C14 dating of some charcoal samples as well as to archaeometric analyses, allows a first well-grounded study of ceramic production in the region.

    The focus of the project ‘From Palace to Town,’ started by the Iranian-Italian Joint Archaeological Mission in 2008 is represented by Persepolis, nowadays a world heritage site visited by thousand of tourists during every year.

    By Persepolis we generally mean the imposing Achaemenid terrace built by Darius I at the end of the 6th century BC, in order to celebrate the dynasty with imposing buildings enriched by elaborate reliefs, but we should not forget that this Terrace was only the central focus of a larger settlement, a sort of Imperial Citadel sided by areas which allowed its functioning.

    We have two main types of evidence regarding the inhabited settlement of Persepolis: written sources and information form the surface surveys.

    Among the written sources we may account first the Elamite tablets recovered in the excavations at the Persepolis Fortifications and Treasury, well known particularly after the attempt of confiscation and sale by the United States Courts in order to compensate a legal case brought by private persons against the Government of Iran: I take the occasion to remind that on that occasion the Societas Iranologica Europaea sent its concerned appeal to President Obama, which added to many other voices throughout the world and helped in rejecting the absurd claim.

    In these tablets there are more than one hints to a settlement nearby the Terrace, where the many people involved in the daily activities there could live (Sumner 1986: passim).

  • Modernity and Fertility Decline in Iran

  • from Social and Cultural Studies
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 319-328

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Placing fertility and birth rates in Iran within the paradigm of modernity and its social consequences deconstructs the myth of an Iranian demographic singularity in fertility behavior. A critical look at some common, unreflected categories used in the literature to define fertility changes, i.e., infant mortality, women's marriage age, education and employment, identifies the recent steep drop of the birthrate in Iran as a logical consequence of profound social changes over the past fifty years that are rooted in ideas and trends starting in the 19th century. With knowledge gained through ethnographic research in Iran I demonstrate how ethnographic insights into the ideational basis of fertility behavior deepen the understanding of complex socio-economic and cultural processes that astonish scholars who work with correlations based on quantitative data.

    INTRODUCTION

    One of the few recent developments in Iran with a positive echo in the global press is the so-called ‘miracle’ of the recent rapid decline in the fertility rate. The miracle thesis says that nowhere has the birthrate dropped as fast as in the Islamic Republic, and this without heavy-handed government interference or heated speeches from podium and pulpit. Governmental sanctions were soft. For example, people found ways to circumvent the threat of a cut in health care benefits and raise in hospital birthing fees for any child after the third per family. The motivation to limit family size was not governmental force but facilitation of what people called ‘reasonable’ decisions and common sense. Like miracles in general, this demographic one is easier to describe than to explain.

    The literature on this social phenomenon in Iran is rich on statistics and correlations but short on explanations, and shorter yet on socio-cultural frames in which this drastic drop makes sense. As the anthropological/ethnographic view is largely missing in the literature, I aim to sketch here the parameters for fertility dynamics in Iran that Agnes Loeffler and I have noted during our accumulated decade of residence in Iran between 1965 and 2006. Loeffler's main work was on medical topics in Shiraz; mine was ethnographic fieldwork mostly in the tribal province of Boir Ahmad, southwest Iran. We used standard qualitative ethnographic methodologies, including observations and discussions in health clinics.

  • Verbalization of the Universal Human Concept of the Soul in Persian

  • from Linguistics
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 35-44

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    The problems concerning terms such as concept, concept sphere and conceptualization are mainly researched within two relatively new fields in linguistics, namely Cognitive Linguistics and Cultural Linguistics. Cognitive Linguistics regards linguistic phenomena as products of human experience and its main focus is on how human beings comprehend, manipulate and metaphorically extend meanings. Cultural Linguistics focuses on the interrelationship between language, culture and conceptualization, taking into account that various cultures provide different perceptions of reality and that languages reflect such variations. This study explores the Persian conceptualisation of the SOUL – one of the universal human concepts – mostly through linguistic and semantic analysis of lexical and phraseological units verbalising this concept in Persian. This article is in line with the research of Anna Wierzbicka who presents a crosslinguistic study comparing universal human concepts such as soul, mind and heart and their embodiment in different languages.

    In the contemporary globalised world, the scale of interaction among representatives of different cultures and ethnoses is increasing steadily. This provokes interest from linguists towards language phenomena in the wider extralinguistic context, in particular those bound with inter-lingual communication problems. Undoubtedly, for successful communication today, it is necessary not only to have good command of a certain language, but also to comprehend specific features of world view, national character and the mentality of the people this language is spoken by. Anna Wierzbicka maintains that ‘there is a close link between the life of a society and the lexicon of the language spoken by it. This fact not only applies to material culture but also to people's values, ideals, attitudes, and their world view’ (Wierzbicka 1997, p. 5). Every lingua-culture inherits and transmits historically and culturally-shaped ways of thinking (Wierzbicka 2010, p. 1), which is manifested in the language and various linguistic products of its representatives.

    The problems of the human conceptualization of the world have received a lot of attention from scientists in recent years. In Russian and Ukrainian linguistic societies, the main focus is on the study of the so called ‘linguistic picture of the world’, i.e. a system of culturally significant notions and stereotypes reflected in linguistic entities. Furthermore, the number of works devoted to different aspects of this lingua-cultural phenomenon has recently been increasing.

