Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-t6hkb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-11T05:14:36.977Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 4 - Glomerular Diseases Associated with Nephrotic Syndrome and Proteinuria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2017

Xin Jin (Joseph) Zhou
Affiliation:
Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas
Zoltan G. Laszik
Affiliation:
University of California, San Francisco
Tibor Nadasdy
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Vivette D. D'Agati
Affiliation:
Columbia University, New York
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Dane, MJ, van den Berg, BM, Avramut, MC, et al. Glomerular endothelial surface layer acts as a barrier against albumin filtration. Am J Pathol 2013;182:1532–40.Google Scholar
Dane, MJ, van den Berg, BM, Lee, DH, et al. A microscopic view on the renal endothelial glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015;308:F95666.Google Scholar
Bernard, DB. Extrarenal complications of the nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 1988;33:1184–202.Google Scholar
Rostoker, G, Behar, A, Lagrue, G. Vascular hyperpermeability in nephrotic edema. Nephron 2000;85:194200.Google Scholar
Deschenes, G, Gonin, S, Zolty, E, et al. Increased synthesis and avp unresponsiveness of Na,K-ATPase in collecting duct from nephrotic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2241–52.Google Scholar
Kim, SW, Wang, W, Nielsen, J, et al. Increased expression and apical targeting of renal ENaC subunits in puromycin aminonucleoside-induced nephrotic syndrome in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004;286:F92235.Google Scholar
Klisic, J, Zhang, J, Nief, V, et al. Albumin regulates the Na+/H+ exchanger 3 in OKP cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:3008–16.Google Scholar
Lacquaniti, A, Bolignano, D, Donato, V, et al. Alterations of lipid metabolism in chronic nephropathies: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Kidney Blood Press Res 2010;33:100–10.Google Scholar
Kaysen, GA, de Sain-van der Velden, MG. New insights into lipid metabolism in the nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int Suppl 1999;71:S1821.Google Scholar
Smith, SM, Hoy, WE, Cobb, L. Low incidence of glomerulosclerosis in normal kidneys. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989;113:1253–55.Google Scholar
Liu, LL, Qin, Y, Cai, JF, et al. Th17/Treg imbalance in adult patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome. Clin Immunol 2011;139:314–20.Google Scholar
Olson, JL. The nephrotic syndrome and minimal change disease. In: Jennette, JC, Olson, JL, Silva, FG, D’Agati, VD, eds. Heptinstall’s Pathology of the Kidney. Seventh ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2015:173205.Google Scholar
Clement, LC, Avila-Casado, C, Mace, C, et al. Podocyte-secreted angiopoietin-like-4 mediates proteinuria in glucocorticoid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Nat Med 2011;17:117–22.Google Scholar
Reiser, J, von Gersdorff, G, Loos, M, et al. Induction of B7–1 in podocytes is associated with nephrotic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2004;113:1390–97.Google Scholar
Garin, EH, Diaz, LN, Mu, W, et al. Urinary CD80 excretion increases in idiopathic minimal-change disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:260–66.Google Scholar
Nolasco, F, Cameron, JS, Hicks, J, Ogg, CS, Williams, DG. Adult-onset nephrotic syndrome with minimal changes: response to corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 1985;21:588–93.Google Scholar
Waldman, M, Crew, R, Valeri, A, et al. Adult minimal-change disease: Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:445–53.Google Scholar
Bagga, A, Hari, P, Moudgil, A, Jordan, SC. Mycophenolate mofetil and prednisolone therapy in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:1114–20.Google Scholar
Durkan, AM, Hodson, EM, Willis, NS, Craig, JC. Immunosuppressive agents in childhood nephrotic syndrome: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Kidney Int 2001;59:1919–27.Google Scholar
Fogo, A, Hawkins, EP, Berry, PL, et al. Glomerular hypertrophy in minimal change disease predicts subsequent progression to focal glomerular sclerosis. Kidney Int 1990;38:115–23.Google Scholar
Stokes, MB, Markowitz, GS, Lin, J, Valeri, AM, D’Agati, VD. Glomerular tip lesion: A distinct entity within the minimal change disease/focal segmental glomerulosclerosis spectrum. Kidney Int 2004;65:1690–702.Google Scholar
Haas, M, Yousefzadeh, N. Glomerular tip lesion in minimal change nephropathy: A study of autopsies before 1950. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:1168–75.Google Scholar
Weber, S, Gribouval, O, Esquivel, EL, et al. NPHS2 mutation analysis shows genetic heterogeneity of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and low post-transplant recurrence. Kidney Int 2004;66:571–79.Google Scholar
Winn, MP, Conlon, PJ, Lynn, KL, et al. A mutation in the TRPC6 cation channel causes familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Science 2005;308:1801–04.Google Scholar
Lipska, BS, Iatropoulos, P, Maranta, R, et al. Genetic screening in adolescents with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2013;84:206–13.Google Scholar
