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3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press

Page 77 of 154

  • Traditional Diet and Allopathic Medicine in Diagnosis and Treatment in Iran

  • from Social and Cultural Studies
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 357-366

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Traditional conceptualizations of health and disease in Iran are based on the Galenic notions of the ‘humors,’ ascribe therapeutic efficacy to dietary and herbal interventions, and invest the individual ‘constitution’ with the ultimate authority for judging whether a particular therapeutic course is beneficial. Juxtaposed to this is allopathic medicine, which is based on universalizing assumptions about the nature of the human body and on statistical ‘proof’ of the efficacy of pharmaceutical interventions. Although philosophically at variance with one another, in Iran the two systems have become a syncretism, in which allopathic doctors openly accept Galenic principles, occasionally even making these the basis of their treatment recommendations, while arguments using allopathic concepts such as ‘metabolism’ and ‘antitoxins’ give authority to dietary or herbal treatments.

    In Iran, customary habits of food and diet are integral to understandings of health and well being, furnishing explanations for states of health and guidance for prevention and treatment of health problems. These traditional conceptualizations of health, disease and therapy are materially, practically and epistemologically at variance with allopathic medical philosophies. Medical pluralisms exist all over the world, and by now every indigenous culture has had to come to terms with allopathic hegemony. While Iranians would argue that, in Iran, the two systems represent a true pluralism, or two fields of knowl- edge that are distinct and separate, and that patients can choose for themselves whether to follow allopathic or traditional advice, I argue that, at a fundamental level, the practice of medicine in Iran is a syncretism of allopathic and traditional concepts. Allopathic medicine answers to Iranian common sense and thereby becomes adapted to traditional conceptualizations of the body, health and disease.

    Traditional medicine in Iran generally is comprised of two tightly related systems. One is derived from the Galenic notion of the ‘humors,’and pays attention to maintaining balance between various dichotomous conditions in the body, most prominently ‘hot’ (garm) and ‘cold’ (sard). The other, related to the humoral theory but not entirely corresponding to it, can loosely be called ‘herbal.’ This revolves around qualities inherent in foodstuffs other than their ‘hot’/garm or ‘cold’/sard properties, and requires particular and detailed attentiveness to diet.

  • The Pahlavi Translation of Yašt 3

  • from Religion
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 163-176

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Yt 3 is an integral part of the Xorde Avesta sensu stricto and of the daily observances, at least since the middle of the 2nd century AD. Its Avestan text is transmitted in just two main lines, the Iranian Xorde Avesta and the Indian tradition. Pahlavi translations of Yt 3 do not seem to appear earlier than the 19th century, and they are even later than the Yašts’ oldest known translation in New Persian (1706). All the translations of Yt 3 depend on the Indian transmission line, and we have reason to think that they were made in India, at a late time and on a written textual basis.

    INTRODUCTION

    Some recent studies have shown that in pre-Islamic times a few Yašts were intercalated parts of the so-called ‘inner ceremonies.’ While three of these Yašts have a Pahlavi Translation (PT) (Yt 1 [short and long version], 11/11a and 14), three other Yašts which never were part of the high mass have a PT, too (Yt 3, 20 and 21). Remarkably, these six Yašts with PT are the six ones with the highest frequency in XA MSS. It is obvious that the two phenomena are related to each other. But it is unclear whether all of these six translations are survivals from a Pahlavi XA of the 1st millenium AD, or whether they were produced at different times.

    From a methodological point of view, the current theories dealing with the emergence of the translations of the Yašts are problematical for two reasons: 1. they argue on the basis of only a few selected examples and without any statistical data; 2. they argue on the basis of the Dhabhar edition.3 This is a problem because every edition distorts its edited texts. Geldner, for instance, edited an Avestan ‘Khorda Avesta’ which never existed. Compared with Geldner, however, the editing of a Pahlavi Xorde-Avesta is confronted with a serious problem which perhaps can be neglected in the case of the Avestan texts. The translation and even the Pahlavi translation of a Yašt exists in many cases only as several ‘translations.’ Our MSS are something between a ‘copy’ and a ‘version.’ This vulnerable non-identity is destroyed by every edition which tries to reconstruct ‘the text’ of, for instance, ‘the PT.