  • Shibboleths of Heresies: on Some Essential Markers of the Near Eastern Non-Dogmatic Milieu

  • from Religion
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 119-128

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    The comparative study of heterodox Islam and its derivatives (in particular, Yezidism), reveals multiple parallels easily explained either by the common Muslim origin or popular regional traditions. Some of those striking similarities, however, occur in the religious systems separated from each other by time and geography, and thus cannot only be determined by religious developments of certain historical periods in specified areas. This paper focuses on several religious phenomena marking quite different heterodox traditions of the region, particularly on the figure of Malak Tāwūs, the worship of the black dog, and the tanāsux (reincarnation). Some of these elements still exist among the Yezidis and the Ahl-i Haqq, and some, whose relics are observed on a marginal level, can be reconstructed through comparative historical analysis. The research is both a statement of the problem, that of shibboleths marking non-dogmatic groups of the Near Eastern region, and an attempt of comparative analysis of these markers.

    Non-dogmatic groups in the Near Eastern region share a number of common elements, which can hardly be determined either by their mutual influence or by similar religious developments of certain historical period in a given area.

    If, for instance, the parallels between the Yezidism and extreme Shi‘a sects (ghulāt), rooted in the same heterodox Muslim environment, have been previously emphasized,1 a wider analysis of this phenomenon as part of the whole Near Eastern non-dogmatic, and particularly pre-Islamic milieu, still remains a challenge for scholars of comparative religion studies.

    Revealed on different levels – being among either fundamentals of nondogmatic traditions or their marginal elements – such common elements can be generally defined as specific, distinctive markers, or shibboleths of the Near Eastern ‘heretic’ milieu, but not only that of the heterodox Islam. Having existed in the area long before the emergence of Islam, they most probably penetrated into the heterodox Muslim milieu and have been preserved as its marginal constituents in sectarian trends.

    The paper focuses on the following three phenomena – the cult of Malak- Tāwūs (Peacock Angel),3 the worship of the black dog, and the idea of tanāsux (reincarnation), since they mark quite different traditions, having emerged in different periods of time and going back to different religious environments.

    The figure of Malak-Tawus reigns in the Yezidi religious mentalité, the Peacock Angel being the basic characteristic of the Yezidi religion and the essence of their faith.

  • Finnish Political Science in the 21st Century France

  • from Finland
  • Edited by Barbara Krauz-Mozer, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Małgorzata Kułakowska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Piotr Borowiec, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Paweł Ścigaj, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Political Science in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 87-108

  • Summary

    Summary: Compared with many other European countries, political science in Finland has a relatively long history, as the first chair was established at the University of Helsinki in 1921. Today, political science is a discipline in six universities with a teaching staff of some sixty scholars. In addition, there are some fifty political scientists working in different projects on a temporary basis. The Finnish political science community is small, but well established (the Finnish Political Science Association was founded already in 1935). After the Second World War, the discipline was influenced by American political science, but since the 1970s, political scientists have become more “European” and “global.” Today, the discipline is facing new challenges due to the Bologna Process and the EU's Lisbon strategy, which have introduced curriculum, governance and funding reforms in the Finnish higher education. As a result, universities were privatised in 2010. At the same time, new higher education ideology has emphasised large institutions with strong leadership and interdisciplinarity in teaching and research. In the new situation, there is a danger that political science as a theoretical science will lose its identity and become suffocated by more applied disciplines.

    On the history of the Finnish political science

    Compared with many other European countries, political science in Finland has a relatively long history as an academic discipline. The first chair in political science was established at the University of Helsinki in 1921. The teaching began in 1924, with Karl Robert Brother us (a historian by education) as the first professor in the discipline. One of the reasons for establishing political science as a subject in the University was a need to educate civil servants for a new republic after the independence in 1917 (on the debates concerning the founding of the new discipline; see Palonen, 1983).

    An interest in political science existed elsewhere, too. A new Swedish-language University, Abo Akademi University, was founded in Turku (Abo in Swedish) in 1918. A chair of political science was established also there. Unfortunately a professor chosen for the post died before taking up his duties and Abo did not fill the professorship until 1942.

  • 3 - Final Reflections

  • from SECTION THREE - CHOSEN AXIOLOGICAL ISSUES 235
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 321-328

  • Summary

  • The inspiration for research was the conviction that management may be more accepted, effective and efficient, while the management team more credible, the co-workers more strongly motivated and convinced of the sense of what they do if it is based on the acknowledged values. It has been assumed that management in harmony with values shall be better adopted and proceed more easily than management with the violation of the respected values or disregarding their existence and ignoring these values. Such assumptions would seem to be common sense and rather obvious, albeit only in a world where values and principles have survived and defended themselves and in which there is still room for values. As a multitude of varying opinions have been voiced on the issue of the nature of the contemporary world in this very context, this thesis need not have been so obvious.

  • We have analysed a certain small section of the world – the representatives of only some enterprises functioning in Poland. One of the aims of the research was to become familiar with the opinions of managers and specialists in organizations of varying types with relation to values, their significance and validity / rank of importance in organizations functioning in Poland in which they are employed. In a manner of speaking, this therefore also related to testing whether and to what extent we are dealing with “post-modernity” and how “fluid” in terms of professional and organizational environments.

  • The results of research have turned out to be in general optimistic and uplifting. The decisive majority of the managers and specialists surveyed expressed the conviction in a variety of ways that values are currently fulfilling a significant role in the management of their organizations. A similar case applies to the enterprises described within the framework of case studies. These results have been rather extensively described in sections I and II of the herein report on the research, thus there is no need to refer to them once more.

Page 82 of 154