Izzedine, H, Brocheriou, I, Eymard, B, et al. Loss of podocyte dysferlin expression is associated with minimal change nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;48:143–50.Google Scholar
Ruf, RG, Lichtenberger, A, Karle, SM, et al. Patients with mutations in NPHS2 (podocin) do not respond to standard steroid treatment of nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:722–32.Google Scholar
Jennette, JC, Falk, RJ. Adult minimal change glomerulopathy with acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 1990;16:432–37.Google Scholar
Primary nephrotic syndrome in children: clinical significance of histopathologic variants of minimal change and of diffuse mesangial hypercellularity. A Report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Kidney Int 1981;20:765–71.Google Scholar
Childhood nephrotic syndrome associated with diffuse mesangial hypercellularity. A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int 1983;24:8794.Google Scholar
Cohen, AH, Border, WA, Glassock, RJ. Nephrotic syndrome with glomerular mesangial IgM deposits. Lab Invest 1978;38:610–19.Google Scholar
Al-Eisa, A, Carter, JE, Lirenman, DS, Magil, AB. Childhood IgM nephropathy: comparison with minimal change disease. Nephron 1996;72:3743.Google Scholar
Tejani, A, Nicastri, AD. Mesangial IgM nephropathy. Nephron 1983;35:15.Google Scholar
Myllymaki, J, Saha, H, Mustonen, J, Helin, H, Pasternack, A. IgM nephropathy: Clinical picture and long-term prognosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:343–50.Google Scholar
Zeis, PM, Kavazarakis, E, Nakopoulou, L, et al. Glomerulopathy with mesangial IgM deposits: Long-term follow up of 64 children. Pediatr Int 2001;43:287–92.Google Scholar
Clive, DM, Galvanek, EG, Silva, FG. Mesangial immunoglobulin A deposits in minimal change nephrotic syndrome: A report of an older patient and review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 1990;10:3136.Google Scholar
Herlitz, LC, Bomback, AS, Stokes, MB, et al. IgA nephropathy with minimal change disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014;9:1033–39.Google Scholar
Association of IgA nephropathy with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Am J Kidney Dis 1985;5:157–64.Google Scholar
Warren, GV, Korbet, SM, Schwartz, MM, Lewis, EJ. Minimal change glomerulopathy associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Kidney Dis 1989;13:127–30.Google Scholar
Barri, YM, Munshi, NC, Sukumalchantra, S, et al. Podocyte injury associated glomerulopathies induced by pamidronate. Kidney Int 2004;65:634–41.Google Scholar
Dizer, U, Beker, CM, Yavuz, I, et al. Minimal change disease in a patient receiving IFN-alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2003;23:5154.Google Scholar
Kleinknecht, D. Interstitial nephritis, the nephrotic syndrome, and chronic renal failure secondary to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Semin Nephrol 1995;15:228–35.Google Scholar
Nakao, K, Sugiyama, H, Makino, E, et al. Minimal change nephrotic syndrome developing during postoperative interferon-beta therapy for malignant melanoma. Nephron 2002;90:498500.Google Scholar
Tam, VK, Green, J, Schwieger, J, Cohen, AH. Nephrotic syndrome and renal insufficiency associated with lithium therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 1996;27:715–20.Google Scholar
Tang, HL, Chu, KH, Mak, YF, et al. Minimal change disease following exposure to mercury-containing skin lightening cream. Hong Kong Med J 2006;12:316–18.Google Scholar
Pirani, CL, Valeri, A, D’Agati, V, Appel, GB. Renal toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Contrib Nephrol 1987;55:159–75.Google Scholar
D’Agati, V, Sablay, LB, Knowles, DM, Walter, L. Angiotropic large cell lymphoma (intravascular malignant lymphomatosis) of the kidney: Presentation as minimal change disease. Hum Pathol 1989;20:263–68.Google Scholar
Kraft, SW, Schwartz, MM, Korbet, SM, Lewis, EJ. Glomerular podocytopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:175–79.Google Scholar
Dube, GK, Markowitz, GS, Radhakrishnan, J, Appel, GB, D’Agati, VD. Minimal change disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Nephrol 2002;57:120–26.Google Scholar
Hertig, A, Droz, D, Lesavre, P, Grunfeld, JP, Rieu, P. SLE and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: Coincidence or not? Am J Kidney Dis 2002;40:1179–84.Google Scholar
D’Agati, VD, Kaskel, FJ, Falk, RJ. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2398–411.Google Scholar
D’Agati, V. The many masks of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 1994;46:1223–41.Google Scholar
Paik, KH, Lee, BH, Cho, HY, et al. Primary focal segmental glomerular sclerosis in children: Clinical course and prognosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:389–95.Google Scholar
D’Agati, VD, Fogo, AB, Bruijn, JA, Jennette, JC. Pathologic classification of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: A working proposal. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:368–82.Google Scholar
Chun, MJ, Korbet, SM, Schwartz, MM, Lewis, EJ. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in nephrotic adults: Presentation, prognosis, and response to therapy of the histologic variants. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:2169–77.Google Scholar
Deegens, JK, Dijkman, HB, Borm, GF, et al. Podocyte foot process effacement as a diagnostic tool in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2008;74:1568–76.Google Scholar
