Beal, Joan C. 1985. Lengthening of a in Tyneside English. In Eaton, Roger, Fischer, Olga, Koopman, Willem and van der Leek, Frederike (eds.) Papers from the Fourth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 31–44.Google Scholar

Beal, Joan C. 1993. The grammar of Tyneside and Northumbrian English. In Milroy, Lesley and Milroy, James (eds.) Real English: The Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles. London: Longman, pp. 187–213.Google Scholar

Beal, Joan C. 2000. From George Ridley to Viz: Popular literature in Tyneside English. Language and Literature 9(4): 343–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beal, Joan C. 2008a. English dialects in the north of England: phonology. In Kortmann, Bernd and Upton, Clive (eds.) Varieties of English, Vol. 1: The British Isles. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 122–144.Google Scholar

Beal, Joan C. 2008b. English dialects in the north of England: Morphology and syntax. In Kortmann, Bernd and Upton, Clive (eds.) Varieties of English, Vol. 1: The British Isles. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 373–403.Google Scholar

Beal, Joan C., Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes and Llamas, Carmen 2012. Urban North-Eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Borgis, Karl-Heinz 1936. Der Sprachgebrauch in Nord-Durham: Mit Berücksichtigung von Süd-Durham und Südost-Northumberland [Speech usage in North Durham: With consideration of South Durham and South-East Northumberland]. In Müller, Alfred and Borgis, Karl-Heinz (eds.) Der Sprachgebrauch in den Dialektgebieten von Südost-Yorkshire und Nord-Durham [Speech Usage in the Dialect Areas of South-East Yorkshire and North Durham]. Palaestra 204. Leipzig: Mayer and Müller, pp. 1–99.Google Scholar

Defoe, Daniel 1724–1727 [1778]. A Tour through the Island of Great Britain, Vol. III, 8th edn. London: Everyman's Library. Online resource: http://bit.ly/1hswpLf (accessed 25 October 2016].Google Scholar

Docherty, Gerard J. and Foulkes, Paul 1999. Newcastle upon Tyne and Derby: Instrumental phonetics and variationist studies. In Foulkes, Paul and Docherty, Gerard J. (eds.) Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold, pp. 47–71.Google Scholar

Docherty, Gerard J. and Foulkes, Paul 2005. Glottal variants of (t) in the Tyneside variety of English: An acoustic profiling study. In Hardcastle, William and Mackenzie Beck, Janet (eds.) A Figure of Speech: A Festschrift for John Laver. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 173–199.Google Scholar

Ellis, Alexander J. 1889. On Early English Pronunciation, Vol. V: The Existing Phonology of English Dialects, Compared with that of West Saxon Speech. London: Trübner and Co.Google Scholar

Garde, Paul 1961. Réflexions sur les differences phonétiques entre les langues slaves [Reflections on the phonetic differences between the Slavic languages]. Word 17: 34–62.Google Scholar

Grierson, George A. (ed.) 1927. Linguistic Survey of India. 11 vols. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.Google Scholar

Griffiths, Bill 1999. North-Eastern Dialect: Survey and Word-List. Newcastle upon Tyne: Centre for Northern Studies, University of Northumbria.Google Scholar

Haddican, William, Foulkes, Paul, Hughes, Vincent and Richards, Hazel 2013. Interaction of social and linguistic constraints on two vowel changes in northern England. Language Variation and Change 25: 371–403.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond 2004. A Sound Atlas of Irish English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Hickey, Raymond (ed.) 2010. The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Hinz, Uta 2006. Gefangen im Großen Krieg: Kriegsgefangenschaft in Deutschland, 1914–1921 [Captured in the Great War: Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1921]. Essen: Klartext Verlag.Google Scholar

Howell, Robert B. 1987. Tracing the origin of uvular R in the Germanic languages. Folia Linguistica Historica 20(7/2): 317–350.Google Scholar

Hughes, Arthur, Trudgill, Peter and Watt, Dominic 2012. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles, 5th edn. London: Hodder Education.Google Scholar

Jones, Daniel 1911. English: Tyneside dialect (Northumberland). Le maître phonétique 26: 184.Google Scholar

Labov, William 1972. Sociolingustic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Labov, William 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. I: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Maguire, Warren N. 2008. What is a merger, and can it be reversed? The origin, status and reversal of the ‘nurse-north merger’ in Tyneside English. PhD thesis: University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Online resource: http://hdl.handle.net/10443/493 (accessed 25 October 2016).Google Scholar

Mahrenholz, Jürgen-Kornelius 2008. Ethnographic audio recordings in German prisoner of war camps during the First World War. In Dendooven, Dominiek and Chielens, Piet (eds.) World War I: Five Continents in Flanders. Ypres: Editions Lannoo, pp. 161–167.Google Scholar

Mess, Henry A. 1928. Industrial Tyneside: A Social Survey. London: Ernest Benn.Google Scholar

Milroy, James 1995. Investigating the Scottish Vowel Length Rule in a Northumbrian dialect. Newcastle and Durham Working Papers in Linguistics 3: 187–196.Google Scholar

