Spatiotemporal analysis is an important tool to monitor changes of tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology, identify high-risk regions and guide resource allocation. However, there are limited data on the contributing factors of TB incidence. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of TB incidence and its associated factors in mainland China during 2005–2013. Global Moran's I test, Getis-Ord Gi index and heat maps were used to examine the spatial clustering and seasonal patterns. Generalized Linear Mixed Model was applied to identify factors associated with TB incidence. TB incidence presented high geographical variations with two main hot spots, while a generally consistent seasonal pattern was observed with a peak in late winter. Furthermore, we found province-level TB incidence increased with the proportion of the elderly but decreased with Gross Demographic Product per capita and the male:female ratio. Meteorological factors also influenced TB incidence. TB showed obvious spatial clustering in mainland China and both the demographic and socio-economic factors and meteorological measures were associated with TB incidence. These results provide the related information to identify the high-risk districts and the evidence for the government to develop corresponding control measures.

Longan County is considered a highly endemic area for hepatitis B virus (HBV). The plasma-derived vaccine has been used in newborns in this area since 1987. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of this vaccine. In total, 1634 participants born during 1987–1993 and who had received a series of plasma-derived HB vaccinations at ages 0, 1, and 6 months were enrolled. Serological HBV markers were detected and compared with previous survey data. Overall the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in all participants was 3·79%; 3·47% of subjects who had received the first dose within 24 h were HBsAg positive, and 8·41% of subjects who had received a delayed first dose were also HBsAg positive. There were 1527 subjects identified who had received the first dose within 24 h and whose HBsAg and anti-HBc prevalence increased yearly after immunization, while the anti-HBs-positive rate and vaccine effectiveness declined. The geometric mean concentration of antibody in the anti-HB-positive participants was 55·13 mIU/ml and this declined after immunization. Fewer than 2·0% of participants had anti-HB levels ⩾1000 mIU/ml. The data show that the protective efficacy of the plasma-derived vaccinations declined and administration of HB vaccine within 24 h of birth was very important. To reduce the risk of HBV infection in this highly endemic area, a booster dose might be necessary if anti-HBs levels fall below 10 mIU/ml after age 18 years. Furthermore, studies on the immune memory induced by plasma-derived HB vaccine are needed.

A combined experimental and computational study on a rectangular lobed mixer is performed. A series of simulations based on a steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes Simulation (RANS) are conducted to analyse the mixing mechanisms of large-scale streamwise structure shed by the trailing edge of lobed mixer, with emphasis being placed on the effect of turbulence modeling and inflow conditions. The simulations are validated in respect of velocity and scalar distribution against the data obtained through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Nanoparticle-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) technique. The computational results predicted by the SST k –ω turbulence model show better agreement with the experimental data. But the small-scale turbulence structures are not captured accurately by these turbulence models. The convoluted shear layer shed from trailing edge is stretched and rotated by the large-scale streamwise vortices, forming an unstable ‘pinching-off’ structure, which increases the interfacial area. And at the interface of two streams, a large number of small-scale turbulence structures are formed, which contribute a lot to the mixing enhancement along with the increased interfacial area. The streamwise vorticity decays more rapidly with the decrease of velocity ratio and total pressure ratio of two streams. The scalar thickness which reflects the mixing rate of two streams increases with the decreasing velocity ratio and total pressure ratio.

The effects of ion motion on the generation of short-cycle relativistic laser pulses during radiation pressure acceleration are investigated by analytical modeling and particle-in-cell simulations. Studies show that the rear part of the transmitted pulse modulated by ion motion is sharper compared with the case of the electron shutter only. In this study, the ions further modulate the short-cycle pulses transmitted. A 3.9 fs laser pulse with an intensity of $1.33\times 10^{21}\ {\rm W}\ {\rm cm}^{-2}$ is generated by properly controlling the motions of the electron and ion in the simulations. The short-cycle laser pulse source proposed can be applied in the generation of single attosecond pulses and electron acceleration in a small bubble regime.

The survival behaviour of Vibrio cholerae in cholera epidemics, together with its attributes of virulence-associated genes and molecular fingerprints, are significant for managing cholera epidemics. Here, we selected five strains representative of V. cholerae O1 and O139 involved in cholera events, examined their survival capacity in large volumes of water sampled from epidemic sites of a 2005 cholera outbreak, and determined virulence-associated genes and molecular subtype changes of the surviving isolates recovered. The five strains exhibited different survival capacities varying from 17 to 38 days. The virulence-associated genes of the surviving isolates remained unchanged, while their pulsotypes underwent slight variation. In particular, one waterway-isolated strain maintained virulence-associated genes and evolved to share the same pulsotype as patient strains, highlighting its role in the cholera outbreak. The strong survival capacity and molecular attributes of V. cholerae might account for its persistence in environmental waters and the long duration of the cholera outbreak, allowing effective control measures.