Stokes, MB, Valeri, AM, Markowitz, GS, D’Agati, VD. Cellular focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Clinical and pathologic features. Kidney Int 2006;70:1783–92.Google Scholar
Thomas, DB, Franceschini, N, Hogan, SL, et al. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis pathologic variants. Kidney Int 2006;69:920–26.Google Scholar
D’Agati, VD, Alster, JM, Jennette, JC, et al. Association of histologic variants in FSGS clinical trial with presenting features and outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:399406.Google Scholar
Stokes, MB, D’Agati, VD. Morphologic variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and their significance. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2014;21:400–07.Google Scholar
D’Agati, V. Podocyte injury can be catching. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1181–83.Google Scholar
Ingulli, E, Tejani, A. Racial differences in the incidence and renal outcome of idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 1991;5:393–97.Google Scholar
Haas, M, Meehan, SM, Karrison, TG, Spargo, BH. Changing etiologies of unexplained adult nephrotic syndrome: A comparison of renal biopsy findings from 1976–1979 and 1995–1997. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;30:621–31.Google Scholar
Korbet, SM. Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:1333–40.Google Scholar
Yoshikawa, N, Ito, H, Akamatsu, R, et al. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with and without nephrotic syndrome in children. J Pediatr 1986;109:6570.Google Scholar
Deegens, JK, Steenbergen, EJ, Borm, GF, Wetzels, JF. Pathological variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in an adult Dutch population – Epidemiology and outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:186–92.Google Scholar
Silverstein, DM, Craver, R. Presenting features and short-term outcome according to pathologic variant in childhood primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;2:700–07.Google Scholar
Shankland, SJ. The podocyte’s response to injury: Role in proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2006;69:2131–47.Google Scholar
Savin, VJ, Sharma, R, Sharma, M, et al. Circulating factor associated with increased glomerular permeability to albumin in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. N Engl J Med 1996;334:878–83.Google Scholar
Le Berre, L, Godfrin, Y, Lafond-Puyet, L, et al. Effect of plasma fractions from patients with focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis on rat proteinuria. Kidney Int 2000;58:2502–11.Google Scholar
Cattran, D, Neogi, T, Sharma, R, McCarthy, ET, Savin, VJ. Serial estimates of serum permeability activity and clinical correlates in patients with native kidney focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:448–53.Google Scholar
Dantal, J, Bigot, E, Bogers, W, et al. Effect of plasma protein adsorption on protein excretion in kidney-transplant recipients with recurrent nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1994;330:714.Google Scholar
Gallon, L, Leventhal, J, Skaro, A, Kanwar, Y, Alvarado, A. Resolution of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis after retransplantation. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1648–49.Google Scholar
Wei, C, El Hindi, S, Li, J, et al. Circulating urokinase receptor as a cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Med 2011;17:952–60.Google Scholar
McCarthy, ET, Sharma, M, Savin, VJ. Circulating permeability factors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:2115–21.Google Scholar
Maas, RJ, Deegens, JK, Wetzels, JF. Permeability factors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: Historical perspectives and lessons for the future. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014;29:2207–16.Google Scholar
Fogo, AB. Causes and pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015;11:7687.Google Scholar
Sadowski, CE, Lovric, S, Ashraf, S, et al. A single-gene cause in 29.5% of cases of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015;26:1279–89.Google Scholar
Hinkes, BG, Mucha, B, Vlangos, CN, et al. Nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life: Two thirds of cases are caused by mutations in 4 genes (NPHS1, NPHS2, WT1, and LAMB2). Pediatrics 2007;119:e90719.Google Scholar
Boyer, O, Benoit, G, Gribouval, O, et al. Mutations in INF2 are a major cause of autosomal dominant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:239–45.Google Scholar
Kaplan, JM, Kim, SH, North, KN, et al. Mutations in ACTN4, encoding alpha-actinin-4, cause familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Genet 2000;24:251–56.Google Scholar
Kim, JM, Wu, H, Green, G, et al. CD2-associated protein haploinsufficiency is linked to glomerular disease susceptibility. Science 2003;300:1298–300.Google Scholar
Hinkes, B, Wiggins, RC, Gbadegesin, R, et al. Positional cloning uncovers mutations in PLCE1 responsible for a nephrotic syndrome variant that may be reversible. Nat Genet 2006;38:1397–405.Google Scholar
Ruf, RG, Schultheiss, M, Lichtenberger, A, et al. Prevalence of WT1 mutations in a large cohort of patients with steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int 2004;66:564–70.Google Scholar
