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5856 results in Facet Publishing

Page 161 of 293

  • 4 - The impact of open and digital content on librarians’ roles in a learning and teaching context

  • Edited by Alison Mackenzie, Lindsey Martin
  • Book:
    Mastering Digital Librarianship
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    13 September 2022
    Print publication:
    23 April 2014, pp 65-82

  • Summary

    Introduction

    This chapter focuses on the ways in which the open movement has impacted on librarians’ roles in a learning and teaching context, primarily from a UK higher education perspective. Librarians and libraries have been influenced by and have had an impact on the open movement for many years, beginning with the provision and management of digital content in general, to specific activities around repositories for digitized and borndigital content and research outputs.

    The move towards Open Educational Resources (OER) has resulted in a significant volume of highquality open digital content, in addition to more general digital information and digitized resources, available free on the web. This presents two key opportunities for librarians involved in learning and teaching: first, to support and enable users to discover, reuse, manage, create and share learning and teaching resources in a global context; and second, as teachers and educators themselves, to participate in the OER movement by sharing their own teaching materials widely.

    Background

    OER are defined as ‘teaching, learning or research materials that are in the public domain or released with an intellectual property licence that allows for free use, adaptation and distribution’ (UNESCO, 2013). In summary, they can be large or small learning resources or tools, a whole course or a single file, with an open licence to be shared, edited, repurposed and reused by others. OER have become a global issue: UNESCO includes them as a priority under its ‘access to knowledge’ theme and maintains an OER community and toolkit. The recent European Commission document on education and skills identifies the potential of open learning and recommends that ‘Europe should exploit the potential of OER much more than is currently the case’ (European Commission, 2012, 9).

    Some of the early examples of OER creation and sharing came from the USA. Firstly, MIT OpenCourseWare (OCW) was launched in 2002 and then formed the basis of the OCW Consortium, an international group of educational institutions creating and releasing open content using a shared model. In the UK, the Open University was one of the first universities to offer its resources free online in 2006, including tasters of its courses.

  • Introduction

  • Edited by Caroline Brown
  • Book:
    Archives and Recordkeeping
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    10 September 2022
    Print publication:
    23 April 2014, pp xi-xxiv

  • Summary

    Thomas Carlyle … was once reproached by a businessman for being too interested in mere ideas. ‘There was once a man called Rousseau’, Carlyle replied, ‘who wrote a book containing nothing but ideas. The second edition was bound in the skins of those who laughed at the first.’

    (Kenny, 2010, 573)

    The notion that archivists and recordkeepers may not be interested in ideas may seem absurd, but for many, faced with the day-to-day realities of managing the records, people and resources in their care, dealing with managers and stakeholders, and keeping in check the relentless tide of emails, there is little time for consideration of the big picture. Theory may seem impractical, irrelevant, costly or simply ‘out there’ and of no interest or consequence.

    What is the point in knowing about theory if you are just starting out in your career, have no input into policy and spend your time re-housing photographs? If you are mid-career you may wonder why you should not just focus on expanding and enhancing those practical skills which have got you this far. As a manager you may be used to thinking strategically, but this might mean demonstrating the effective use of resources and aligning yourself with your organization's vision and aims: you see your role as thinking about concrete goals, rather than thinking conceptually.

    In this book, however, we aim to demonstrate the value of thinking about theory and its relationship with the practical world. We want our readers to stop and think ‘Why?’ As archivists and records managers we’re used to thinking about how and when, but spend less time reflecting on the why of what we do, at least on the why that doesn't involve short-term, reactive, resource-based goals. The authors in this book have all had the luxury of being able to consider the concepts and ideas behind the practicalities of archives and records management and to contemplate the purpose and goals of recordkeeping. Their chapters consider theories by exploring recordkeeping and other literature and aim to show their importance and how and why they impact on practice.

    This introduction will examine, briefly (and we admit somewhat patchily), the debate about the role of archives and recordkeeping theory from the 1970s on.