  • Political Corruption and Electoral Systems Seen with Economists’ Lenses

  • Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska, Rafał Matera
  • Book:
    Ethics in Economic Thought
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 105-116

  • Summary

    A natural consequence of the ongoing process of democratisation over the last two centuries has been the increase of importance of the rules that influence the way we choose representatives rendering power in the name of the sovereign that is the nation. The fundamental role is played here by electoral systems, which in modern democratic states based on the rule of representative democracy determine the way of gaining and legitimizing power. Taking into consideration their great weight the question arises whether these particular ‘game rules’ themselves have an influence on the respect of the rule of law, being one of the basic norms of a democratic system.1 In other words – do the rules of the electoral law influence the scale of power abuses, which are committed by politicians holding public offices who are chosen according to these rules, and to what extent? A question then may be posed about the existence and the character of the relation between electoral systems and the level of political corruption, indicated in the title of this chapter.

    The notion of corruption is here confined to the abuse of power by people holding public offices in order to gain undue advantages.2 It needs to be noted, however, that this phenomenon may be and frequently is defined more broadly – the notion of corruption may also apply to instances of abuse of the professional or social function fulfilled by representatives of other professions, e.g. doctors, university teachers, policemen or office workers, as well as – which by economists is taken into account extremely rarely – entities working in the private sector (Adit 2003; Jain 2001; Lewicka-Strzałecka 2001; 2007).

    The evidence of the difficulty in defining the term on the legal and legislative level may be the verdict of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal from June 23rd, 2009 overruling part of the regulations of the Central Anticorruption Bureau Bill from June 9th, 2006. By act of this law the provisions determining in which situations we deal with the phenomenon of corruption included, inter alia, in this very act were declared not consistent with either the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, nor the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Article 1 point 3 of the initial text of the bill). After the verdict taking effect the statutory definition of corruption expanded greatly.

  • Preliminary Remarks on Middle Persian ‹nc› in the Pahlavi Documents

  • from Linguistics
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 67-74

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    In the Pahlavi documents we find a sequence of characters that are commonly transliterated as ‹nc›, representing Middle Persian namāz ‘reverence.’ The vocalisation as namāz, a word most commonly found in the greeting formulae of letters, is not disputed. The question is rather whether these characters stand for a phonetic, albeit abbreviated, spelling of namāz or whether they constitute an abbreviation that developed out of the heterogram ‹‘SGDH›.

    In light of recent developments in the field and the rather sizeable evidence, I will revisit the arguments brought forward thus far and propose a new interpretation.

    Middle Persian (MP) namāz ‹‘SGDH, nm'c› ‘reverence, prostration, prayer’ is well attested in Zoroastrian Middle Persian (ZMP), Manichaean MP (MMP) as well as Pahlavi documents (PD). Since Hansen (1938: 25), a sequence of characters in the PDs have commonly been transliterated as ‹nc›, representing namāz. The vocalisation of ‹nc› is not disputed and its syntax in the context of the greeting formulae has been discussed by Weber in a number of publications. The questions at hand are whether these characters stand for a phonetic or heterographic spelling and whether they represent an abbreviation. In the following, I would like to offer a short overview of namāz in ZMP, before turning my attention to its spelling in the PDs.

    Although not noted by MacKenzie (1990) in his dictionary, namāz can be compounded with the verb kardan ‘to do, make, act, perform’ and its derived forms to convey a meaning semantically closer to ‘to worship.’ In such cases it is semantically closer to NP namāz xwāndan:

    MX 53 (1) pursīd dānāg ō mēnōy ī xrad (2) kū namāz ud stāyišn ī yazadān čiyōnkunišn … (5) ud hamgōnag padīrag māh ud ātaxš ī wahrām ayāb ātaxš ī ādarōgbāmdād ud nēm-rōz ud ēbārag namāz ud stāyišn kardan. (1) Dānāg asked MX: (2) How is the reverence and praise of the deities to be performed? … (5) And likewise, they are to be revered and praised in the morning, noon and evening, facing the moon and a wahrām fire or ādarōg fire.