Koziell, A, Grech, V, Hussain, S, et al. Genotype/phenotype correlations of NPHS1 and NPHS2 mutations in nephrotic syndrome advocate a functional inter-relationship in glomerular filtration. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11:379–88.Google Scholar
Genovese, G, Friedman, DJ, Ross, MD, et al. Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans. Science 2010;329:841–45.Google Scholar
Nichols, B, Jog, P, Lee, JH, et al. Innate immunity pathways regulate the nephropathy gene Apolipoprotein L1. Kidney Int 2015;87:332–42.Google Scholar
Kopp, JB, Nelson, GW, Sampath, K, et al. APOL1 genetic variants in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:2129–37.Google Scholar
Friedman, DJ, Kozlitina, J, Genovese, G, Jog, P, Pollak, MR. Population-based risk assessment of APOL1 on renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:2098–105.Google Scholar
Lipkowitz, MS, Freedman, BI, Langefeld, CD, et al. Apolipoprotein L1 gene variants associate with hypertension-attributed nephropathy and the rate of kidney function decline in African Americans. Kidney Int 2013;83:114–20.Google Scholar
Madhavan, SM, O’Toole, JF, Konieczkowski, M, et al. APOL1 localization in normal kidney and nondiabetic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:2119–28.Google Scholar
Papeta, N, Zheng, Z, Schon, EA, et al. Prkdc participates in mitochondrial genome maintenance and prevents adriamycin-induced nephropathy in mice. J Clin Invest 2010;120:4055–64.Google Scholar
Bariety, J, Nochy, D, Mandet, C, et al. Podocytes undergo phenotypic changes and express macrophagic-associated markers in idiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1998;53:918–25.Google Scholar
Barisoni, L, Kriz, W, Mundel, P, D’Agati, V. The dysregulated podocyte phenotype: A novel concept in the pathogenesis of collapsing idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and HIV-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:5161.Google Scholar
Shankland, SJ, Eitner, F, Hudkins, KL, et al. Differential expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human glomerular disease: Role in podocyte proliferation and maturation. Kidney Int 2000;58:674–83.Google Scholar
Smeets, B, Kuppe, C, Sicking, EM, et al. Parietal epithelial cells participate in the formation of sclerotic lesions in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1262–74.Google Scholar
Smeets, B, Angelotti, ML, Rizzo, P, et al. Renal progenitor cells contribute to hyperplastic lesions of podocytopathies and crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:2593–603.Google Scholar
Shankland, SJ, Smeets, B, Pippin, JW, Moeller, MJ. The emergence of the glomerular parietal epithelial cell. Nat Rev Nephrol 2014;10:158–73.Google Scholar
Cattran, DC, Appel, GB, Hebert, LA, et al. A randomized trial of cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. North America Nephrotic Syndrome Study Group. Kidney Int 1999;56:2220–26.Google Scholar
Schoeneman, MJ, Bennett, B, Greifer, I. The natural history of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with and without mesangial hypercellularity in children. Clin Nephrol 1978;9:4554.Google Scholar
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. A report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int 1985;27:442–49.Google Scholar
Kambham, N, Markowitz, GS, Valeri, AM, Lin, J, D’Agati, VD. Obesity-related glomerulopathy: An emerging epidemic. Kidney Int 2001;59:1498–509.Google Scholar
Hodgin, JB, Rasoulpour, M, Markowitz, GS, D’Agati, VD. Very low birth weight is a risk factor for secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:7176.Google Scholar
Praga, M, Morales, E, Herrero, JC, et al. Absence of hypoalbuminemia despite massive proteinuria in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis secondary to hyperfiltration. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;33:5258.Google Scholar
Wolf, G. After all those fat years: Renal consequences of obesity. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:2471–74.Google Scholar
D’Agati, V, Suh, JI, Carbone, L, Cheng, JT, Appel, G. Pathology of HIV-associated nephropathy: A detailed morphologic and comparative study. Kidney Int 1989;35:1358–70.Google Scholar
Winston, J, Deray, G, Hawkins, T, et al. Kidney disease in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:1449–57.Google Scholar
Papeta, N, Kiryluk, K, Patel, A, et al. APOL1 variants increase risk for FSGS and HIVAN but not IgA nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1991–96.Google Scholar
Wyatt, CM, Klotman, PE, D’Agati, VD. HIV-associated nephropathy: Clinical presentation, pathology, and epidemiology in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Semin Nephrol 2008;28:513–22.Google Scholar
Albaqumi, M, Soos, TJ, Barisoni, L, Nelson, PJ. Collapsing glomerulopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2854–63.Google Scholar
Zuo, Y, Matsusaka, T, Zhong, J, et al. HIV-1 genes vpr and nef synergistically damage podocytes, leading to glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:2832–43.Google Scholar
Bruggeman, LA, Dikman, S, Meng, C, et al. Nephropathy in human immunodeficiency virus-1 transgenic mice is due to renal transgene expression. J Clin Invest 1997;100:8492.Google Scholar
Winston, JA, Bruggeman, LA, Ross, MD, et al. Nephropathy and establishment of a renal reservoir of HIV type 1 during primary infection. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1979–84.Google Scholar
