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62 results

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  • Developing community-based urine sampling methods to deploy biomarker technology for the assessment of dietary exposure
  • Amanda J Lloyd, Thomas Wilson, Naomi D Willis, Laura Lyons, Helen Phillips, Hayley G Janssen, Martina Stiegler, Long Xie, Kathleen Tailliart, Manfred Beckmann, Leo Stevenson, John C Mathers, John Draper
  • Journal: Public Health Nutrition / Volume 23 / Issue 17 / December 2020
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 June 2020, pp. 3081-3092
  • Print publication: December 2020
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    Objective:

    Obtaining objective, dietary exposure information from individuals is challenging because of the complexity of food consumption patterns and the limitations of self-reporting tools (e.g., FFQ and diet diaries). This hinders research efforts to associate intakes of specific foods or eating patterns with population health outcomes.

    Design:

    Dietary exposure can be assessed by the measurement of food-derived chemicals in urine samples. We aimed to develop methodologies for urine collection that minimised impact on the day-to-day activities of participants but also yielded samples that were data-rich in terms of targeted biomarker measurements.

    Setting:

    Urine collection methodologies were developed within home settings.

    Participants:

    Different cohorts of free-living volunteers.

    Results:

    Home collection of urine samples using vacuum transfer technology was deemed highly acceptable by volunteers. Statistical analysis of both metabolome and selected dietary exposure biomarkers in spot urine collected and stored using this method showed that they were compositionally similar to urine collected using a standard method with immediate sample freezing. Even without chemical preservatives, samples can be stored under different temperature regimes without any significant impact on the overall urine composition or concentration of forty-six exemplar dietary exposure biomarkers. Importantly, the samples could be posted directly to analytical facilities, without the need for refrigerated transport and involvement of clinical professionals.

    Conclusions:

    This urine sampling methodology appears to be suitable for routine use and may provide a scalable, cost-effective means to collect urine samples and to assess diet in epidemiological studies.

  • Characterization of Dermotheca sp. Infection in a midwestern state-endangered salamander (Ambystoma platineum) and a co-occurring common species (Ambystoma texanum)
  • Laura Adamovicz, Daniel B. Woodburn, Stephany Virrueta Herrera, Kelsey Low, Christopher A. Phillips, Andrew R. Kuhns, John A. Crawford, Matthew C. Allender
  • Journal: Parasitology / Volume 147 / Issue 3 / March 2020
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 08 January 2020, pp. 360-370
  • Print publication: March 2020
  • View abstract

    Ichthyosporean parasites (order Dermocystida) can cause morbidity and mortality in amphibians, but their ecology and epidemiology remain understudied. We investigated the prevalence, gross and histologic appearance, and molecular phylogeny of a novel dermocystid in the state-endangered silvery salamander (Ambystoma platineum) and the co-occurring, non-threatened small-mouthed salamander (Ambystoma texanum) from Illinois. Silvery salamanders (N = 610) were sampled at six ephemeral wetlands from 2016 to 2018. Beginning in 2017, 1–3 mm raised, white skin nodules were identified in 24 silvery salamanders and two small-mouthed salamanders from five wetlands (prevalence = 0–11.1%). Skin biopsy histology (N = 4) was consistent with dermocystid sporangia, and necropsies (N = 3) identified infrequent hepatic sporangia. Parasitic 18S rRNA sequences (N = 5) from both salamander species were identical, and phylogenetic analysis revealed a close relationship to Dermotheca viridescens. Dermocystids were not identified in museum specimens from the same wetlands (N = 125) dating back to 1973. This is the first report of Dermotheca sp. affecting caudates in the Midwestern United States. Future research is needed to determine the effects of this pathogen on individual and population health, and to assess whether this organism poses a threat to the conservation of ambystomatid salamanders.

  • New Perspectives in Regulatory History
  • Laura Phillips Sawyer, Herbert Hovenkamp
  • Journal: Business History Review / Volume 93 / Issue 4 / Winter 2019
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2020, pp. 659-664
  • Print publication: Winter 2019
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  • Empirically defining treatment response and remission in body dysmorphic disorder
  • Lorena Fernández de la Cruz, Jesper Enander, Christian Rück, Sabine Wilhelm, Katharine A. Phillips, Gail Steketee, Suraj Sarvode Mothi, Georgina Krebs, Laura Bowyer, Benedetta Monzani, David Veale, David Mataix-Cols
  • Journal: Psychological Medicine , First View
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 30 October 2019, pp. 1-7
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    Background

    The number of clinical trials in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) has steadily increased in recent years. As the number of studies grows, it is important to define the most empirically useful definitions for response and remission in order to enhance field-wide consistency and comparisons of treatment outcomes across studies. In this study, we aim to operationally define treatment response and remission in BDD.

    Method

    We pooled data from three randomized controlled trials of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) for BDD (combined n = 153) conducted at four academic sites in Sweden, the USA, and England. Using signal detection methods, we examined the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale modified for BDD (BDD–YBOCS) score that most reliably identified patients who responded to CBT and those who achieved remission from BDD symptoms at the end of treatment.

    Results

    A BDD–YBOCS reduction ⩾30% was most predictive of treatment response as defined by the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) – Improvement scale (sensitivity 0.89, specificity 0.91, 91% correctly classified). At post-treatment, a BDD–YBOCS score ⩽16 was the best predictor of full or partial symptom remission (sensitivity 0.85, specificity 0.99, 97% correctly classified), defined by the CGI – Severity scale.

    Conclusion

    Based on these results, we propose conceptual and operational definitions of response and full or partial remission in BDD. A consensus regarding these constructs will improve the interpretation and comparison of future clinical trials, as well as improve communication among researchers, clinicians, and patients. Further research is needed, especially regarding definitions of full remission, recovery, and relapse.

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