    Similarly, in Gizistag Abāliš

    harw kas bāmdād ka az wistarag abar āxēzed dast nē šōyed namāz (ī) yazad (ud)stāyišn ī yazadān nē kunēd …

Studies on the Iranian World: Before Islam
  • Medieval and Modern
  • Volume 1
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska
  • Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015
  • The Iranian world (perceived not only as Iran, but the whole Persian-speaking and culturally "Persianate" area, including Afghanistan, Kurdistan, Tajikistan parts of Central Asia and Indian Subcontinent) is nowadays a sensitive region of the Middle East, and the focus of public opinion is on its political developments. But it should not be forgotten, that this is also a distinct cultural area with an extremely rich and complex history, with a mosaic of ethnic and religious groups, with ancient languages and dialects, with wonderful and sophisticated literatures, with not only fascinating ancient beliefs and traditions, but also amazing dynamics of modern change combined with an uninterrupted continuation. The Iranian past and present still reveal unknown, surprising aspects, opening up prospects for new research. Without knowledge of its cultural background with all its richness and complexity, the understanding of the contemporary Iranian world would not be possible.

  • Memory for the Future. Managing History Within the Framework of Museums

    • By Katarzyna Barańska, Institute of Culture, Faculty of Management and Social Communication of the Jagiellonian University
  • Edited by Łukasz Gaweł, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Ewa Kocój, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Cultural Heritage - Management, Identity and Potential
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 97-106

  • Summary

    Abstract: The most important idea in this article is that managing a museum means as much as managing history. It is important to be aware that managing memory is indeed equal to managing the oblivion. Whatever will be overlooked within the collection (memory), will most probably be forgotten. Museums should remember that it is about making incessant choices as to which elements of heritage should be preserved and kept in appropriate conditions to be available for further generations. There is a lot of evidence of political, ethnic, social, economical and cultural exclusion. We need to emphasize that all the members of a given community foster its culture and history. Certainly, not all of them participate in its development equally – certain groups (e.g. political) or certain individuals (such as artists) become especially active in certain periods of time or are more influential than other groups in the development of a culture within a smaller community or the entire society. But museums should remember about all of them and should build their collections and displays having all the cultural objects and abjects (acc. to Yulia Kristeva). If a museum is to be the seat of memory and history it needs to include the memory and history of everyone.

    Key words: memory & oblivion, abjects, museum, exclusion

    Managing the museum means as much as managing history; it is a specific sort of management pursuing the needs of the future. The idea has been defined by ICOM (International Council of Museums), which by determining the essence and key tasks performed by these institutions, so valuable within the realm of culture, emphasizes that a museum “acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment.” Developing a collection means to continuously answer questions about what is important to be remembered for future generations, what will (or could) have significance and what answers or meanings will be sought after by the ensuing museum frequenters. In other words, it is about making incessant choices as to which elements of heritage should be preserved and kept in appropriate conditions to be available for further generations.

  • 3 - Foundations for Assessing Competitiveness of an Airport

  • Małgorzata Bednarczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Ewa Grabińska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Airport Competitivness
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 59-86

  • Summary

    In the ever more competitive world of air transportation, maintaining a competitive position of individual airports in the air transport market is increasing in importance. Ensuring the current and future competitive strength is a serious challenge to all airports, but especially to regional airports, because their position – in comparison with the so-called big ports (hubs) – is not as stable and unthreatened. This chapter discusses the key elements for the analysis and evaluation of airport competitiveness. An overview of methods and tools used in competitiveness evaluation is shown, leading to the selection of features, which have significant impact on a competitive position of an airport.