Monga, G, Mazzucco, G, Boldorini, R, et al. Renal changes in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A post-mortem study on an unselected population in northwestern Italy. Mod Pathol 1997;10:159–67.Google Scholar
Cheng, JT, Anderson, HL Jr., Markowitz, GS, et al. Hepatitis C virus-associated glomerular disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:1566–74.Google Scholar
Stokes, MB, Chawla, H, Brody, RI, et al. Immune complex glomerulonephritis in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29:514–25.Google Scholar
Mohan, S, Herlitz, LC, Tan, J, et al. The changing pattern of glomerular disease in HIV and hepatitis C co-infected patients in the era of HAART. Clin Nephrol 2013;79:285–91.Google Scholar
Gerntholtz, TE, Goetsch, SJ, Katz, I. HIV-related nephropathy: A South African perspective. Kidney Int 2006;69:1885–91.Google Scholar
Jennette, JC, Hipp, CG. C1q nephropathy: A distinct pathologic entity usually causing nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1985;6:103–10.Google Scholar
Iskandar, SS, Browning, MC, Lorentz, WB. C1q nephropathy: A pediatric clinicopathologic study. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;18:459–65.Google Scholar
Markowitz, GS, Schwimmer, JA, Stokes, MB, et al. C1q nephropathy: A variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2003;64:1232–40.Google Scholar
Kersnik Levart, T, Kenda, RB, Avgustin Cavic, M, et al. C1Q nephropathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20:1756–61.Google Scholar
Lau, KK, Gaber, LW, Delos Santos, NM, Wyatt, RJ. C1q nephropathy: Features at presentation and outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20:744–49.Google Scholar
Fukuma, Y, Hisano, S, Segawa, Y, et al. Clinicopathologic correlation of C1q nephropathy in children. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:412–18.Google Scholar
Said, SM, Cornell, LD, Valeri, AM, et al. C1q deposition in the renal allograft: A report of 24 cases. Mod Pathol 2010;23:1080–88.Google Scholar
Dumoulin, A, Hill, GS, Montseny, JJ, Meyrier, A. Clinical and morphological prognostic factors in membranous nephropathy: Significance of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:3848.Google Scholar
Kambham, N, Markowitz, GS, Slater, LM, D’Agati, VD. An 18-year-old female with acute onset of nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:441–46.Google Scholar
Cattran, DC, Pei, Y, Greenwood, CM, et al. Validation of a predictive model of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: its clinical and research implications. Kidney Int 1997;51:901–07.Google Scholar
Wakai, S, Magil, AB. Focal glomerulosclerosis in idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 1992;41:428–34.Google Scholar
Tse, WY, Howie, AJ, Adu, D, et al. Association of vasculitic glomerulonephritis with membranous nephropathy: A report of 10 cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12:1017–27.Google Scholar
Nasr, SH, Ilamathi, ME, Markowitz, GS, D’Agati, VD. A dual pattern of immunofluorescence positivity. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;42:419–26.Google Scholar
Pettersson, E, Tornroth, T, Miettinen, A. Simultaneous anti-glomerular basement membrane and membranous glomerulonephritis: Case report and literature review. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1984;31:171–80.Google Scholar
Klassen, J, Elwood, C, Grossberg, AL, et al. Evolution of membranous nephropathy into anti-glomerular-basement-membrane glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 1974;290:1340–44.Google Scholar
Markowitz, GS, Kambham, N, Maruyama, S, et al. Membranous glomerulopathy with Bowman’s capsular and tubular basement membrane deposits. Clin Nephrol 2000;54:478–86.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, T, Churg, J. Pathology of membranous nephropathy. In: Sommers, S, ed. Pathology Annual. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1968.Google Scholar
Yoshimoto, K, Yokoyama, H, Wada, T, et al. Pathologic findings of initial biopsies reflect the outcomes of membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2004;65:148–53.Google Scholar
Kowalewska, J, Smith, KD, Hudkins, KL, et al. Membranous glomerulopathy with spherules: An uncommon variant with obscure pathogenesis. Am J Kidney Dis 2006;47:983–92.Google Scholar
Glassock, RJ. Secondary membranous glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992;7(Suppl 1):6471.Google Scholar
Bjorneklett, R, Vikse, BE, Svarstad, E, et al. Long-term risk of cancer in membranous nephropathy patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:396403.Google Scholar
Burstein, DM, Korbet, SM, Schwartz, MM. Membranous glomerulonephritis and malignancy. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;22:510.Google Scholar
Rihova, Z, Honsova, E, Merta, M, et al. Secondary membranous nephropathy – One center experience. Ren Fail 2005;27:397402.Google Scholar
Honkanen, E, Tornroth, T, Pettersson, E, Skrifvars, B. Membranous glomerulonephritis in rheumatoid arthritis not related to gold or D-penicillamine therapy: A report of four cases and review of the literature. Clin Nephrol 1987;27:8793.Google Scholar
Becker, BA, Fenves, AZ, Breslau, NA. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with Graves’ disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1999;33:369–73.Google Scholar