  • 2 - Reference 2.0: evolution of virtual reference services and social media

  • Edited by Alison Mackenzie, Lindsey Martin
  • Book:
    Mastering Digital Librarianship
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    13 September 2022
    Print publication:
    23 April 2014, pp 23-40

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The emergence of digital technologies has provided significant oppor tunities for academic libraries to expand their service offerings. Technologies are now embedded in library services and almost all academic libraries across the globe offer some sort of digital enquiry service. These include free cloudbased services, such as Facebook and Twitter, as well as proprietary software and hardware hosted locally on a feeforservice basis. This chapter offers an overview of the literature outlining the history of virtual reference, from email systems to what is being described as Reference 2.0 using the current phenomenon of social media tools. Taking an Australian perspective, an institutional case study contextualizes the evolution of these services and is followed by an examination of the adoption of virtual reference services in Australian academic libraries. The chapter identifies some common Reference 2.0 success factors and offers a framework to assist in the choice, development and evaluation of new digital tools for enquiry services.

    Literature review

    As a considerable amount of literature exists on the use of technology in providing digital enquiry services within academic libraries, this review will focus on the history of virtual or digital reference and the mechanisms used for the evaluation of such tools.

    From reference to literature1.0

    Libraries began offering reference services in the mid to late 19th century, which became an established service in the 1890s (Fritch and Mandernack, 2001; Levinson, 1988). An early definition of reference work from this period is, ‘the assistance given by the librarian to readers in acquainting them with the intricacies of the catalogue, in answering questions and in short, doing anything and everything in his power to facilitate access to the resources of the library’ (Fritch and Mandernack, 2001, 288). This definition still applies in the present day; however, the introduction of new communication technologies has enhanced the provision of services.

    According to Janes (2008, 8) there is no consensus on how to refer to the practice of electronic reference. Terms include digital reference, virtual reference, realtime reference, chat reference, live reference, and so on. For the purposes of this chapter we will refer to ‘virtual reference’, using the American Library Association (ALA) definition of ‘a service initiated electronically … where patrons employ computers or other Internet tech nology to communicate with reference staff, without being physically present’ (American Library Association, 2004, 1). .

  • Preface

  • Karen Calhoun
  • Book:
    Exploring Digital Libraries
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp xi-xiv

  • Summary

    The emergence of digital libraries in the early 1990s was a turning point and a critical component of the worldwide, world-changing shift to networked information. The turning point crystallized from myriad disparate elements that had influenced and combined with one another, in the process creating something entirely new. The high energy and important outcomes of that first, formative digital library decade created further winds of change that in turn produced more vigorous activity. More than 20 years on, we can observe a young, multidisciplinary field of digital library research and practice that has now reached a new intersection of dynamic forces – one dominated by the social web. This is the context in which I wrote this book.

    The intention of the book is to help advance learning, professional discourse, research and practice at this particular moment in the evolution of digital libraries. I have done my best to take a broad, international perspective. At one level, I have approached the subject generally: the foundations, current practice and prospects of digital libraries. A second structural theme runs through the book as well: digital libraries in the context of the web-based communities they serve. In particular I explore the possibilities of a shift toward a community-centered perspective based on what digital libraries contribute or might contribute in a time of large-scale, web- and networkdriven societal change.

    The book attempts to place insights gleaned from the record of digital libraries’ first decade, the second decade's literature of research and practice, conversations with several digital library experts, and my own research and experiences into an overarching framework that can make sense of an enormous amount of activity. Over the course of twenty-some years, thousands of people from multiple disciplines and domains have contributed to this young field of endeavor. The book's structure, topics and analyses reflect my own perspective, interpretations and knowledge of all this work; it may be an understatement to say there are other perspectives. I have cited many sources in this book, not only to place the chapters and sections in the context of related work, but also to guide those who wish to explore specific topics in more depth or from other points of view.