    Fundamental aspects of airport competitiveness

    The dynamic development of the market for air transport services, coupled with the processes of liberalization and deregulation, have led to increased competition between individual airports.86 It turns out that the marketing approach, which assumes airport's monopoly on the service, is out-dated. In recent years, airport areas in many regions have been significantly expanded. This has been largely influenced by the emergence of the so-called low-cost airlines. Passengers, who can purchase an airline ticket at a favourable price, are willing to devote more time to getting to the airport, which offers them that opportunity. The development of transport infrastructure also has a major impact on airport competitiveness. Airports have to compete against each other for customers.

    The growth in air traffic volume requires airports to increase their infrastructure spending. They need to improve the efficiency of runways, the assignment of slots and ground operations. This is associated with the need to work with new and still very expensive technological solutions. The processes of deregulation and liberalization of the airports, which have been taking place around the world for the last several years, led to airports becoming prone to fierce competition. On the other hand, the quality of airport service is affected by separate regulations (e.g. such concerning safety or protection of the environment). Until a few decades ago, most airports were state owned. The gradual privatization carried out today in many countries is causing an increase in shareholders’ expectations for profit and quality management.

  • Austrian Political Science in the 21st Century

  • from Austria
  • Edited by Barbara Krauz-Mozer, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Małgorzata Kułakowska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Piotr Borowiec, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Paweł Ścigaj, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Political Science in Europe at the Beginning of the 21st Century
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 19-38

  • Summary

    Summary: Given the fact that political science remains a rather small discipline within the Austrian higher education system, its pre-institutional history, initial inception, as well as its role in the Austrian university landscape have been pretty thoroughly investigated in the meantime (Appelt and Pollak, 2007; König, 2010). Based on this extensive literature (mostly in German), the following text attempts to provide a complete picture of the current status quo of the discipline in Austria and to discuss some of the more recent developments. The article starts with a brief summary of the historical development of the discipline and its current structural set-up. The main part will then be dedicated to analyse how the discipline developed during the past two decades in Austria, based on descriptive statistical data. In section 3, the text focuses on assessing developments in the political science teaching, before analysing the research-side in chapter 4. A short summary and outlook concludes this chapter.

    Brief history and structure of the discipline

    In the history of the social sciences, Austria, and its capital Vienna in particular, has long inhabited a special role, despite the precarious status of many of its proponents at the fringes of the academic world. People like Marie Jahoda or Paul Felix Lazarsfeld who became world famous upon their arrival in the U.S. with its more receptive academic culture made their first steps as social scientists here; however, the issue of scientifically assessing the domain of politics and policy-making remained almost exclusively in the hands of jurists (even though some of them were open towards matters of analysing political regimes and contributing to democratic theory, such as Hans Kelsen) (Ehs, 2010). With the consecutive regimes of authoritarianism, then fascism, then restorative democracy between the early 1930s and the late 1960s, the voices of emerging social scientists were almost entirely suppressed and forced to leave (Fleck, 2011). Thus, unlike most of the other European countries on the Western side of the Iron Curtain, Austria did not develop a separate discipline of political science during the conservative decade of the 1950s.

  • Buckley v. Valeo: 424 U.S. 1 (1976)

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 44-53

  • Summary

    Almost no other case has had such a significant impact on the constitutional meaning of campaign finance laws as Buckley v. Valeo. Analysts of the issue often divide the history of money in the federal electoral process into the pre-Buckley and post-Buckley eras, demonstrating that the 1976 Supreme Court decision introduced a new understanding of the regulation of campaign finance. Opponents of the FECA and its amendment argued that some limits on campaign donations and expenses severely violated the Constitution, as they endangered the First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and association. The First Amendment's clause referring to the right to express oneself, the right to decide about the amount of money spent in a campaign by the candidate, and the right to information concerning the candidates, led to the very original conclusion reached by the majority of Justices that “money talks,” and that, therefore, the process of spending money in electoral campaigns is a type of expression called political speech.