Markowitz, GS, Falkowitz, DC, Isom, R, et al. Membranous glomerulopathy and acute interstitial nephritis following treatment with celecoxib. Clin Nephrol 2003;59:137–42.Google Scholar
Bailey, RR. Captopril-induced membranous nephropathy. N Z Med J 1992;105:22.Google Scholar
Lai, FM, To, KF, Wang, AY, et al. Hepatitis B virus-related nephropathy and lupus nephritis: Morphologic similarities of two clinical entities. Mod Pathol 2000;13:166–72.Google Scholar
Tang, S, Lai, FM, Lui, YH, et al. Lamivudine in hepatitis B-associated membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2005;68:1750–58.Google Scholar
Uchiyama-Tanaka, Y, Mori, Y, Kishimoto, N, et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection: Case report and literature review. Clin Nephrol 2004;61:144–50.Google Scholar
Eagen, JW. Glomerulopathies of neoplasia. Kidney Int 1977;11:297303.Google Scholar
Lefaucheur, C, Stengel, B, Nochy, D, et al. Membranous nephropathy and cancer: Epidemiologic evidence and determinants of high-risk cancer association. Kidney Int 2006;70:1510–17.Google Scholar
Honig, C, Mouradian, JA, Montoliu, J, Susin, M, Sherman, RL. Mesangial electron-dense deposits in membranous nephropathy. Lab Invest 1980;42:427–32.Google Scholar
Lin, J, Markowitz, GS, Nicolaides, M, et al. Membranous glomerulopathy associated with graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Report of 2 cases and review of the literature. Am J Nephrol 2001;21:351–56.Google Scholar
Alexander, MP, Larsen, CP, Gibson, IW, et al. Membranous glomerulonephritis is a manifestation of IgG4-related disease. Kidney Int 2013;83:455–62.Google Scholar
Olbricht, CJ, Stark, E, Helmchen, U, et al. Glomerulonephritis associated with inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: A case report and review of the literature. Nephron 1993;64:139–41.Google Scholar
Chen, KH, Chang, CT, Hung, CC. Glomerulonephritis associated with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Ren Fail 2006;28:255–59.Google Scholar
Jennette, JC, Iskandar, SS, Dalldorf, FG. Pathologic differentiation between lupus and nonlupus membranous glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1983;24:377–85.Google Scholar
Doi, T, Mayumi, M, Kanatsu, K, Suehiro, F, Hamashima, Y. Distribution of IgG subclasses in membranous nephropathy. Clin Exp Immunol 1984;58:5762.Google Scholar
Kuroki, A, Shibata, T, Honda, H, et al. Glomerular and serum IgG subclasses in diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis, membranous lupus nephritis, and idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Intern Med (Tokyo, Japan) 2002;41:936–42.Google Scholar
Ohtani, H, Wakui, H, Komatsuda, A, et al. Distribution of glomerular IgG subclass deposits in malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:574–79.Google Scholar
Heymann, W, Hackel, DB, Harwood, S, Wilson, SG, Hunter, JL. Production of nephrotic syndrome in rats by Freund’s adjuvants and rat kidney suspensions. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med (New York, NY) 1959;100:660–64.Google Scholar
Kerjaschki, D, Farquhar, MG. The pathogenic antigen of Heymann nephritis is a membrane glycoprotein of the renal proximal tubule brush border. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982;79:5557–61.Google Scholar
Kerjaschki, D, Farquhar, MG. Immunocytochemical localization of the Heymann nephritis antigen (GP330) in glomerular epithelial cells of normal Lewis rats. Journal Exp Med 1983;157:667–86.Google Scholar
Kerjaschki, D, Exner, M, Ullrich, R, et al. Pathogenic antibodies inhibit the binding of apolipoproteins to megalin/gp330 in passive Heymann nephritis. J Clin Invest 1997;100:2303–09.Google Scholar
Exner, M, Susani, M, Witztum, JL, et al. Lipoproteins accumulate in immune deposits and are modified by lipid peroxidation in passive Heymann nephritis. Am J Pathol 1996;149:1313–20.Google Scholar
Couser, WG. Mediation of immune glomerular injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 1990;1:1329.Google Scholar
Nangaku, M, Shankland, SJ, Couser, WG. Cellular response to injury in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:1195–204.Google Scholar
Baker, PJ, Ochi, RF, Schulze, M, et al. Depletion of C6 prevents development of proteinuria in experimental membranous nephropathy in rats. Am J Pathol 1989;135:185–94.Google Scholar
Cybulsky, AV, Rennke, HG, Feintzeig, ID, Salant, DJ. Complement-induced glomerular epithelial cell injury. Role of the membrane attack complex in rat membranous nephropathy. J Clin Invest 1986;77:1096–107.Google Scholar
Quigg, RJ, Holers, VM, Morgan, BP, Sneed, AE, 3rd. Crry and CD59 regulate complement in rat glomerular epithelial cells and are inhibited by the nephritogenic antibody of passive Heymann nephritis. J Immunol 1995;154:3437–43.Google Scholar
Schiller, B, He, C, Salant, DJ, et al. Inhibition of complement regulation is key to the pathogenesis of active Heymann nephritis. J Exp Med 1998;188:1353–58.Google Scholar
Debiec, H, Guigonis, V, Mougenot, B, et al. Antenatal membranous glomerulonephritis due to anti-neutral endopeptidase antibodies. N Engl J Med 2002;346:2053–60.Google Scholar
Debiec, H, Nauta, J, Coulet, F, et al. Role of truncating mutations in MME gene in fetomaternal alloimmunisation and antenatal glomerulopathies. Lancet 2004;364:1252–59.Google Scholar
Beck, LH Jr., Bonegio, RG, Lambeau, G, et al. M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1121.Google Scholar