Web Metrics for Library and Information Professionals
  • David Stuart
  • Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    09 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014
  • A practical guide to using web metrics to measure impact and demonstrate value. The web provides an opportunity to collect a host of different metrics, from those associated with social media accounts and websites to more traditional research outputs. This book is a clear guide for library and information professionals as to what web metrics are available and how to assess and use them to make informed decisions and demonstrate value. As individuals and organizations increasingly use the web in addition to traditional publishing avenues and formats, this book provides the tools to unlock web metrics and evaluate the impact of this content.

  • 3 - Key themes and challenges in digital libraries

  • Karen Calhoun
  • Book:
    Exploring Digital Libraries
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 59-84

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter provides a high-level view of the key themes, current position and challenges of digital libraries and their technologies, social aspects, collections and communities. It begins by identifying the key themes of the second decade (2002–12) of progress in the diverse, multidisciplinary, international field of digital libraries. A concept map visualizes the results of an analysis of second-decade digital library literature. The map provides new insights into this complex field by exposing thematic connections between technologies, collections, social forces and online community building. The chapter concludes with a consideration of key challenges facing digital libraries: interoperability, community engagement, intellectual property rights and sustainability.

    The key themes of digital library work

    Existing research to identify core topics

    Jeffrey Pomerantz and colleagues (2006) produced a curriculum for digital library education that was aligned with the ‘5S framework’ for digital libraries discussed in Chapter 1 (see also Yang et al., 2009). They validated their selection of curriculum module topics by manually classifying papers from 1996 to 2005 from two sources: (1) 543 papers in the proceedings of two renowned digital library conferences; and (2) 502 articles published in D-Lib Magazine.

    Their analysis revealed concentrations from both sources in digital library services, architecture and interoperability, and metadata. The conference papers revealed an additional concentration on the topic of digital objects. The D-Lib papers had additional concentrations around digital library collections, social issues and preservation.

    Chern Li Liew (2009) provided a snapshot of the digital library literature from 1997 to 2007, focusing on articles about organizational and people issues. Liew was interested in digital libraries as ‘socio-technical systems’ that support not only information seeking and discovery but also community interaction and collaboration. The analysis drew from 577 articles on sociotechnical topics published in peer-reviewed library and information science journals, with some exceptions (e.g., D-Lib Magazine is not a refereed journal). The methodology appears to have excluded conference papers. The findings indicated first, a trend toward more articles on socio-technical topics over time and second, the dominance of topics related to digital library use and usability plus organizational, economic and legal issues. Ethical and social/cultural issues were not well represented in the Liew sample articles.

  • 5 - Hybrid libraries

  • Karen Calhoun
  • Book:
    Exploring Digital Libraries
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 111-138

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter continues the discussion of digital collections with a detailed look at the interplay between library users, hybrid library collections and enabling technologies for hybrid library systems and services. Hybrid library collections contain non-digital, digitized and born-digital resources. This chapter examines changing information-seeking behaviors and preferences, explores how they have fostered new collections strategies, and analyses the impact of both on discovery services and other enabling technologies for hybrid libraries. The chapter ends with some thoughts about the parallel but separate evolutionary paths of hybrid libraries, repositories and the web.

    Changing information-seeking behaviors

    Information moves online

    The content of interest to those who use libraries is highly distributed across the web. Vast changes have occurred not only in the amount of information available but also where people prefer to look for what they need. Library collections exist alongside (and compete for attention with) many other choices for information seekers, including those for whom hybrid library collections are or would be useful.

    Digital formats are beginning to dominate library collections, especially in academic libraries. Particularly with respect to the scholarly journal literature, library collections are already digital collections, and online formats are preferred. As discussed in Chapter 2, by 2001 a third of faculty and half of students reported they were relying exclusively or almost exclusively on online scholarly resources for their work (Friedlander, 2002). More than a decade later, preferences for web-based scholarly content are much stronger.