    The lawsuit was filed by conservative Senator James Buckley against a former member of Federal Election Commission, Francis Valeo, who represented the U.S. government. When the District Court and Court of Appeals decided against Buckley, he appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted review. The main issue in the case referred to the constitutionality of the provisions of the 1971 and 1974 legislation, which imposed expenditure limits on candidates in federal campaigns, but the Court, in a per curiam opinion, determined not only the status of campaign spending but also of individual and group contributions to candidates. On the one hand, the Justices upheld contribution limits, explaining their important anti-corruption role, but on the other they found expenditure limits to be in contradiction to freedom of speech and expression. In other words, the American government, having an interest in fighting corruption, had a compelling state interest to impose limitations on contributions, but not on campaign spending. Moreover, several passages of the Buckley decision seem to contradict each other. For instance, if presidential candidates applied to use the public fund, the expenditure limit would be constitutional. But if they chose to reject it, they were free to spend as much as they wished.

  • 4 - External and Internal Determinants of Regional Airport Competitiveness

  • Małgorzata Bednarczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Ewa Grabińska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Airport Competitivness
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 87-98

  • Summary

    The success or failure of such enterprise depends on determinants, which should be examined as an impact of various external and internal factors. The multiplicity of these elements, as well as diverse strength of their impact, cause the study of determinants of the development of regional airport and their effect on its competitiveness – possible success or failure – to be a very complex process.

    In the first section of this chapter, we will present the external determinants affecting the activity of Polish airports. The (external) environment of an airport is an outside source of its competitiveness and a source of both possibilities (opportunities) and threats (restrictions) to the growth of the port. The basis for the development strategy, that is strategic port competitiveness, is to identify the most important factors in the different layers of the environment i.e. macro-, meso- and micro-environment. The operation and competition of the airport is shaped by strong interactions, which occur between various elements of the environment (macro-, meso- and micro-).

    At the micro-environment level, the regional airport is impacted by factors related to the fact that the facility operates in specific global conditions, although it exists in a particular region and country. It is also significantly influenced by the general socio-demographic situation. Among the most significant determinants at meso-environment level are factors related to the issue of attractiveness of cities and regions (the strength of the region and its economic and social potential, etc.). Micro-level is defined as the so-called direct (competitive) environment of the regional airport, therefore it includes sets of factors relating to the relevant geographic market, the airport's location or its place in the intermodal freight transport system. It is particularly important to look at the range of impact (catchment area) of Polish regional airports against adjacent major ports, especially in Germany.

    The ability to meet challenges resulting from all spheres of the external environment essentially influences the development of the competitive position of the regional airport. What matters is whether its attitude will be passive or active, whether the opportunities will be seized and crisis situations will be eliminated. Airport Management Board's skills to take firm actions are also highly significant. Therefore, in the second section of the chapter, the internal determinants of regional airport competitiveness will be discussed.

  • 3 - Five O'Clock – Values in a family firm

  • from SECTION TWO - CASE STUDIES
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 199-220

  • Summary

    Genesis of firm

    The company Brzezicki & Siess – administrator of the trademark Five O'Clock – commenced business activities in 1994. The company was established by the following: Magdalena and Marek Brzezicki and Bartosz Siess, and was separated from a trading firm of the sector B2B–EIH Marek Brzezicki into one specializing in the importing and distribution of high quality tea and coffee. The experience gained beforehand led to the decision to develop activities in Lublin and Legnica where the first retail stores of the copyright trademark Five O'clock were opened. Since that time, the activity of the organization which is currently operating in the role of a coordinator in the supply chain has concentrated on the following: designing, marketing (including branding activities) and direct sales of products bearing the trademark Five O'Clock. As stated by one of the initiators of the trademark, Bartosz Siess,“Chcieliśmy stworzyć miejsce, gdzie z herbatą harmonizuje atmosfera. Znane do tej pory koncepty były, w moim odczuciu, niewystarczające. Brakowało w nich syntezy i prostoty (We wanted to create a place where the atmosphere is harmonized with tea. The well-known concepts up to that point had been, in my opinion, insufficient. There was no synthesis or simplicity in them).”