Hanasaki, K. Mammalian phospholipase A2: Phospholipase A2 receptor. Biol Pharm Bull 2004;27:1165–67.Google Scholar
Debiec, H, Ronco, P. PLA2 R autoantibodies and PLA2 R glomerular deposits in membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2011;364:689–90.Google Scholar
Hofstra, JM, Beck, LH Jr., Beck, DM, Wetzels, JF, Salant, DJ. Anti-phospholipase A(2) receptor antibodies correlate with clinical status in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;6:1286–91.Google Scholar
Qin, W, Beck, LH Jr., Zeng, C, et al. Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1137–43.Google Scholar
Beck, LH Jr., Fervenza, FC, Beck, DM, et al. Rituximab-induced depletion of anti-PLA2 R autoantibodies predicts response in membranous nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1543–50.Google Scholar
Debiec, H, Martin, L, Jouanneau, C, et al. Autoantibodies specific for the phospholipase A2 receptor in recurrent and de novo membranous nephropathy. Am J Transplant 2011;11:2144–52.Google Scholar
Stanescu, HC, Arcos-Burgos, M, Medlar, A, et al. Risk HLA-DQA1 and PLA(2)R1 alleles in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2011;364:616–26.Google Scholar
Hoxha, E, Kneissler, U, Stege, G, et al. Enhanced expression of the M-type phospholipase A2 receptor in glomeruli correlates with serum receptor antibodies in primary membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2012;82:797804.Google Scholar
Larsen, CP, Messias, NC, Silva, FG, Messias, E, Walker, PD. Determination of primary versus secondary membranous glomerulopathy utilizing phospholipase A2 receptor staining in renal biopsies. Mod Pathol 2012; 26:709–15.Google ScholarPubMed
Svobodova, B, Honsova, E, Ronco, P, Tesar, V, Debiec, H. Kidney biopsy is a sensitive tool for retrospective diagnosis of PLA2 R-related membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:1839–44.Google Scholar
Tomas, NM, Beck, LH Jr., Meyer-Schwesinger, C, et al. Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing 7 A in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2277–87.Google Scholar
Stehle, T, Audard, V, Ronco, P, Debiec, H. Phospholipase A2 receptor and sarcoidosis-associated membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1047–50.Google Scholar
Lai, FM, Lai, KN, Tam, JS, et al. Primary glomerulonephritis with detectable glomerular hepatitis B virus antigens. Am J Surg Pathol 1994;18:175–86.Google Scholar
Debiec, H, Lefeu, F, Kemper, MJ, et al. Early-childhood membranous nephropathy due to cationic bovine serum albumin. N Engl J Med 2011;364:2101–10.Google Scholar
Cattran, DC, Delmore, T, Roscoe, J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of prednisone in patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1989;320:210–15.Google Scholar
Muirhead, N. Management of idiopathic membranous nephropathy: Evidence-based recommendations. Kidney Int Suppl 1999;70:S4755.Google Scholar
Ponticelli, C, Zucchelli, P, Passerini, P, et al. A 10-year follow-up of a randomized study with methylprednisolone and chlorambucil in membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 1995;48:1600–04.Google Scholar
Cattran, DC, Appel, GB, Hebert, LA, et al. Cyclosporine in patients with steroid-resistant membranous nephropathy: A randomized trial. Kidney Int 2001;59:1484–90.Google Scholar
Cattran, DC, Greenwood, C, Ritchie, S, et al. A controlled trial of cyclosporine in patients with progressive membranous nephropathy. Canadian Glomerulonephritis Study Group. Kidney Int 1995;47:1130–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fervenza, FC, Cosio, FG, Erickson, SB, et al. Rituximab treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Kidney Int 2008;73:117–25.Google Scholar
Branten, AJ, du Buf-Vereijken, PW, Vervloet, M, Wetzels, JF. Mycophenolate mofetil in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A clinical trial with comparison to a historic control group treated with cyclophosphamide. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:248–56.Google Scholar
Wehrmann, M, Bohle, A, Bogenschutz, O, et al. Long-term prognosis of chronic idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis. An analysis of 334 cases with particular regard to tubulo-interstitial changes. Clin Nephrol 1989;31:6776.Google Scholar
Troyanov, S, Roasio, L, Pandes, M, Herzenberg, AM, Cattran, DC. Renal pathology in idiopathic membranous nephropathy: A new perspective. Kidney Int 2006;69:1641–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Doi, T, Kanatsu, K, Nagai, H, Kohrogi, N, Hamashima, Y. An overlapping syndrome of IgA nephropathy and membranous nephropathy? Nephron 1983;35:2430.Google Scholar
Jennette, JC, Newman, WJ, Diaz-Buxo, JA. Overlapping IgA and membranous nephropathy. Am J Clin Pathol 1987;88:7478.Google Scholar
Stokes, MB, Alpers, CE. Combined membranous nephropathy and IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1998;32:649–56.Google Scholar
Barbour, SJ, Greenwald, A, Djurdjev, O, et al. Disease-specific risk of venous thromboembolic events is increased in idiopathic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2012;81:190–95.Google Scholar
Lionaki, S, Derebail, VK, Hogan, SL, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with membranous nephropathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:4351.Google Scholar