    Research on information-seeking behaviors

    preferred sources of information

    The attention of both the general public and academics has shifted rapidly to online networked content. Many people now prefer to look for information online, and most segments of the population place a high value on immediately available, convenient online sources, often preferring these sources over hybrid library collections. Much research has been focused on these trends, for example the following studies:

  • • The American public. According to a survey of people's perceptions of libraries and preferences for information discovery conducted by Harris Interactive on behalf of OCLC, 84% of surveyed Americans say they prefer to begin a search for information with a search engine. Furthermore, a majority (69%) of American respondents considered the information they find on the web to be as trustworthy as information from a library (De Rosa et al., 2011, 32, 40).

  • 1 - Emergence and definitions of digital libraries

  • Karen Calhoun
  • Book:
    Exploring Digital Libraries
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 1-26

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter traces the first decade of progress in digital libraries (1991–2001), with emphasis on the foundational innovations, vision, motivations, new technology, funding and early programs that prompted their emergence and rapid development. It next turns to the question of how to define the concept of ‘digital libraries’ in an environment of multiple perspectives and continuous technological and societal change. The chapter's intent is to orient the reader to the field as well as to ground the rest of the book in the context of the aspirations and efforts of many diverse communities and individuals.

    the emergence of digital libraries (1991–2001)

    This book places the beginning of digital libraries in 1991, the year in which the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the US sponsored a series of workshops on how to make digital libraries a reality, not just a dream. At the same time, digital libraries are an outcome of the revolution in computing, telecommunications and information systems that began almost 40 years ago, around 1965. This section frames the emergence of digital libraries as a recognized field of endeavor in terms of four requirements for viability and growth: a compelling vision, strong motivating factors, technology and funding.

    A compelling vision

    Many authors (Arms, 2000; Fox, 1993a; Lesk, 2004; Tedd and Large, 2005) trace the vision of digital libraries to a post-World War 2 paper by Vannevar Bush called As We May Think (1945) and a book called Libraries of the Future by J. C. R. Licklider (1965). Licklider's research for the book was sponsored by the US Council on Library Resources (Clapp, 1965, ix). Bush, at that time director of the US Office of Scientific Research and Development, called for a new approach to information organization and discovery based on the visionary concept of a ‘memex’ – a fast, flexible and efficient desktop device enabling associative indexing and instant access to both a vast library and a scientist's personal files.

    The ideas and writings of Licklider, a professor of computer science at MIT, vice president of a high-technology company and imminent researcher for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), eventually led to ARPANET, a system of networked computers that preceded the internet.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • David Stuart
  • Book:
    Web Metrics for Library and Information Professionals
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    09 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 1-14

  • Summary

    Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.

    William Bruce Cameron (1957)

    Increasingly it seems as though every organization, profession and service is subject to a mounting number of metrics and performance indicators. League tables are no longer reserved for the winning and losing of sports teams, but are used to make comparisons between a host of different bodies, from hospitals and schools to train companies and countries. The growth and interest in new metrics and indicators has been facilitated by the growth and interest in the web. The web facilitates the sharing of established metrics and data; a service such as Google Public Data (www.google.com/publicdata) now provides a userfriendly front end to a wide range of public data, enabling the simple comparison of countries according to features as diverse as the number of daily papers sold per person, to the contribution of renewable energy to a country's energy supply. The web enables the soliciting of new data; Web 2.0 services have facilitated the ranking of politicians according to their ‘hotness’ and professors according to their helpfulness. Most importantly, the web also provides new media for analysis; in the same way the traditional media of books and journals provided the basis for new metrics, such as the number of books published in a country or the number of citations a journal receives, so new media such as web pages and blogs provide the basis for a host of new metrics. These web metrics can be far richer than those associated with traditional media as a greater variety of data can be collected at increasingly fine levels of granularity.

    This book demonstrates how a host of new web metrics can be an important addition to the library and information professional's skill set. Web metrics can enable librarians to improve the online service they provide to their stakeholders and demonstrate the impact of their services to managers and policy makers; web metrics can be used to help identify the most relevant resources in a field and demonstrate the value of their own online offerings. The library and information professional's online presence now comprises a wide variety of genres. Many libraries have Facebook and Twitter accounts, some host blogs and wikis, and a few make use of the newer social media services such as Pinterest or Google Plus.