    In designing the identity of the trademark Five O'Clock, it was decided to go with a minimalistic, yet elegant and rather nostalgic image by evoking the once cultivated custom of tea-time of Great Britain – afternoon meetings with a cup of good tea.

    Domain, competition and market position

    The development of the trademark based on the network of authorized sales and exclusive distribution accelerated following the signing of several longterm agreements for renting premises in shopping malls. The retail stores of Five O'Clock which were formed in chronological order are as follows: M1, Poznań (1998), Janki, Warszawa (1999), Galeria Dominikańska, Wrocław (2001), Galeria Łódzka (2003), M1, Kraków (2001), Blue City, Warszawa (2005), Galeria Krakowska (2006), Złote Tarasy, Warszawa (2007), Galeria Bałtycka, Gdańsk (2007), Port, Łódź (2010), Galeria, Rzeszów (2012), Galeria Katowicka (2013), Stary Browar, Poznań (2014).

  • Archaeological Survey of Kamar-e Marj Castle in Kermān Province

  • from History
  • Edited by Anna Krasnowolska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Renata Rusek-Kowalska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Studies on the Iranian World
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 205-218

  • Summary

    SUMMARY

    Iranian mountain castles were historically invaluable because of their role in protecting borders, routes and natural resources.

    This survey concentrates on Kamar-e Marj mountain castle in Kermān province, South-Eastern Iran, located to the North-East of Šahr-e Bābak and near Rafsanjān. The castle's potential in defending its surrounding areas and routes is analyzed on the basis of classical texts and field archaeology accompanied by geographical and linguistic studies. The main aim of this paper is finding why the five-hectare castle was located in such a remote area. Periods of settlement and activity have already been identified by systematic surveys of surface data like slag, lithic and, especially, pottery shards. By considering the available evidence, it is possible to argue that Isma‘ilis once used the castle, mainly before the establishment of the Isma‘ili state in Alamut and Kuhestān. The remoteness could therefore be explained by the sect's need for concealment.

    HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONTEXT

    From the remotest times in history until the last couple of centuries, mountain castles and military fortifications in Iran enjoyed a special status. This was mainly due to their important, strategic role in capturing new territories and protecting the sovereignty of the domain. Due to their geographical importance, these structures had different functions and purposes at different eras and locations, which went beyond military functions and included the protection of frontiers, roads, large cities or natural resources.

    Spread over an area of 47,650 m2, Kamar-e Marj is among the largest mountain castles in Iran. Considering its special features, and bearing in mind different political and economical conditions of various periods, this castle could have been used for a number of the above objectives.

    This article deals with the reasons for the formation and intended function of such a large castle in a region, which is now a remote village in the administrative district of Šahr-e Bābak in the province of Kermān, Iran. However, since there are only a few relics remaining and as it is difficult to determine the castle's dimensions, efforts were made to identify, as far as possible, its various functions and periods of occupation. The dispersion of bricks and mortars over the castle area bear witness to the existence of a building or a number of buildings on the mountain, of which now no data remains.

  • Semiotics, signaling games and meaning

  • Edited by Piotr Łukowski, Aleksander Gemel, Bartosz Żukowski
  • Book:
    Cognition, Meaning and Action
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 137-152

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The 20th-century discussion on meaning was dominated by two distinct schools of thought – by that of naturalistic semantics and by that of structural semiotics. Although the two have traditionally been viewed as conflicting approaches, the main aim of this paper is to show that they can be seen as complementary to one another. In order to achieve this objective, we will examine the advantages and drawbacks of both approaches (represented, respectively, by Eco's semiotics and Skyrms’ game-theoretical semantics). The results obtained this way provide a basis for further development of hybrid system by combining features of structural and naturalistic models.