Human infection with the emerging avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China in 2013 has raised global concerns. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of 27 confirmed human influenza A(H7N9) cases in Jiangsu Province, to elaborate poultry-related exposures and to provide a more precise estimate of the incubation periods of the illness. The median incubation period was 6 days (range 2–10 days) in cases with single known exposure and was 7·5 days (range 6·5–12·5 days) in cases with exposures on multiple days, difference between the two groups was not significant (Z = −1·895, P = 0·058). The overall median incubation period for all patients was estimated to be 7·5 days (range 2–12·5 days). Our findings further highlight the necessity for public health authorities to extend the period of medical surveillance from 7 days to 10 days.

We report fabrication of random nanometer-scale radial p-n junction solar cells (SCs). Nanoholes were fabricated on the Si wafer by combining silver film annealing and metal catalyzed electrochemical etching (MECC) of the material. The dimension of the holes can be adjusted by varying the annealing conditions and the thickness of the Ag film. Systematic investigations on the effects of the nanohole size and the doping conditions on the cell efficiency were performed.

We report new results on nano-scaled oxide films deposited by an RF aerosol mist plasma technique: including indium tin oxide transparent conductive films; yttria stabilized zirconia, nickel iron oxide/YSZ cermet, and lanthanum strontium manganite for fuel cell applications; Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox superconductor films; gadolinium iron oxide for magnetic heat pumps; silicon oxide for protective coatings, etc. Since this deposition process occurs in an atmospheric environment, it has potential for large scale production. The maximum deposition rate is approximately 1 micrometer per minute per centimeter squared. Substrate temperatures were between 300°C and 900°C. Crystal sizes are analyzed by XRD (Shadow Programs). Some films were also characterized by resistance, optical(IR-UV-Vis transmission/reflection and FTIR) and Mössbauer measurements. Film morphology was found to be strongly dependent on deposition parameters. Controlling the deposition rate by altering solution concentration and mist feed rates, as well as altering plasma torch settings and substrate temperature allowed the formation of different film morphologies. Film density, thickness, and crystallite size could be controlled to obtain films of differing characteristics. This is advantageous to fuel cell depositions where a dense electrolyte as well as porous electrodes (anode and cathode) are required.

The effects of charged substrates on the attachment of rat primary bone marrow stromal cells have been investigated using a novel cell culture chamber. Cells were cultured on the surfaces of a conductive and optically transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) coating. When a voltage was applied to the ITO electrodes, positive and negative charges were induced on the ITO electrodes. After 24 hours exposure to 0.8V, more cells attached to the anode than either the cathode or control both in presence or absence of serum in the culture medium. Protein desorption profiles also indicated that the enhanced attachment of cells to the anode was not controlled by the adsorption of serum proteins. The surface texture of ITO was analyzed using atomic force microscopy, the thickness by transmission electron microscopy, and crystallinity using glancing angle x-ray diffraction.

Mn-doped GaN films were grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy(HVPE). structural measurements show that Mn may substitute Ga atoms in the GaN lattice. Ferromagnetism is observed in these HVPE grown Mn-doped GaN films, which may come from the Ga x Mn1−x N phase in the films.

In this research, interband and intersubband optical properties of heavily doped n-type CdSe quantum dots were investigated by temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, picosecond time-resolved PL spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Two doped and one undoped CdSe quantum dot samples with multiple QD layers were grown over ZnCdMgSe barrier layers on InP (001) substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. Heavy doping leads to decreasing of activation energy of nonradiative recombination centers, however, does not affect the luminescence efficiency of doped quantum wells. Time resolved PL experiments show that the PL decay times of the doped samples have weak dependence on well width and are much longer than that of the undoped sample. The two doped CdSe QD samples show strong Intersubband IR absorption that peaked at 2.54 μm, 2.69 μm and 3.51 μm. The ISB absorption is found to be strongly polarization dependent due to the large size of the QDs.

The characteristics of 359 group A streptococcal (GAS) isolates collected from Chinese paediatric patients in two periods (1993–1994, 2005–2006) were studied. Isolates were assigned to emm types and assayed for eight superantigen (SAg) genes (speA, speC, speH, speI, speG, speJ, ssa, SMEZ). Types emm1 and emm12 were consistently the most prevalent during the two periods, while others varied in frequency. GAS isolates carrying six or more SAg genes increased from 46·53% (1993–1994) to 78·39% (2005–2006); ssa, speH and speJ genes (P<0·05) increased but speA declined (P<0·05). SAg gene profiles were closely associated with the emm type, but strains of the same emm type sometimes carried different SAg genes in the two periods. No significant difference in emm-type distribution and SAg gene profile was noted between isolates from different diseases. These data may contribute towards the development of a GAS vaccine in China.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen of which several species of animals are considered to be reservoirs. Thirty-eight faecal samples, obtained from 22 species of animals including birds in a wildlife first-aid centre in Eastern China, were tested for HEV RNA. Our survey revealed that in total 28·9% (95% confidence interval 14·5–43·4) of the faecal samples from various mammals and birds were HEV RNA positive. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 11 isolates demonstrated that all sequences clustered in genotype 4 with 96–100% identity to each other. In addition, serum samples from seven animal handlers have shown that five (71·4%) were seropositive. The findings imply that cross-species infection of HEV had probably occurred in this zoo-like location, and moreover, birds can be infected naturally with mammalian HEV.