Llach, F, Papper, S, Massry, SG. The clinical spectrum of renal vein thrombosis: Acute and chronic. Am J Med 1980;69:819–27.Google Scholar
Rosenmann, E, Pollak, VE, Pirani, CL. Renal vein thrombosis in the adult: A clinical and pathologic study based on renal biopsies. Medicine (Baltimore) 1968;47:269335.Google Scholar
Markowitz, GS, Brignol, F, Burns, ER, Koenigsberg, M, Folkert, VW. Renal vein thrombosis treated with thrombolytic therapy: Case report and brief review. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;25:801–06.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramos, EL. Recurrent diseases in the renal allograft. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991;2:109–21.Google Scholar
Truong, L, Gelfand, J, D’Agati, V, et al. De novo membranous glomerulonephropathy in renal allografts: A report of ten cases and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis 1989;14:131–44.Google Scholar
Nakazawa, K, Shimojo, H, Komiyama, Y, et al. Preexisting membranous nephropathy in allograft kidney. Nephron 1999;81:7680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, SM, Pullman, JM, Khauli, RB. Successful transplantation of a kidney with early membranous nephropathy. Urology 1995;46:870–72.Google Scholar
Habib, R. Nephrotic syndrome in the 1st year of life. Pediatr Nephrol 1993;7:347–53.Google Scholar
Gbadegesin, R, Hinkes, BG, Hoskins, BE, et al. Mutations in PLCEi1 are a major cause of isolated diffuse mesangial sclerosis (IDMS). Nephrol Dial Transpl 2008;23:1291–97.Google Scholar
Kestila, M, Lenkkeri, U, Mannikko, M, et al. Positionally cloned gene for a novel glomerular protein – nephrin – is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome. Mol Cell 1998;1:575–82.Google Scholar
Kuusniemi, AM, Merenmies, J, Lahdenkari, AT, et al. Glomerular sclerosis in kidneys with congenital nephrotic syndrome (NPHS1). Kidney Int 2006;70:1423–31.Google Scholar
Benigni, A, Gagliardini, E, Tomasoni, S, et al. Selective impairment of gene expression and assembly of nephrin in human diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2004;65:2193–200.Google Scholar
Dudley, J, Fenton, T, Unsworth, J, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as congenital nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 1996;10:752–55.Google Scholar
Kambham, N, Tanji, N, Seigle, RL, et al. Congenital focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with beta4 integrin mutation and epidermolysis bullosa. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:190–96.Google Scholar
Ovunc, B, Ashraf, S, Vega-Warner, V, et al. Mutation analysis of NPHS1 in a worldwide cohort of congenital nephrotic syndrome patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2012;120:c13946.Google Scholar
Wang, SX, Ahola, H, Palmen, T, et al. Recurrence of nephrotic syndrome after transplantation in CNF is due to autoantibodies to nephrin. Exp Nephrol 2001;9:327–31.Google Scholar
Patrakka, J, Ruotsalainen, V, Reponen, P, et al. Recurrence of nephrotic syndrome in kidney grafts of patients with congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type: Role of nephrin. Transplantation 2002;73:394403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Srivastava, T, Garola, RE, Kestila, M, et al. Recurrence of proteinuria following renal transplantation in congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type. Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:711–18.Google Scholar
Chaudhuri, A, Kambham, N, Sutherland, S, et al. Rituximab treatment for recurrence of nephrotic syndrome in a pediatric patient after renal transplantation for congenital nephrotic syndrome of Finnish type. Pediatr Transpl 2012;16:E18387.Google Scholar
Habib, R, Gubler, MC, Antignac, C, Gagnadoux, MF. Diffuse mesangial sclerosis: a congenital glomerulopathy with nephrotic syndrome. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 1993;22:4357.Google Scholar
Habib, R, Loirat, C, Gubler, MC, et al. The nephropathy associated with male pseudohermaphroditism and Wilms’ tumor (Drash syndrome): A distinctive glomerular lesion – Report of 10 cases. Clin Nephrol 1985;24:269–78.Google Scholar
Pierson, M, Cordier, J, Hervouuet, F, Rauber, G. [An unusual congenital and familial congenital malformative combination involving the eye and kidney]. J Genet Hum 1963;12:184213.Google Scholar
Zenker, M, Aigner, T, Wendler, O, et al. Human laminin beta2 deficiency causes congenital nephrosis with mesangial sclerosis and distinct eye abnormalities. Hum Mol Genet 2004;13:2625–32.Google Scholar
Matejas, V, Hinkes, B, Alkandari, F, et al. Mutations in the human laminin beta2 (LAMB2) gene and the associated phenotypic spectrum. Hum Mutat 2010;31:9921002.Google Scholar
Denamur, E, Bocquet, N, Mougenot, B, et al. Mother-to-child transmitted WT1 splice-site mutation is responsible for distinct glomerular diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:2219–23.Google Scholar
Chernin, G, Vega-Warner, V, Schoeb, DS, et al. Genotype/phenotype correlation in nephrotic syndrome caused by WT1 mutations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1655–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasselbacher, K, Wiggins, RC, Matejas, V, et al. Recessive missense mutations in LAMB2 expand the clinical spectrum of LAMB2-associated disorders. Kidney Int 2006;70:1008–12.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×