    Structural semiotics. Between signalization and signification

    The distinctive feature of structural semiotics is a strict separation of two independent semiotic systems: signalization and signification. At the same time, in accordance with the basic premise of structural semiotics, it is only through both of these autonomic systems that a proper communication process can work successfully. Considered in itself, signalization is simply “the passage of a signal (not necessarily a sign) from a source (through a transmitter, along a channel) to a destination” (Eco, 1976: 8). The signals used for this process derive from a special kind of semiotic system called s-code, resulting from the division of some natural or artificial continuum. An essential feature of s-code is that all of the primary system components are isolated arbitrarily (ibid.: 77). Nevertheless, when selected, they are to form a well-organized, independent system, in which the identity of each unit is completely determined by reference to others, and hence specified by its position in the whole (ibid.: 38). The system established in this way is an internally structured matrix with certain combinatorial properties (determined by a set of combinatorial rules). As a result, it possesses also some informational potential. It is precisely (mathematically) defined by the intrinsic properties of the system (arrangement of elements and combinatorial rules), determining the amount of information possible to transmit. So configured, the system can operate autonomously – without any semantic reference: “s-codes are systems or ‘structures’ that can also subsist independently of any sort of significant or communicative purpose” (ibid.).

Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
  • Paweł Laider, Maciej Turek
  • Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015
  • The purpose of the volume Basic Documents in Federal Campaign Finance Law is to present that evolution of the meaning of money and politics in American governance, with a special focus on the regulations and norms which have shaped the current understanding of campaign finance in the United States. It is important to acknowledge the main reasons for federal legislation on campaign finance, its outcomes, and the ways in which issues have been challenged in the courts, focusing especially on the changing interpretations of the Supreme Court towards the issue. The book contains a short introduction to every important piece of legislation or Court decision, in which the authors have presented the background of the legislation and its main purposes and substance, as well as the facts leading to legal disputes over the legislation's constitutionality. Each introductory piece is followed by the most crucial excerpts from legislative acts or Supreme Court opinions on campaign finance, so that readers are able to analyze for themselves the substance and form of the regulations on the issue. According to the authors, all twenty nine documents presented in the volume (14 acts of Congress, and 15 Court decisions), should be considered the main legal source of the debate on the proper scope of money in federal election campaigns. Although most of the excerpts presented relate to federal laws, there are a few references to state laws when the issue at stake has a direct effect on the national discussion on campaign finance.

  • Re-reading of Thorstein Veblen's The Theory of the Leisure Class in the Third Millennium. Some Remarks on Conspicuous Leisure and Consumption

  • Joanna Dzionek-Kozłowska, Rafał Matera
  • Book:
    Ethics in Economic Thought
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 23-32

  • Summary

    In the 19th century fin de siècle when Thorstein Veblen published his greatest work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) the concern about the turn of the century was tangibly felt (it is especially visible in literature, painting and music). The world of science did not react that intensely to the oncoming century and Veblen was here rather an exception. A century later, the great activity of influential intellectuals was also visible. At the end of the second millennium visions full of fear of the advancing globalization and the new problems of societies of the most developed countries were presented by, among others, Alvin and Heidi Toffler (1993), Jeremy Rifkin (1995), Samuel Huntington (1996) or Benjamin Barber (1996). Also, there emerged voices, in charge of which was Francis Fukuyama – the author of The End of History? – saying that modern economic liberalism is paramount and the best form of social relations (Fukuyama 1989).

    Among those spectacular intellectual manifestos there were no works, which in the Veblen-like style, thanks to in-depth observations, would give a satirical picture of the modern social relations, at least in the style of Julio Cortazar in Studies on consumption society. The Argentinean writer referred to the subject of consumerism in the following way:

    As progress has no boundaries, in Spain they sell packets containing thirty-two boxes of matches, each of which represents a different chess figure. Suddenly, some other bright spark produced a chess set whose thirty-two figures can be used as coffee cups. Almost instantly the “Dos Mundos” department store manufactured coffee cups that may work as stiff bras for ladies with a rather sagging bosom, and alongside them Yves St. Laurent came up with a bra in which one may serve soft-boiled eggs, in an extremely suggestive way.2 (Cortazar 1962, 42)

    Also, in the genial, now classic prose by Aldous Huxley one may find criticism against consumption society when one of the characters of Brave New World says ‘(…) [y]ou can't consume much if you sit still and read books’ (Huxley 2002, 35). Alongside finding intriguing quotes in literary visions, it is worth having a look at the timeless work by Veblen. It turns out then that after over a century since the publication of The Theory of the Leisure Class his concept is still incredibly fresh and the sharp criticism withstands the test of time in many respects.