  • 8 - Web metrics and the web of data

  • David Stuart
  • Book:
    Web Metrics for Library and Information Professionals
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    09 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 145-164

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Much of the discussion up to now has been about the potential of web metrics to gain insights into the web of documents: how many times has a particular document been mentioned on the web? How many times has a web page been visited? How many times has a wiki page been updated? It has been suggested, however, that we are moving from a web of documents to a web of data, where there is ever more data available in a machinereadable format. This chapter starts with a description of this ‘web of data’ and all its multiple facets, before expanding on the implications of this increasingly structured data on the development of various kinds of web metrics. Finally the chapter considers some of the existing tools for investigating this web of data.

    The web of data

    The term ‘web of data’ is used here to refer to data that is structured in machinereadable form and has been published openly on the web (Stuart, 2011). It is not separate from the existing web, but rather may refer to a subset of it, and includes a wide range of different technologies, from a Google spreadsheet hosted in the cloud, to an Excel spreadsheet contained within an institutional repository; from the APIs providing access to data from Web 2.0 sites and services, to web pages with microformats, microdata or Resource Description Framework in Attributes (RDFa). Some of these technologies have already been introduced during the book. Here we consider some of the technologies that contribute to the web of data in a bit more detail, considering both the advantages and disadvantages of the different technologies, before moving on to discuss some of the implications of the web of data (in its various guises) to the development of web metrics.

    As has been argued elsewhere, librarians have a long history of providing access to the documents, and are ideally positioned for facilitating access to the increasingly large web of data (Stuart, 2011). Facilitating access to the web of data provides a new avenue for information services to develop as the traditional information services rapidly evolve. While the prospect of learning to program would understandably be a daunting prospect for many librarians, socalled massive open online courses (MOOCs) from sites such as Udacity (www.udacity.com) and Coursera (www.coursera.org) provide a simple way for librarians to expand their technical skills.

  • 6 - Investigating relationships between actors

  • David Stuart
  • Book:
    Web Metrics for Library and Information Professionals
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    09 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 115-126

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Relational web metrics investigate the relationships between online actors, whether these are individuals, organizations, Twitter accounts or web pages. They may be considered distinct from evaluative web metrics as they are not necessarily designed to provide insights into the impact of content, but rather provide insights into the structure of the network as a whole, or the position of actors within a network. As has been pointed out already, the distinction between evaluative and relational metrics may merely be one of perception; being central to a network may be considered an indicator of impact, or may merely be an indicator of being central to the network.

    This chapter considers some of the social network analysis methodologies that have been adopted by the web metrics community and how these methodologies and visualization technologies may be used to draw insights that may be of use for librarians.

    Social network analysis methods

    Social network analysis methodologies were developed in the social sciences based on the idea that actors should not be considered in isolation, but rather that their behaviour was best understood within the context of connected actors. The importance of people's social networks for sharing information and changing user behaviours is now widely recognized (Christakis and Fowler, 2009), and the application of social network analysis methodologies have not only been suggested for the information science community for traditional bibliometric investigations (Otte and Rousseau, 2002), but also formed the basis of webometric investigations analysing the hyperlinks between web pages (e.g., Park, Barnett and Nam, 2002; Holmberg, 2009).

    Although social network analysis methodologies may be applied to the web and information on it, it has a far broader set of applications, so the terminology generally used is one of nodes and edges rather than web pages and hyperlinks. A network (or graph) comprises nodes (sometimes referred to as vertices) and edges, which are the connections between nodes. These edges may be undirected or directed (in which case they may be referred to as arcs) depending on the nature of the connection. For example, web pages are connected by directional links, and just because a blog links to a BBC news story does not mean that the BBC story automatically links back to the blog.

