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24 - Hypocretinergic system: role in REM-sleep regulation

from Section IV - Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2011

By
Ronald Szymusiak ,
Md. Noor Alam  and
Dennis McGinty
Edited by
Birendra N. Mallick ,
S. R. Pandi-Perumal ,
Robert W. McCarley  and
Adrian R. Morrison
Ronald Szymusiak
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Md. Noor Alam
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Dennis McGinty
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
Birendra N. Mallick
Affiliation:
Jawaharlal Nehru University
S. R. Pandi-Perumal
Affiliation:
Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto
Robert W. McCarley
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Adrian R. Morrison
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
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Summary

Summary

The hypocretins (HCRTs) are two hypothalamic peptides that have been implicated in a variety of functions including the regulation of behavioral arousal. In the brain, HCRT-expressing neurons are localized within the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area, where they are intermingled with various other neuronal groups, including GABAergic, glutamatergic, and melanin-concentrating hormone containing neurons. Hypocretin neurons are active during behavioral arousal and are quiet during non-REM and REM sleep. Deficiency of HCRTergic signaling is linked to the symptoms of narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents. Narcolepsy is a debilitating sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, disrupted nighttime sleep, sleep-onset REM sleep, and sudden loss of muscle tone during waking (cataplexy). Hypocretin neurons project extensively to brain structures, especially to those that are involved in arousal and motor control as well as receive extensive inputs from areas regulating emotions, autonomic tone, appetite, circadian rhythms, and sleep–wake behavior. Therefore, HCRT neurons are well positioned to integrate a variety of interoceptive and homeostatic signals to increase behavioral arousal and suppress REM sleep and its atonia. This chapter provides a brief review of the HCRTergic system, its interactions with other neuronal systems involved in sleep–wake regulation, and the neuronal circuitry and the potential mechanism(s) by which the HCRTergic system promotes behavioral arousal and suppresses REM sleep and its muscle atonia.

Type
Chapter
Information
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Regulation and Function
 , pp. 234 - 246
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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