  • Citizens United v. F.E.C.: 558 U.S. 310 (2010)

  • Paweł Laider, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Maciej Turek, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Basic Documents in Federal Compaign Finance Law
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 117-123

  • Summary

    Although the F.E.C. v. Wisconsin Right to Life decision did not invalidate major pieces of federal campaign finance legislation, it revealed the opinions of particular Justices of the Supreme Court on the scope of the regulation of money in the electoral process. With five conservatives and four liberals, it seemed just a matter of time before the next challenge to the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act regulations would enter the Court's docket. The discussion on the proper scope of expenditure limits or disclosure procedures was also present during legislative debates, but after BCRA the majority of Congressmen were reluctant to propose new legislation. Therefore, any changes to the meaning of campaign finance could be made by the judiciary as part of the process of the constitutional interpretation of money in the electoral process. Such a possibility occurred in connection with events that took place during the primary phase of the 2008 presidential elections, when a conservative corporation – Citizens United – was prevented from publicizing a movie concerning the suitability of Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton as a future president. The organization challenged the provisions of BCRA regarding electioneering communications, which were the source of limitations on the broadcast of a politically-oriented movie, arguing that their freedom of speech guarantees were violated by the legislation. The District Court denied the arguments of Citizens United, so the corporation appealed to the Supreme Court, which reached its decision in 2010.

    Apart from the main issue raised by Citizens United about the constitutionality of regulations on electioneering communications, the Court recognized other important aspects of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which should be interpreted in accordance with the constitution, such as the scope of disclosure procedures, the role of campaign contributions as political speech, and, above all, the correctness of the McConnell holding. Five conservative Justices made the majority, underlining the democratic values of freedom of speech, especially referring to corporate communications and contributions in election campaigns, which constituted political speech. The majority acknowledged no difference between funding by individuals and corporations, which had to be protected in order to pursue the ideals of rule of law and democracy.

  • 14 - Findings and conclusions from research analysis

  • from SECTION ONE - MANAGEMENT OF VALUE AND BY VALUE. SURVEY RESEARCH
  • Andrzej Herman, University of Gdansk, Tadeusz Oleksyn, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Izabela Stańczyk, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Management by Values (MBV)
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2015, pp 143-147

  • Summary

  • The results of the survey research would seem to be more optimistic and uplifting than we had expected. It turned out that this issue enjoys great interest and there is currently a favourable social vibe for the spreading of management with greater use of (and promotion of) values. This may be a benefit to both the effectiveness of management, as well as the integration of people in the organization and their motivation, while also cooperation with other stakeholders, the realization of the concept of sustainability, organizational vibe and behaviour and the perception of the organization from the outside.

  • Almost all of the respondents from the private sector acknowledge economic values as at least important. 56% of respondents deem them to be the most important, alongside adherence to the law and ethical norms; whereas in joint-stock companies this percentage is even higher. This is confirmed by the high level of importance of economic values among the total values, which was to be expected.

  • The group of ethical and cultural values is perceived to be significant and sufficiently displayed in their organizations by 43% of respondents. In joint-stock companies, this indicator is clearly lower (37%), while the highest in the entities of the public sector where it amounts to 51%. This is also a high indicator, although it may certify to the fact that in joint-stock companies the orientation towards profit in some cases pushes non-economic values into the background. Such a conviction also strengthens the analysis of the differences in the perception of the groups of values as follows: competence and developmental, as well as civic and social in joint-stock companies and other entities.

  • Competence and developmental values are acknowledged to be important by 87% of respondents, of whom 35% state that they are sufficiently displayed, while 52% state that they are insufficiently so. 12% think that in their organizations they are of rather secondary importance (in the opinions of 16% of respondents working there). A large proportion of respondents are convinced that these values require strengthening in their organizations.

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