  • 7 - Digital libraries and their communities

  • Karen Calhoun
  • Book:
    Exploring Digital Libraries
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 159-178

  • Summary

    Overview

    What sets thriving, long-lived digital libraries apart from those that attract only modest attention or have faded into memory? Why have some digital libraries had a distinctive impact on the communities they were built to serve, while others are more or less ignored? This chapter examines these issues. It builds on Table 2.1's descriptions of a sample of working digital libraries that have been successful since they began in the first decade of digital libraries (1991–2001). It also takes up themes from Chapter 6, which examines the ways that digital libraries produce, or could produce, value for the communities they serve.

    Approach

    This chapter uses the results of interviews with nine well known digital library experts (listed at the beginning of the book, p. xvi) to approach the question of what makes digital libraries successful in their communities. Interweaving the results of the interviews and the findings of other digital library researchers and practitioners, the chapter examines the distinguishing characteristics leading to long-term viability.

    Successful, sustainable digital libraries

    When digital libraries were beginning two decades ago, the web was characterized by fairly passive, read-only sites. As the web evolved into a more social space, users came to expect more interactive sites. It stands to reason that when users approach digital libraries, they bring their expectations and experiences from other sites with them. Accordingly, this chapter begins with an analysis from the domain of online communities, which, for the purpose of this discussion, are network-based spaces in which participants communicate and interact, share and contribute content, and build or maintain relationships.

    The study of online communities

    Alicia Iriberri and Gondy Leroy (2009) offer a life-cycle perspective on online community success. Their often-cited analysis focuses on the evolution of online communities and identifying success factors in each evolutionary stage: inception, creation, growth and maturity (or death). They take the characteristics of several types of online communities into account: support, interest-based, knowledge, gaming and transactionsbased communities.

    Iriberri and Leroy's life-cycle model is based upon a comprehensive review of research and practice in the emerging field of online communities – a body of literature that is highly multidisciplinary and growing fast. Unlike much of what has been written, their approach to modeling what attracts and maintains an online community is complex and contextual.

  • 8 - The prospects of open access repositories

  • Karen Calhoun
  • Book:
    Exploring Digital Libraries
    Published by:
    Facet
    Published online:
    08 June 2018
    Print publication:
    31 January 2014, pp 179-208

  • Summary

    Overview

    This chapter focuses on the potential of open access repositories for having a distinctive positive impact on scholarship and, more broadly, on their prospects for increasing the social and economic value of digital libraries. In addition to extending Chapter 4's discussion of open access repositories into new territory, it relates the frameworks presented in Chapters 6 and 7 to this particular type of digital library. Topics include subject-based and institutional repositories and their value; issues around recruiting repository content, including deposit mandates; legal frameworks, copyright and open access; discipline-specific norms, practices and reward systems; the discoverability of scholarly content; the sustainability of repositories; e-research data management; and prospects for the emergence of a global ecosystem of repositories.

    Successful subject-based repositories

    The most successful subject-based repositories have grown organically around the scholarly communities they serve (see the examples in Chapters 2, 4, 6 and 7), and they are woven into the way their disciplines communicate. As Erway (2012) notes in her review of several thriving subject repositories, ‘the central repository for a researcher's field of study is where he goes for information, to see what's been published, and to look for collaborators. It's only natural that he would think of the same location when it comes time for him to deposit his work.’ Due to their firm foundations within communities of research and practice, the successful subject repositories have tended to attract more submissions than institutional repositories.

    Adamick and Resnik-Zellen wrote two articles about subject repositories (2010a; 2010b). The second article profiles ten selected subject repositories across nine metrics: year founded, subjects covered, software, content types, deposit policies, copyright policies, hosting, funding and governance. Overlaying Iriberri and Leroy's 2009 life-cycle model of online communities (Figure 7.1) on the profiles of these successful subject repositories, it is clear that the repositories have evolved through the life cycle, from a strong community orientation at inception to a high degree of trust and participation at maturity. As a result, while Google is an important referrer of searches to subject repositories, the most successful repositories can be said to be destination sites (sites that people visit by going directly to their URLs through typing or bookmarks). As discussed later, this has implications for repository interface design and development.

Page 161 of 293