O'Connor, Joseph D. 1947. The phonetic system of a dialect of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Le maître phonétique 87: 6.Google Scholar

Oltmer, Jochen (ed.) 2006. Kriegsgefangene im Europa des Ersten Weltkriegs [Prisoners of War in the Europe of the First World War]. Paderborn: Schöningh.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orton, Harold 1929. Northumberland dialect research: First report. Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society 8: 127–135.Google Scholar

Orton, Harold 1930. The dialects of Northumberland. Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 5(31): 14–25.Google Scholar

Orton, Harold 1933. The Phonology of a South Durham Dialect: Descriptive, Historical, and Comparative. London: KeganPaul, Trench, Trübner & Co.Google Scholar

Orton, Harold 1962. Survey of English Dialects (A): Introduction. Leeds: E.J. Arnold & Son.Google Scholar

Orton, Harold and Halliday, Wilfrid J 1962. Survey of English Dialects (B): The Basic Material, Vol. I, The Six Northern Counties and the Isle of Man. Leeds: E. J. Arnold & Son.Google Scholar

Påhlsson, Christer 1972. The Northumbrian Burr: A Sociolinguistic Study. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar

Pellowe, John 1976. The Tyneside Linguistic Survey: Aspects of a developing methodology. In Viereck, Wolfgang (ed.) Sprachliches Handeln – Soziales Verhalten: Ein Reader zur Pragmatiklinguistik und Soziolinguistik [Speech Acts – Social Behaviour: A Reader on Pragmatic Linguistics and Sociolinguistics]. Munich: Wilhelm Fink, pp. 203–217, 365–367.Google Scholar

Pellowe, John, Nixon, Graham, Strang, Barbara and McNeany, Vince 1972. A dynamic modelling of linguistic variation: The urban (Tyneside) Linguistic Survey. Lingua 30: 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pietsch, Lukas 2005. ‘Some do and some doesn't’: Verbal concord variation in the north of the British Isles. In Kortmann, Bernd, Herrmann, Tanja, Pietsch, Lukas and Wagner, Susanne (eds.) A Comparative Grammar of English Dialects: Agreement, Gender, Relative Clauses. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 125–210.Google Scholar

Rydland, Kurt 1998. The Orton Corpus: A Dictionary of Northumbrian Pronunciation, 1928–1939. Oslo: Novus Press.Google Scholar

Simpson, David 2009. Geordie Origins: Dialect Origins. Roots of the Region. Online resource: www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/GeordieOrigins.html (accessed 25 October 2016).Google Scholar

Thomas, Erik R. and Kendall, Tyler 2007. NORM: The Vowel Normalization and Plotting Suite. Online resource: http://ncslaap.lib.ncsu.edu/tools/norm/ (accessed 18 March 2015).Google Scholar

Todd, George 1987. Todd's Geordie Words and Phrases: An Aid to Communication in Tyneside and Thereabouts. Rothbury: Butler Press.Google Scholar

van Emden, Richard 2009. Prisoners of the Kaiser: The Last POWs of the Great War. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books.Google Scholar

Viereck, Wolfgang 1965. Specimen passages of the speech of Gateshead-on-Tyne. Le maître phonétique 123: 6–7.Google Scholar

Viereck, Wolfgang 1966. Phonematische Analyse des Dialekts von Gateshead-upon-Tyne/Co. Durham [Phonematic Analysis of the Dialect of Gateshead-upon-Tyne/Co. Durham]. Hamburg: Cram, de Gruyter & Co.Google Scholar

Viereck, Wolfgang 1968. A diachronic-structural analysis of a northern English urban dialect. Leeds Studies in English 2 (new series): 65–79.Google Scholar

Vincent, David 1993. Literacy and Popular Culture: England 1750–1914, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wales, Katie 2006. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Watt, Dominic 1998. Variation and Change in the Vowel System of Tyneside English. PhD thesis: University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Online resource: http://hdl.handle.net/10443/350 (accessed 25 October 2016).Google Scholar

Watt, Dominic 2000. Phonetic parallels between the close-mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated? Language Variation and Change 12(1): 69–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watt, Dominic 2002. ‘I don't speak with a Geordie accent, I speak, like, the Northern accent’: Contact-induced levelling in the Tyneside vowel system. Journal of Sociolinguistics 6(1): 44–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watt, Dominic and Fabricius, Anne H 2002. Evaluation of a technique for improving the mapping of multiple speakers’ vowel spaces in the F1∼F2 plane. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 9: 159–73. Online resource: www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/download/1346/watt2002 (accessed 25 October 2016).Google Scholar

Watt, Dominic, Llamas, Carmen and Johnson, Daniel Ezra 2014. Sociolinguistic variation on the Scottish-English border. In Lawson, Robert (ed.) Sociolinguistics in Scotland. London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 79–102.Google Scholar

Wells, J. C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wright, Joseph 1898. The English Dialect Dictionary, Vol. I (A–C). London: Henry Frowde.Google Scholar

Wright, Joseph 1905. The English Dialect Grammar. Oxford: Henry Frowde. Online resource: http://bit.ly/1aHsFCw (accessed 25 October 2016).Google Scholar